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PubMed1976

Computer printing and filing of microbiology reports. 2. Evaluation and comparison with a manual system, and comparison of two manual systems.

A manual system of microbiology reporting with a National Cash Register (NCR) form with printed names of bacteria and antiboitics required less time to compose reports than a previous manual system that involved rubber stamps and handwriting on plain report sheets. The NCR report cost 10-28 pence and, compared with a computer system, it had the advantages of simplicity and familarity, and reports were not delayed by machine breakdown, operator error, or data being incorrectly submitted. A computer reporting system for microbiology resulted in more accurate reports costing 17-97 pence each, faster and more accurate filing and recall of reports, and a greater range of analyses of reports that was valued particularly by the control-of-infection staff. Composition of computer-readable reports by technicians on Port-a-punch cards took longer than composing NCR reports. Enquiries for past results were more quickly answered from computer printouts of reports and a day book in alphabetical order.

Attitude↗
PubMed2005

Framing pub smoking bans: an analysis of Australian print news media coverage, March 1996-March 2003.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate framing strategies used by the Australian Hotels Association (AHA) and tobacco control groups to (respectively) resist or advocate laws providing smoke free bars. METHODS: Online archives of Australian print media were searched 1996 to 2003. A thematic analysis of all statements made by AHA spokespeople and tobacco control advocates was conducted. Direct quotes or journalistic summaries of statements attributed to named people were coded into four broad themes and the slant of articles coded. RESULTS: More than three times as many articles reported issues that were positive (n = 171) than negative (n = 48) for tobacco control objectives. The AHA emphasised negative economic issues and cultural/ideological frames about cultural identity, while tobacco control interests emphasised health concerns as well as cultural/ideological frames about threats to inequitable workplace policies. CONCLUSIONS: Smoke free bars have now been secured, suggesting that health advocates' position prevailed. The inability of the AHA to avoid the core health arguments, its wildly exaggerated economic predictions, and its frequent recourse to claiming smoke bans threatened nostalgic but outmoded vistas of Australian day to day life were decidedly backward looking and comparatively easily dismissed as being out of touch with views held by many in contemporary Australia. Health groups' emphasis on the unfairness in denying the most occupationally exposed group the same protection that all other workers enjoyed under law was powerfully and consistently argued. Australia's recent success in securing dates for the implementation of smoke free pubs is likely to have owed much to the enduring media advocacy by health groups.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2001

Print media coverage of California's smokefree bar law.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the print media coverage of California's smokefree bar law in the state of California. DESIGN: Content analysis of newspaper, trade journal, and magazine items. SUBJECTS: Items regarding the smokefree bar law published seven months before and one year following the implementation of the smokefree bar law (June 1997 to December 1998). Items consisted of news articles (n = 446), opinion editorials (n = 31), editorials (n = 104), letters to the editor (n = 240), and cartoons (n = 10). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number and timing of publication of items, presence of tobacco industry arguments or public health arguments regarding law, positive, negative, and neutral views of opinion items published. RESULTS: 53% of items published concerning the smokefree bar law were news articles, 47% were opinion items. 45% of items regarding the smokefree bar law were published during the first month of implementation. The tobacco industry dominated coverage in most categories (economics, choice, enforcement, ventilation, legislation, individual quotes), except for categories public health used the most frequently (government role, tactics, organisational quotes). Anti-law editorials and letters to the editor were published more than pro-law editorials and letters. Region of the state, paper size, presence of local clean indoor air legislation, and voting on tobacco related ballot initiatives did not have an impact on the presence of opinion items. CONCLUSIONS: The tobacco industry succeeded in obtaining more coverage of the smokefree bar law, both in news items and opinion items. The tobacco industry used historical arguments of restricting freedom of choice and economic ramifications in fighting the smokefree bar law, while public health groups focused on the worker protection issue, and exposed tobacco industry tactics. Despite the skewed coverage, public health groups obtained adequate attention to their arguments to keep the law in effect.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed1990

Grass pollen allergens: detection on pollen grain surface using membrane print technique.

A microtechnique is described to visualize pollen allergens by making prints from the surface of mature grains on nitrocellulose membrane. The allergen Lol p I is detected by specific monoclonal antibodies or specific IgE from sera of grass-pollen-allergic patients, visualized by the immunoperoxidase method. This technique offers the potential to study the distribution of individual allergens in aerobiology samples by bright-field microscopy, and to determine the sensitivity spectra of allergic individuals to known and unknown pollen sources.

Allergens↗
PubMed1979

The understanding of medical terminology used in printed health education materials.

Self-administered, multiple-choice questionnaires were completed by 120 patients and students in order to assess their medical vocabulary knowledge. The fifteen test words were taken from printed health education materials. It was apparent that many respondents had problems with the words, in particular, those of low social status or low educational achievement. The scores of students, however, were not significantly higher than those of the patients. It is suggested that all health education materials be carefully screened for medical words, although they may have high readability scores. Even seemingly simple medical words should be explained in simple terms, or should be included in a glossary. This practice should increase understanding and recall.

Language Tests↗
PubMed2001

A new Ti-5Ag alloy for customized prostheses by three-dimensional printing (3DP).

Three important considerations in the fabrication of customized cranio-maxillofacial prostheses are geometric precision, material strength, and biocompatibility. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a rapid part-fabrication process that can produce complex parts with high precision. The aim of this study was to design, synthesize by 3DP, and characterize a new Ti-5Ag (wt%) alloy. Silver nitrate was found to be an appropriate inorganic binder for the Ti powder-based skeleton, and the optimum sintering parameters for full densification were determined. The hardness of the Ti-5Ag alloy was shown to be much higher than that of a pure titanium sample. Potentiodynamic measurements, carried out in saline solution at body temperature, showed that the Ti-5Ag alloy had good passivation behavior, similar to that of pure titanium. It is concluded that the Ti-Ag system may be suitable for fabrication of customized prostheses by 3DP.

Alloys↗
PubMed1989

Verbal/visual processing for males disabled in print acquisition.

Fourteen males disabled in print acquisition were studied over time to determine their patterns of verbal and spatial processing. Comparing results of WISC-R and WAIS scales using a Bonferroni correction for t-values, it was found that the Similarities subtest scores significantly increased while the Vocabulary subtest scores and Acquired Knowledge category significantly decreased. Hemispheric specialization was suggested as a possible cause for differences in verbal and nonverbal processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Printed advice on initiating and maintaining breastfeeding in mid-20th-century Queensland.

This article, which is part of a larger historical study of infant-feeding advice received by mothers in Queensland, Australia, identifies and examines print materials that were used by mothers, or that influenced other texts, during the postwar period from 1945 to 1965. The texts are described within the context of their environmental influences and the medical knowledge and research of the time to assess what effect, if any, these latter materials had on the established system of infant-feeding advice. Two innovations that were employed are the use of interviews to identify the most-used texts and the comparison of popular advice books with medical journal material.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2006

Print news and health psychology: some observations.

This commentary overviews the look of health news in American print journalism and the research that suggests how health news creates influence at both the individual and policy levels. Crime and violence are argued to be public health issues, but unfortunately they are often not treated as such. There is clearly room for improvement in all areas of health news, but unfortunately the extreme stress that newspapers are under to maintain their high profit margins suggests that the resources for such improvement are unlikely to be available. Examination of the Minneapolis Star Tribune's coverage of health, crime and violence exemplifies problematic aspects.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed2004

The effect of enforcement of the Master Settlement Agreement on youth exposure to print advertising.

Enforcement of the Master Settlement Agreement's (MSA) prohibitions on youth targeting and the use of cartoons has resulted in a significant reduction in youth exposure to tobacco advertising. The MSA between the states and the tobacco companies has provided state officials with a new and powerful tool to address tobacco company marketing practices that may promote underage smoking. In the area of print advertising, enforcement of the MSA's prohibitions on youth targeting (MSA III[a]) and on the use of cartoons (MSA III[b]) has resulted in a significant reduction in youth exposure to tobacco advertising. The recent court decisions finding that R. J. Reynolds violated the youth targeting prohibition in its tobacco advertising in national magazines affirm the viability of the MSA's various restrictions and its enforcement mechanisms as a key way that state Attorneys General are responding to a range of tobacco company practices affecting youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Lessons learned from developing a tailored print intervention: a guide for practitioners and researchers new to tailoring.

Although some "how-to" guides have been written on tailored messaging, we found no reports on lessons learned from the process of developing a tailored intervention. Such lessons may be useful for practitioners and researchers who are new to tailored intervention development. The authors describe lessons gleaned from the process of developing a repeat mammography tailored print intervention. Lessons learned include the following: Selection of determinants appropriate for tailoring should be based on a theoretic framework and refined through assessment of the target population; researchers should anticipate threats to fidelity of intervention delivery because of incomplete or illogical survey data; fingerprinting enables assessment of intervention dose and how it relates to effectiveness of the tailored intervention; and a systematic process for conducting a systems test is needed to check for inconsistencies and errors before final tailored letter production. These lessons are discussed in the context of challenges and possible solutions for tailored health communication.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Prostate cancer's hegemonic masculinity in select print mass media depictions (1974-1995).

The meanings associated with prostate cancer were studied in contemporary mass print media. The study includes both manifest and latent content analysis of a period of approximately 2 decades, from 1974 to 1995. The manifest analysis revealed a primary emphasis on the importance of early detection. The latent analysis found that prostate cancer's presentation is gendered. Its description is embedded in themes related to masculinity, sexuality, competition, brotherhood, and machismo. This small, qualitative, and inductive study raises questions about the socially significant portrayal of the meanings of disease in the media, about the men who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer, have symptoms of prostate cancer, or about all men, because any man might at some time be diagnosed with prostate cancer. Stereotypical imaging could alienate men who either do not or do not want to fit into the stereotypical ideal as it is protrayed in the media. Such a portrayal also may have inplications for the potential willingness of men to engage in early detection, avail themselves of treatment, act preventatively, or become involved in lobbying for monies for research into the early prevention, detection, and treatment of prostate cancer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

[Establishment and evaluation of a system for preventing mis-administration of powder using bar codes printed on drug envelopes].

Even if drugs are accurately dispensed, it is difficult to ensure their safety in the absence of an error-free medication system when or after drugs are given to patients. In particular, most powders are white and are impossible to distinguish based on appearance after they are placed in powder packages. In this study, we newly developed a system in which prescription order information is bar-coded on drug envelopes, and read when powder is folded, facilitating efficient and accurate printing of the patient's name and drug name on powder packages. Seventy-one (86%) of 83 nurses surveyed indicated that the system was useful for resolving high-risk problems they had experienced: "when powder was taken from the envelope, the contents were unknown", and "the powder was administered to another patient."

Drug Labeling↗
PubMed1996

Radioactivity in books printed in Japan: its source and relation to the year of issue.

The radioactivities of the naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th and 40K) and a fallout nuclide (137Cs) in books produced in Japan in the 20th century were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry to obtain information on radiation emitted from books. The respective concentration ranges of 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th, 40K, and 137Cs were 0.2-6.4, 0.4-11.2, 0.3-11.3, 1-112, and 0-3 Bq kg-1. X-ray diffraction spectra of the papers used in book printing showed that pyrophyllite, talc, kaolinite, and calcium carbonate were contained as fillers. A comparison of the radioactivity contents of the pulp and filler indicated that most of 226Ra, 228Ra, and 228Th in the books was present in the filler whereas 137Cs was in the pulp. The pattern of the concentration of each nuclide vs. the year of issue of the book was investigated. Patterns for the naturally occurring radionuclides were similar and were explained by the kinds of filler used. The pattern for 137Cs differed from the patterns of the naturally occurring radionuclides, having a marked peak in the mid-1960s.

Books↗
PubMed2005

Eros underground: Greece and Rome in gay print culture, 1953-65.

This essay surveys the building of intellectual community through print culture in the nascent gay movement in the United States and in Europe in the mid-twentieth century. Amateur historians, especially Jim Kepner and W. Dorr Legg of ONE, used Greece and Rome as models on which to base claims for gay rights. Ancient history figured in ONE's educational enterprises, including articles in the magazine ONE, the ONE Institute, and Homophile Studies. The magazine writers and their readership faced problems in the accessibility of knowledge, which the increasing circulation of the magazines corrected, to a degree. Biases surviving from the Victorian period caused the popular idea of ancient homophile culture to favor Greece over Rome, and made Greek a code word. Antiquity also played a large, though decreasing, role in formations of homoerotic fantasy during this period.

Culture↗
PubMed2006

Transformation of a print reference collection.

Prompted by the need to move an aged and sorely neglected print reference collection into a new smaller academic medical library, the Reference Team of the Dana Medical Library at the University of Vermont embarked on a massive project to shrink and revitalize its paper reference collection. Employing a comprehensive and contemporary approach, the project ultimately resulted in a refurbished collection that would more effectively meet the information needs of the 21st century library user. This paper describes the process employed, and the numerous quality improvements to the physical collection, supporting infrastructure, and collection management practices that resulted.

Efficiency, Organizational↗
PubMed2002

Readability of printed patient information for epileptic patients.

BACKGROUND: Written information can be a valuable tool in patient education. Studies evaluating written information for various disease states have frequently demonstrated that the majority of literature is written at a readability level that exceeds that of the average patient, and it has been recommended that written communications for adult patients should be provided at a fifth-grade level or lower. OBJECTIVE: To assess the readability of printed patient information available to patients with epilepsy. METHODS: Samples of written patient information (n = 101) were obtained from various sources. The information was classified based on source, content, and intended audience, and readability was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) score. RESULTS: The mean FRES and FKGL score for all samples were 50.2 and 9.4, respectively. Significant differences were observed in both the FRES and FKGL score of material obtained from different sources; however, no differences were observed when material was analyzed according to content. The mean FRES and FKGL score for materials intended for adults were 49.6 and 9.5, respectively. In comparison, mean FRES and FKGL scores for materials intended for children/adolescents were 78.9 and 5.3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of information tested was written at a level that exceeds the reading ability of many patients. The information intended for children is actually written at the appropriate level for an adult. Efforts should be taken to develop written teaching tools that target low-level readers, especially for a disease state that affects many children.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed2007

Dispensed polymer waveguides and laser-fabricated couplers for optical interconnects on printed circuit boards.

Optical interconnects can provide chip-to-chip data communication with much needed bandwidth as processor speed and density keep growing. Optical waveguides and couplers are essential components for implementing optical interconnections. Techniques for directly dispensing polymer waveguides in laser-ablated trenches on printed circuit boards and for fabricating optical couplers are presented for quick prototype of optical interconnects. High-quality UV curable polymer waveguides were routinely fabricated. High-efficiency couplers, blazed grating couplers on sloped waveguides, sloped facet metal film couplers, and reflective-undercut facet couplers can be fabricated by using excimer laser ablation.

Journal Article↗