Population aging and control of population growth.
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Age Distribution↗
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A report on Bucharest. The World Population Conference and the Population Tribune, August 1974.
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Abortion, Induced↗
The population genetics of antibiotic resistance. II: Analytic theory for sustained populations of bacteria in a community of hosts.
The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is of practical importance and theoretical interest. As a foundation for further studies by simulation, experiment, and observation, we here develop a mathematical model for the dynamics of resistance among the bacteria resident in a population of hosts. The model incorporates the effects of natural selection within untreated hosts, colonization by bacteria from the environment, and the rapid increase of resistance in hosts who receive antibiotics. We derive explicit formulas for the distribution of resistance among hosts and for the rise or fall of resistance when the frequency of treatment is changed.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Population genetics of hypervariable loci: analysis of PCR based VNTR polymorphism within a population.
Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method, genotypes at two hypervariable loci (3' to the Apo-B-structural gene and at the ApoC-II gene) were determined by size classification of alleles. Genotype data at the Apo-B locus (Apo-B VNTR) were obtained on 240 French Caucasians; the sample size for the ApoC-II VNTR was 162. For 160 individuals two-locus genotype data were available. Applications of some recently developed statistical methods to these data indicate that both of these loci are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and there is no indication of allelic associations between these two unlinked loci. In addition, the observed numbers of alleles (12 for the Apo-B and 11 for the ApoC-II VNTR loci) are also consistent with their respective expectations based on the observed heterozygosities (76.9% for the Apo-B and 85.9% for the ApoC-II loci) suggesting genetic homogeneity of this population-based sample. The multimodal distribution of allele sizes observed for both loci indicate that the production of new alleles at such VNTR loci may be caused by more than one molecular mechanism. The utility of such highly polymorphic loci for human genetic research and forensic applications are discussed in the context of these findings.
Alleles↗
A delayed-recruitment model of population dynamics, with an application to baleen whale populations.
This paper studies the delay equation chik + 1 = lambda chik + F(chik - beta), which has been employed as a model of baleen whale population dynamics. The two main questions discussed are (a) stability of equilibria, and (b) optimal exploitation policies.
Animals↗
Chromosomal distribution and population dynamics of the 412 retrotransposon in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster.
The localization of the insertion sites of the 412 retrotransposable element was analysed by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes of the genomes of males from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Non-parametric statistical tests do not reveal any particular distribution of the insertion sites over the chromosomes, suggesting an apparently random distribution of the 412 element. Aggregation and dispersion tests were highly significant with data of copy number (when all genomes are pooled, many copies may be at a given site), suggesting the existence of sites with high insertion frequency. Comparison with other data from the literature confirms the tendency for a low proportion of insertions on the X chromosome in comparison with the autosomes, a result in agreement with selection acting against the detrimental effect of the 412 element insertions.
Animals↗
Knowledge and attitudes towards hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in a population of southern Germany: results from a population survey in the Augsburg area.
The survey was conducted to assess knowledge and attitudes of a population in Southern Germany towards hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. A questionnaire, mailed to a random sample of 2000 citizens of the Augsburg area between 25 and 74 years of age, was responded by 67%. Knowledge about determinants and complications of hypertension or hypercholesterolemia was considerably high. Major deficiencies were found in knowledge about personal values and recommended definitions of the two risk factors. Fifty eight percent claimed to know their personal blood pressure value, but merely 14% reported to know their personal blood cholesterol value. Just 21% were able to give the correct definition of hypertension and 10% defined hypercholesterolemia correctly. People had more trust in the effect of lowering high blood pressure (54%) to prevent heart disease than in the effect of lowering high blood cholesterol (43%). Sixty percent claimed to take some kind of actions to control their blood pressure and blood cholesterol.
Adult↗
A population cytogenetic study of a common fragile site, fra(3)(p14), in a healthy population.
A population survey of a common folate-sensitive fragile site, fra(3)(p14), was carried out on PHA-stimulated peripheral lymphocytes of 1,078 healthy subjects. Fra(3)(p14) was expressed more frequently in the younger than in the older, and in males than in females. It also showed some seasonal variation. The age difference of the expression frequency was also observed by aphidicolin treatment. A positive correlation of the expression frequency was found, though not so strongly, between both culture conditions of folate deprivation and aphidicolin treatment, These findings suggest that the inter-individual variation in the expressivity of common fragile sites is not only ascribable to chance, but to some physiological conditions of blood donors such as response rate of lymphocyte to PHA stimulation and blood concentration of folic acid.
Adolescent↗
Population distribution of high sensitivity C-reactive protein values in Aboriginal Australians: a comparison with other populations.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the distribution of C-reactive protein (CRP) values in Aboriginal Australians and its relation to age and gender. METHODS: High sensitivity CRP levels were measured in 954 Aboriginal participants aged 5-74 years. Fractional polynomial regressions were used to explore the relationship between CRP and age. RESULTS: CRP values changed with age and reached its lowest level around 10 years and then increased with age. Geometric means of CRP were 7.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.6, 8.1) and 4.1 (95% CI: 3.7, 4.6) for female and male adults, respectively. Adjusting for age, the ratio of female to male CRP concentrations was 1.67 (95% CI: 1.45, 1.99) for adults, and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.42) for children 5 to 19 years. CONCLUSIONS: CRP changes with age. Females have higher CRP values than males. CRP values in Aboriginal people are substantially higher than other populations.
Adolescent↗
Lower urinary tract symptoms in the danish population: a population-based study of symptom prevalence, health-care seeking behavior and prevalence of treatment in elderly males and females.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of LUTS in the elderly Danish population. Furthermore to evaluate the quality of life, the health-care seeking behavior and the prevalence of treatment with relation to LUTS. METHODS: A mailed questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 8700 men and 1000 females above 50-years. The questionnaire included five demographic questions, the I-PSS and questions concerning previous physician contact and treatment with relation to LUTS. RESULTS: The questionnaire was returned by 61.5% of the males and 47.7% of the females. The median I-PSS was 4 in males and 3 in females. Overall 28% of males and 20% of females had significant LUTS (I-PSS>7). A significant increase in the total burden of symptoms with increasing age was found in males whereas a clear age-trend was not found in females. Overall 9.2% of males and 8.2% of females had seen a physician within the last two years for voiding problems. A high proportion of subjects with moderate or even severe symptoms had not seen a physician within two years due to voiding problems. Of males 13.3% had previous been or were currently being treated for voiding problems while the corresponding number in females was 10.9%. These subjects had significantly more symptoms than untreated age-matched subjects. CONCLUSION: Lower urinary tract symptoms are common in elderly Danish males and females. Overall the same pattern for health-care seeking behavior with regard to LUTS is seen in males and females and the overall treatment prevalence is similar. For both genders it is worth noting that a substantial proportion of subjects with a high symptom burden had not visited their physician within two years and further that subjects who have been treated for LUTS have a higher symptom levels than their untreated peers.
Age Distribution↗
Population genetics of Y-chromosome STRs in a population of Podlasie, Northeastern Poland.
Haplotype and allele frequencies for the 12 Y-STRs were determined in a population sample of 186 Polish males. Five of the haplotypes were encountered in duplicate, while 176 haplotypes were unique. The overall gene diversity was 0.9973. This database study provides an essential precondition for applying Y-chromosomal STRs estimates in forensic identification of male DNA and tracing of paternal lineages.
Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
Population genetics of nine STR loci from Baoan population in NW China.
Allele frequencies for the nine short tandem repeat (STR) loci (D3S1358, FGA, TH01, D7S820, VWA, CSF1PO, D5S818, D13S317, TPOX) were determined in a sample of 120 unrelated individuals of the Baoan ethnic group living in northwest China. The values of observed heterozygosity (H), discrimination power (DP), a priori chance of exclusion (CE) and polymorphism information content (PIC) were calculated. All loci were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P=0.05). The obtained frequency distributions were compared with other previously reported population data.
China↗
Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-STR loci (AmpFlSTR Y-filer) in a Northern Portuguese population sample.
Allele frequencies and population data for 17 Y-STR loci included in a new commercial kit that has recently been available, the AmpFlSTR Y-filer PCR amplification kit (Applied Biosystems), that permits the simultaneous amplification of all the markers included in the actually used European "extended haplotype", DYS19, DYS189I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385I/II, DYS438, DYS439 and also DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and Y GATA H4, were obtained from a sample of 175 healthy unrelated males and 45 father-son pairs from the North of Portugal. A total of 171 haplotypes were identified, of which 167 were unique and 4 were found in 2 individuals. The haplotype diversity (99.97%) and discrimination capacity (95.43%) were calculated. We report some non-standard situations, such as allele duplications and mutations. We also report a case of disputed paternity in which duplicated alleles plus an inconsistency of the transmitted alleles appeared.
Chromosomes, Human, Y↗
Evidence for population growth in humans is confounded by fine-scale population structure.
Although many studies have reported human polymorphism data, there has been no analysis of the effect of sampling design on the patterns of variability recovered. Here, we consider which factors affect a summary of the allele-frequency spectrum. The most important variable to emerge from our analysis is the number of ethnicities sampled: studies that sequence individuals from more ethnicities recover more rare alleles. These observations are consistent with fine-scale geographic differentiation as well as population growth. They suggest that the geographic sampling strategy should be considered carefully, especially when the aim is to infer the demographic history of humans.
Humans↗
Population genetic study of eight short tandem repeat loci CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, F13A01, FESFPS, vWA, F13B and LPL in the Western Romanian population.
Allele frequencies for eight tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) loci-CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01, F13A01, FESFPS, vWA, F13B, LPL-were obtained from a population sample of 105-122 unrelated individuals born in Transylvania and Banat (Romania).
DNA Fingerprinting↗
Enhanced (hydrodynamic) transport induced by population growth in reaction-diffusion systems with application to population genetics.
We consider a system made up of different physical, chemical, or biological species undergoing replication, transformation, and disappearance processes, as well as slow diffusive motion. We show that for systems with net growth the balance between kinetics and the diffusion process may lead to fast, enhanced hydrodynamic transport. Solitary waves in the system, if they exist, stabilize the enhanced transport, leading to constant transport speeds. We apply our theory to the problem of determining the original mutation position from the current geographic distribution of a given mutation. We show that our theory is in good agreement with a simulation study of the mutation problem presented in the literature. It is possible to evaluate migratory trajectories from measured data related to the current distribution of mutations in human populations.
Diffusion↗
Health care utilisation before and after retirement due to illness. A 13-year population-based follow-up study of prematurely retired men and referents from the general population.
OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that prematurely retired men have long-term unspecifically increased health care utilisation, indicating broader health deterioration than reflected by the retirement diagnosis. DESIGN: A two-cohort study. SETTING: The City of Eskilstuna, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 215 men aged 30-54 years who retired early due to illness and a random sample of 620 referents of the same age from the general population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Health care utilisation from 5 years before retirement until 13 years after retirement. RESULTS: The retired men had 7.2 times higher utilisation of primary health care during the baseline year and 2-3 times higher rates of hospital admissions than the referents during the 13-year follow-up. The panorama of main hospital discharge diagnoses was the same among retired men and referents irrespective of the retirement diagnoses of the former. Over time, health care utilisation among the retired men decreased, but was constant among the referents. After 13 years, the retired men still had twice the rate of the referents. CONCLUSION: Prematurely retired men had high health care utilisation also after retirement. They appear to have broader health deterioration than reflected by the retirement diagnosis.
Adult↗
Prevalence, health outcomes, and patterns of psychotropic substance use in a Chinese population in Hong Kong: a population-based study.
Two anonymous population-based surveys were conducted between August 2001 and April 2002 using computer-assisted telephone interviews of 3793 male and 3244 female randomly selected residents of Hong Kong in order to estimate the prevalence of psychotropic substance use and identify risk factors and associations with health outcomes among users in Hong Kong. The study cohort was comprised of ethnically Chinese adults between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age. In the last 12 months, 5% of males and 1.8% of females had used psychotropic substances such as cannaboids, methylamphetamines, ketamines, cocaine, opiates, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines. Of the male drug users, almost one-third had done so outside of Hong Kong. "Risk factors" for substance use included: younger age, unemployment, being an early school leaver, being unmarried, "heavy alcohol consumption," and smoking. Psychotropic substance use in the past year was strongly associated with increased prevalence of long-lasting (> or =3 months) sexual health problems during the past year and with a higher prevalence of HIV/STD risk behaviors. The prevalence of substance use in Hong Kong has been under-reported. Although significant correlations were noted between substance use and various respondent attributes, the directionality of the associations needs to be determined with longitudinal studies. It may be prudent to integrate substance use and HIV/STD prevention efforts.
Adolescent↗