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PubMed1995

The development and analysis of interactive videodisc technology to teach speechreading.

Members of the Department of Communication Disorders and Special Education and the Institute for Interactive Technologies at Bloomsburg University developed a computer-based interactive videodisc instructional program to teach speechreading skills. Speechreading Challenges on Videodisc provides users with practice in speechreading words, sentences, and stories presented by over 150 people in a user friendly environment. Unlike traditional videotapes, videodisc technology provides immediate feedback to the user. To determine the program's effectiveness in teaching speechreading, a comprehensive evaluation of the program was undertaken. Seventy-four college students participated in a study using the program to learn speechreading. Results indicated a statistically significant improvement in speechreading ability from pretest to posttest measures on both the videodisc program evaluation as well as on the Costello Test of Speechreading.

Deafness↗
PubMed1980

Teaching severely multihandicapped students to put on their own hearing aids.

Two experiments were conducted with six severely multihandicapped students with hearing impairments to: (a) train the six students to put on their own hearing aids independently, and (b) provide an empirical evaluation of a comprehensive instructional program for putting on a hearing aid by assessing acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of that skill across environments. All six students acquired the skill rapidly, with two students requiring remedial training on one step of the program. Because for two of the original three students the newly learned skill failed initially to generalize to other environments, a second experiment was initiated to assess generalization across environments as well as to replicate the efficiency of the acquisition program. When a variation of the multiple-probe baseline technique was used, the behavior of three additional students generalized to other settings without direct training in those settings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effects of reinforcement choice on task responding in individuals with developmental disabilities.

The effects of reinforcement choice on task performance were examined with 6 individuals who had been diagnosed with severe to profound mental retardation. Five highly preferred items were identified for each participant via stimulus preference assessments. Participants then were exposed to choice and no-choice conditions that were alternated within reversal and multielement designs. During choice sessions, participants were permitted to select between two preferred stimuli contingent on responding. During no-choice sessions, the therapist delivered a single item contingent on responding. Preference for the stimuli was held constant across conditions by yoking the items delivered during no-choice sessions to those selected during the immediately preceding choice sessions. All participants exhibited similar rates of responding across choice and no-choice conditions. These findings indicate that for individuals with severe disabilities, access to choice may not improve task performance when highly preferred items are already incorporated into instructional programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: Many adolescent girls fail to meet national guidelines for physical activity, and the prevalence of obesity is increasing among this group. Our study examined the effects of a comprehensive school-based intervention on physical activity among high-school girls. METHODS: A group-randomized controlled field trial was conducted at 24 high schools. A school-based sample of 2744 girls (48.7% African American, 46.7% White) participated in a measurement protocol when they were in eighth and then ninth grade. A comprehensive physical activity intervention was designed to change the instructional program and the school environment to increase support for physical activity among girls. RESULTS: At follow-up, 45% of girls in the intervention schools and 36% of girls in the control schools reported vigorous physical activity during an average of 1 or more 30-minute time blocks per day over a 3-day period. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive school-based intervention can increase regular participation in vigorous physical activity among high-school girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

An ergonomic questionnaire survey on the use of computers in schools.

A questionnaire was sent out to elementary, junior high and high schools in Yokohama and Kawasaki Cities from January to March 1998 regarding the use of personal computers by pupils and students. The survey included the questions that asked how often and in what environment computers are used, whether any instructions are given as to their use, children's working posture, and the effect on health. The results show that most schools are slow to develop instructive programs from the environmental or ergonomic point of view. So far there are not many children who complain of any serious symptoms such as pain in the neck, head or shoulders, but a future increase in the number of classes which involve computing, as well as the widespread popularity of home computers, will surely arouse a legitimate concern about the health of pupils and students, since they will spend more and more time operating the devices. An effective way to anticipate the problem is to provide young students with adequate knowledge of easy-on-body usage and environmental design, and now there is an urgent need for specific guidelines to protect them.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The effect of prototype-based versus attribute-based presentation forms on the acquisition of a medical concept.

The purpose of this study was to determine the differential effect of two presentation-forms on the acquisition of the concept of shock. It is hypothesized that presenting a prototype facilitates learning and retention of the concept shock compared with verbally enumerating the attributes of the same concept. A group of 106 students from nursing education participated in the experiment. A matched group design guided the assigning of students to different instructional conditions. The instructional program consisted of expository texts, different types of questions and feedback. In the experimental condition eight videotaped typical cases of shock were incorporated in the program. Data-analysis resulted in confirmation of the hypotheses (p less than 0.01), i.e. new instances of shock were identified more frequently by students of the experimental group, while these students were also more able to list commonalities and differences between different cases of shock. This finding supports the prototype-paradigm in concept learning and implies the recommendation to organize lessons in clinical reasoning or diagnostic behavior around typical cases of concepts.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1993

The Auditory Language Comprehension Programme: a description and case study.

The Auditory Language Comprehension Programme is a Dutch therapy programme at the word level, especially developed for severely aphasic patients. The programme consists of 420 items divided over three parts. Each item consists of a target word and three distractors. One spoken target word at a time is presented to the patient who has to choose one out of four pictures. The number of related distractors is varied: each part starts with items in which the distractors bear no resemblance to the target; later on, one, two and then all three distractors are related to the target. The nature of relatedness is dependent on the different levels in the programme. In part 1, the phonological level, there is a correspondence in sound; in part 2, the semantic level, a correspondence in meaning; in part 3, the complement, there is a phonological correspondence, a combination of phonological and semantic correspondence, or a lexical-morphological correspondence. The levels are hierarchically built, according to the principles of programmed instruction. In order to show how a therapist may apply this programme, a case study is presented. The patient, who developed aphasia after traumatic brain injury, was trained on the semantic level. Both his performance and our therapy methods will be described and evaluated.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Learning basic science alongside veterinary students: creating an interactive classroom.

Dr. Scott Brown's dedication and contribution to the instructional programs of the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine have been exceptionally meritorious. In the last eight years, he has served with the leadership among faculty in the design and approval of a new curriculum, and as chair of the curriculum committee he led the College in its implementation. Throughout this period his research productivity, mentorship of professional and graduate students, and professional development continued. Dr. Brown instills energy, broadens learning experiences from personal and professional development to basic science, and, in all probability, provides positive, life-changing experiences for his students. I am very pleased that he was recognized in 2003 with the Carl J. Norden National Distinguished Teacher Award.

Awards and Prizes↗
PubMed2006

The future of veterinary medicine in poultry production.

The poultry industry is a highly complex food-animal production system. Its success is dependent upon sophisticated techniques and systems to ensure disease prevention and product quality. Poultry veterinarians play a key role in the overall business and are typically the only individuals within poultry companies who are involved in the entire production process, including production management, health management, product quality, nutrition, and economics. Preparing veterinarians to work effectively in the poultry industry can no longer be accomplished within the DVM instructional program. Post-DVM training programs specializing in poultry medicine are now producing the veterinarians entering the North American poultry industry. Regionalization of training in poultry medicine has already taken place. These training programs are very important to food animal production in North America; in the future, they must be nurtured and supported in order to remain able to supply the veterinary workforce for our dynamic poultry industry.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1989

Remember when...? Using mnemonics to boost memory in the elderly.

Memory loss associated with normal aging is frequently confused with dementia. Self-perceived memory loss can lead to social withdrawal, which can contribute to an ongoing pattern of memory impairment. Memory instruction utilizing mnemonic techniques can lead to improvement in both memory and self-esteem in the elderly. A simple, four-session mnemonics instruction program can provide an effective intervention to assist older persons in coping with memory problems.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Differential regulation of primary and secondary CD8+ T cells in the central nervous system.

T cell accumulation and effector function following CNS infection is limited by a paucity of Ag presentation and inhibitory factors characteristic of the CNS environment. Differential susceptibilities of primary and recall CD8+ T cell responses to the inhibitory CNS environment were monitored in naive and CD8+ T cell-immune mice challenged with a neurotropic coronavirus. Accelerated virus clearance and limited spread in immunized mice was associated with a rapid and increased CNS influx of virus-specific secondary CD8+ T cells. CNS-derived secondary CD8+ T cells exhibited increased cytolytic activity and IFN-gamma expression per cell compared with primary CD8+ T cells. However, both Ag-specific primary and secondary CD8+ T cells demonstrated similar contraction rates. Thus, CNS persistence of increased numbers of secondary CD8+ T cells reflected differences in the initial pool size during peak inflammation rather than enhanced survival. Unlike primary CD8+ T cells, persisting secondary CD8+ T cells retained ex vivo cytolytic activity and expressed high levels of IFN-gamma following Ag stimulation. However, both primary and secondary CD8+ T cells exhibited reduced capacity to produce TNF-alpha, differentiating them from effector memory T cells. Activation of primary and secondary CD8+ T cells in the same host using adoptive transfers confirmed similar survival, but enhanced and prolonged effector function of secondary CD8+ T cells in the CNS. These data suggest that an instructional program intrinsic to T cell differentiation, rather than Ag load or factors in the inflamed CNS, prominently regulate CD8+ T cell function.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Consumer knowledge of foodborne microbial hazards and food-handling practices.

A national telephone survey was conducted of 1,620 randomly selected U.S. residents who spoke English, were at least 18 years old, and resided in households with kitchen facilities. Respondents were interviewed about their recognition of foodborne pathogens, foods at risk for transmitting infection, knowledge of safe food handling, and food-handling practices. One-third of the respondents who prepared meals reported unsafe food hygiene practices: e.g., they did not wash hands or take precautions to prevent cross-contamination from raw meat. Unsafe practices were reported more often by men, adults 18 to 29 years of age, and occasional food preparers than by women, persons 30 years old or older, and frequent food preparers. Respondents who identified a food vehicle for Salmonella spp. were more likely to report washing their hands and cleaning cutting boards after preparing raw meat and poultry. The results raise concerns about consumer food-handling practices. The influence of food safety training, food-handling experience, and age on food-handling practices should be studied further. Awareness of a food vehicle for Salmonella spp., for example, may indicate knowledge of the etiology of foodborne disease that promotes safe food handling. Understanding the factors associated with safe food handling will assist in development of effective safe-food instruction programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Learning style preferences of bachelor's and the master's students in occupational therapy.

A pre-test/post-test design was used to study the learning style preferences of two classes of occupational therapy students of the University of Southern California. Forty students were in the 1976-1977 class and 49 in the 1977-1978 class. The Learning Preferences Inventory was administered before and after completion of courses in the basic professional curriculum. The results indicated that both bachelor's and master's students preferred learning experiences that were teacher-structured, concrete, and interpersonal. Although the changes in learning styles that occurred during basic professional education were not consistent from sample to sample, they did suggest that an instructional program can influence learning style preference. The comparison of higher and lower achievers in the academic and fieldwork components also yielded inconsistent findings. Thus, while the learning style preferences of occupational therapy students were confirmed, the influence of the curriculum on learning styles and the preferences of better versus less successful students merit further investigations.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1982

Medicare and Medicaid programs; Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982; information notice on Medicare and Medicaid amendments--HCFA. General notice.

This notice describes briefly some of the provisions of Title I of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (Pub. L. 97-248, enacted September 3, 1982) that affect eligibility, benefits, reimbursement, and administration of the Medicare and Medicaid programs. We wish to bring to the attention of the public several provisions that are, in large part, self-explanatory and that are now or will soon become effective. These provisions will be implemented on the dates indicated, even though specific regulations have not been published. We will incorporate these new provisions in regulations, program instructions, and other materials as appropriate.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The psychodynamics of deafness].

OBJECTIVE: Deafness generates psychological conflicts for the deaf as well as for others in their environment. Our purpose is to obtain a panorama of the topic based on the available bibliography. INFORMATION: Relevant articles were located in Medline and in unlisted journals, accessible at the National Institute of the Human Communication and at the Juan N. Navarro Hospital of Mexico City. The books were located at the National Institute of the Human Communication. SELECTION OF THE MATERIAL: The articles were selected by the authors, based in their apparent internal consistency and relation to our purpose. Two different concepts became apparent: one which recognizes a "personality of the deaf" that would predispose to emotional damage, and the other that denies that concept, explaining the distinctive features of deaf people as due to basically environmental factors. CONCLUSION: We think that this review sustains the premise that the psychological damages of deafness are real, not inherent to it, but caused by the social, occupational, pedagogical and familiar conflicts that are generated. Those damages vary with the age at the presentation of deafness the personal adjustment to the deficiency and acceptance by the community. The mitigation of deafness, damage depends on educated parents, adequate instruction programs (scholastic as well as occupational), and when needed, appropriate supportive psychotherapy based on the specific needs of each deaf person and this/her environment. We consider highly desirable to promote the elaboration and publication of interdisciplinary studies related to this topic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Action-concept learning in retarded children using photographic slides, motion pictures, sequences, and live demonstrations.

The inadequate use of action concepts by mentally retarded children has been reported in several recent studies, but little is yet known concerning the level of performance that might be expected to result from direct instruction designed to remedy this deficit. In the present study, it was found that three different instructional approaches yielded higher adjusted posttest scores. The highest adjusted posttest score was yielded by an instructional program in which motion picture sequences were used. This program was significantly more effective than two paralled programs, one using photographic slides, and the other using live demonstration by a teacher. An explanation for these findings was suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Catastrophe medicine. Historical notes].

Catastrophe medicine, which originated from military and war medicine, was introduced in Switzerland by the University of Basel in the 70s it was then adopted from other Faculties and included it in the instruction program from the political authority. It is a hard and difficult subject because more agreeable together with emergency medicine in all its aspects. Emergency medicine differs from catastrophe medicine in the analysis of "ideal" measures in daily practice in front of the necessary selection or triage, difficult task even on the ethical plan. With this concept, Emergency State of Crisis developed with all of is correlated services: political authority, police, National Fire Department, civil and military health, Samaritan organization.

Disasters↗
PubMed2003

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in early breast cancer: the first 100 cases performed in a teaching institute.

BACKGROUND: The histologic status of axillary lymph nodes is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer and influences the management of these patients. Axillary lymph node dissection was traditionally performed in all patients to obtain this information but this procedure carries a considerable rate of complications. Recently, sentinel lymph node biopsy has emerged as an accurate and minimally invasive tool for predicting the axillary nodal status and has become the standard of care in selected patients with breast cancer. OBJECTIVE: To examine the accuracy of SLN biopsies performed by surgical residents during surgical resident training. METHODS: This prospective, randomized controlled study included 100 consecutive patients with clinically early breast cancer (T1-T2, N0, M0). Lymphatic mapping was performed using radiotracers, blue dye, or both. Formal axillary lymph node dissection completed the operations in all patients. All operations were performed by surgical residents under the supervision of senior surgeons. RESULTS: The overall rate of identification of sentinel lymph nodes was 92%. The accuracy of SLN biopsy in reflecting the axillary nodal status was 96% with a false negative rate of 5.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an accurate method for the evaluation and staging of regional lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. A dedicated instruction program for surgical residents may increase the standard of care and lead to highly trained surgeons in the management of early breast cancer.

Adult↗