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PubMed1988

Effect of dietary calcium, phosphorus, chloride, and zeolite on the development of tibial dyschondroplasia.

The effect of synthetic zeolite was investigated on the development of tibial dyschondroplasia in young broilers fed diets in which the dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus, and chloride ranged from adequate to deficient. In the first two experiments the calcium level was maintained at .65% and four combinations were fed of .30% and .15% chloride and .75% and .50% phosphorus with and without 1% zeolite. Feeding the high phosphorus diet caused a high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia that was lowered by feeding 1% zeolite. In both experiments the feeding of zeolite at a low level of dietary phosphorus caused a significant lowering of 16-day weight and bone ash. In the third experiment, when diets containing all combinations of .65% and .80% calcium and .50% and .60% phosphorus were fed, the addition of 1% zeolite caused a significant lowering of the 16-day weight, bone ash, and incidence, score, and percentage severe tibial dyschondroplasia. Once again as in the previous two experiments, there was a significant interaction between dietary phosphorus level and zeolite and 16-day weight and bone ash. Feeding zeolite significantly decreased phytate phosphorus retention.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1991

The influence of various calcium and phosphorus levels on tibia strength and eggshell quality of pullets during peak production.

One thousand and eighty DeKalb XL pullets were randomly allocated to nine treatments and arranged in a 3 x 3 factorial to determine the effects of three levels of dietary calcium (2.75, 3.75, and 4.25%) and three levels of dietary available phosphorus (.30, .40, and .50%) on eggshell quality and tibia weight, tibia breaking strength, tibia ash, and bone mineral content of pullets during peak production. Feed consumption increased as dietary calcium or phosphorus increased. Increasing dietary calcium caused a significant linear increase in egg specific gravity, but dietary phosphorus had no significant effect on egg specific gravity. Calcium and phosphorus levels did not significantly affect egg production, body weight, plasma chloride, or phosphorus. Ionized calcium increased significantly as dietary calcium increased. Tibia breaking strength, tibia weight, tibia ash, and bone mineral content increased significantly with increasing dietary calcium. Dietary phosphorus had no significant effect on these parameters. However, when 2.75% calcium was fed, reducing dietary phosphorus significantly decreased tibia weight, tibia ash, and bone mineral content.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The French matches or the singular history of poisonings by the white phosphorus].

The history of phosphorus poisonings is dominated by the existence of two allotropic forms, the red phosphorus, without toxicity and the white phosphorus, causing very severe necrosis. Although phosphorus has been isolated in 1669, it is mainly during the first part of the Nineteen century that numerous accidental or criminal poisonings by this metalloid were observed, linked to the extensive use of the whie phosphorus in French matches. Some interesting stories of phosphorus poisoning have been described by A. Tardieu and F. Z. Roussin in Etude médico-légale et clinique de l'empoisonnement, published in 1867. During this period, several pharmacists were strongly implicated in the analytical toxicology of phosphorus.

Commerce↗
PubMed2001

Nitrogen and phosphorus budget in rewetted fens.

A former dewatered fen was flooded for a multi-purpose landuse system including cattail production, fen protection, and water purification. These research plants with an area of 6 ha consist of three constructed surface-flow wetlands. The inflowing water is polluted by non-point sources due to intensive agriculture. The focus of this paper is the estimation of the potential of rewetted fens to reduce phosphorus and nitrogen. The dominating forms of nitrogen in the inflow are organic nitrogen and nitrate. The reduction rate is higher for nitrate than for organic nitrogen, although the nitrate reductions occur only during the summer season. If no nitrate is available for denitrification, there is a release of ammonia from the peat into the water. The main form of phosphorus in the in- and outflow is ortho-phosphate. In contrast to the values of nitrate, the concentrations of phosphorus are very regular with no significant seasonal pattern. When nitrate isn't available in the water any more, the release of phosphorus begins and the rewetted fens change from a sink for phosphorus to a source of it. Rewetted fens can be a sink for phosphorus and nitrogen with nitrate as the limiting factor. Only if denitrification can occur, can the release of ammonia and phosphorus from the peat layer be prevented.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2002

[Phosphorus magnetic resonance in studying energy metabolism in skeletal muscles].

UNLABELLED: The present study objective involved evaluation of possibilities of magnetic resonance spectroscopy with phosphorus (31P-MRS) in diagnosis of metabolic disorders of skeletal muscles in patients with intermittent claudication, chronic heart failure and varicose disease of the lower extremities. In 20 patients with intermittent claudication, 10 patients with chronic heart failure, 10 patients with varicose disease and 10 volunteers, 31P-MRS was performed with 1.5 T MR system (Magnetom SP 63, Siemens). The following parameters were computed: phosphorus-creatinine index, intracellular pH in calf muscle, and time of half-recovery of the phosphorus-creatinine index. At rest, the phosphorus-creatinine indexes were similar in all groups; pH values at rest did not vary either. During isotonic exercise the phosphorus-creatinine index in the control group remained uncharged. In patients with intermittent claudication, the phosphorus-creatinine index at peak of exercise was decreased by 26.1% (p < 0.001), in patients with varicose disease--by 25.6% (p < 0.001), in patients with chronic heart failure by 8% (p < 0.001). PCr recovery half-time was increased in all patients. The patient group with intermittent claudication showed a reverse correlation between the pressure index and the degree of phosphorus-creatinine index decrease. CONCLUSION: 31P-MRS makes it possible to carry out non-invasive diagnosis of energy metabolic disorders of skeletal muscles in patients with impaired peripheral hemodynamics.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Measuring metal and phosphorus speciation in P-rich anaerobic digesters.

High concentrations of soluble orthophosphate, magnesium and potassium are released during anaerobic digestion of biological phosphorus removal (BPR) sludge. This research was undertaken to investigate the effects of phosphorus enrichment on digester performance, metal and phosphorus speciation. High concentrations of soluble PO4-P (> 250 mg/l) were found to have a retarding effect on anaerobic digestion, reducing the rate of volatile solids digestion and methane production in comparison to control digesters. This was found to be reversible after a period of time, which was related to the amount of PO4-P added to the digesters, higher concentrations of PO4-P requiring more time for digester recovery. Addition of magnesium and potassium to the digesters, together with PO4-P, reduced the inhibitory effect of phosphorus enrichment but these digesters still showed lower rates of volatile solids digestion and methane production in comparison to the control digesters. Phosphorus enrichment resulted in extensive precipitation of calcium, magnesium and manganese, markedly reducing the soluble and easily available fractions of these metals. Other trace metals such as copper, zinc, chromium, nickel and cobalt actually showed increased levels of solubility as a result of phosphorus enrichment. This was thought to be caused by high levels of soluble organic carbon in the phosphorus-rich anaerobic digesters, which acted as organic ligands for metal complexation.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1992

Effects of fenfluramine on the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the rat: fenfluramine effects on Ca and P metabolism.

Daily administration of 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20mg of fenfluramine/kg body weight to adult rats for four weeks resulted in dose dependent decrease in calcium and phosphorus absorption with an inverse correlation of r = -0.94 for calcium and r = -0.93 for phosphorus. Significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the total faecal lipids and moderate decline in plasma calcium levels were also observed in the rats. Adult rats made obese by dietary methods when treated with 10mg and 15 mg of fenfluramine/kg body weight/day for 10 weeks showed a significant reduction (p less than 0.001) in the intestinal absorption of both calcium and phosphorus. The reduction at 15mg/kg drug dose was 10.7 pc for calcium and 9.5 pc for phosphorus. Analyses of the long bones as well as carcasses of the obese rats showed significant decrease (p less than 0.001) in the content of these minerals. Plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were also significantly (p less than 0.001) reduced in the obese-treated rats. However, fenfluramine treatment significantly reduced the plasma calcium but not the phosphorus levels in the non-obese rats. These studies have demonstrated that chronic administration of fenfluramine (greater than or equal to 10mg/kg body weight) to rats, obese or non-obese, impairs calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the body.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of calcium and phosphorus ion implantation on the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of titanium.

This paper is concerned with the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of titanium after surface modification by the ion implantation of calcium or phosphorus or calcium + phosphorus. Calcium and phosphorus ions were implanted in a dose of 10(17) ions/cm(2). The ion beam energy was 25 keV. The microstructure of the implanted layers was examined by TEM. The chemical composition of the surface layers was determined by XPS and SIMS. The corrosion resistance was examined by electrochemical methods in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at a temperature of 37 degrees C. The biocompatibility was evaluated in vitro. As shown by TEM results, the surface layers formed during calcium, phosphorus and calcium + phosphorus implantation were amorphous. The results of the electrochemical examinations (Stern's method) indicate that the calcium, phosphorus and calcium + phosphorus implantation into the surface of titanium increases its corrosion resistance in stationary conditions after short- and long-term exposures in SBF. Potentiodynamic tests show that the calcium-implanted samples undergo pitting corrosion during anodic polarisation. The breakdown potentials measured are high (2.5 to 3 V). The good biocompatibility of all the investigated materials was confirmed under the specific conditions of the applied examination, although, in the case of calcium implanted titanium it was not as good as that of non-implanted titanium.

Calcium↗
PubMed2004

Reduction of coagulant amount added to activated sludge for phosphorus removal.

Adding coagulant to the activated sludge process is effective in maintaining the stability of phosphorus removal. However, the precise mechanisms of the reaction and behavior of coagulants and phosphorus are not well known. By introducing a new phosphorus removal model (PRM), the behavior of coagulant and phosphorus in the process could be described. The experimental data of the effluent phosphorus concentration and Fe content in the activated sludge agreed with the values calculated by PRM. The amount of coagulant addition to the activated sludge process for phosphorus removal is reduced with the enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. It is suggested that the amount of reduction is determined by using PRM.

Bioreactors↗
PubMed2004

Influence of ORP variation, carbon source and nitrate concentration on denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPB sludge from dephanox process.

The effect of added carbon source and nitrate concentration on the denitrifying phosphorus removal by denitrifying phosphorus removal bacteria sludge was systematically studied using batch experiments, at the same time the variation of ORP was investigated. Results showed that the denitrifying and phosphorus uptake rate in the anoxic phase increased with the high initial anaerobic carbon source addition. However, once the initial COD concentration reached a certain level, which was in excess of the PHB saturation of Poly-p bacteria, residual COD carried over to the anoxic phase inhibited the subsequent denitrifying phosphorus uptake. This was equal to supplementing the external carbon source to the anoxic phase, furthermore the higher the external carbon source concentration the more powerful the inhibition caused. High nitrate concentration in the anoxic phase increased the initial denitrifying phosphorus rate. Oncethe nitrate was exhausted, phosphate uptake changed to phosphate release. Moreover, the time of this turning point occurred later with the higher nitrate addition. On the other hand, through on-line monitoring the variation of the ORP with different initial COD concentration, it was found that ORP could be used as a control parameter for phosphorus release, but it is impossible to utilize ORP for controlling the dinitrification and anoxic phosphorus uptake operations.

Carbon↗
PubMed2005

The effect of the redox-potential on the retention of phosphorus in a small constructed wetland.

Building wetlands in small arable streams is a popular supplement to best management practice on arable fields. Particle bound phosphorus settles in the small constructed wetlands (CWs), receiving agricultural diffuse pollution. The sorption behavior of phosphorus is, however, redox-sensitive, and bound phosphorus may be remobilized in periods with low redox potential. This paper investigates changes in the redox potential in the free water of wetland Berg (Norway) during a three-year period, and how these redox changes affect the total phosphorus (TP) and total reactive phosphorus (TRP) retention. Despite eutrophic conditions in the wetland, the redox potential was never negative, and usually higher than 400 mV, indicating aerobic conditions. The relative retention was 440% and 43% for TP and TRP, respectively. The specific retention was 100 g TP and 43 g TRPm(-2) yr(-1). Loss of phosphorus was only observed during less than 19% of the total period of time. The net loss was less than 5% of the specific retention. The high positive redox potential probably conserves the redox-sensitive phosphorus in the wetland sediment as long as water fows through the CW.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed2005

[Phytate-phosphorus uptake and utilization by transgenic tobacco carrying Bacillus subtilis phytase gene].

Phytate is the major form of organic phosphorus in soil. Elevating the phyrase activity in transgenic plants may be an effective approach to promote their phytate-phosphorus utilization, but little is known about the applied conditions. In this study, several transgenic tobacco lines carrying Bacillus subtilis phytase gene were compared with wild-type tobacco, in terms of their ability in acquiring phosphorus from phytate in sterilized agar, sand and soil. In sterilized agar, transgenic tobacco plants were more efficient in phytate-phosphorus uptake and utilization, and their biomass and total phosphorus content were 3.6-10.7 and 2.2-4.6 fold of the wild-type's, respectively. In sand and soil systems, however, there were no significant differences in biomass and total phosphorus content between the trsansgenic and wild-type tobacco plants. These results indicated that Bacillus phytase transgene could only improve the phytate-phosphorus uptake by transgenic plants under sterilized condition, and its effectiveness might be limited under natural conditions because of microbial decomposition and mineral fixation. Therefore, further research is needed to understand the limiting factors on the functions of the transgene.

6-Phytase↗
PubMed2006

[Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth on citrus roots and its correlations with soil available phosphorus content and phosphatase activity].

In 2004, a field investigation was made on the mycorrhizal infection rate, spore density, soil available phosphorus content, and soil phosphatase activity in the Guoqing No. 1 (Citrus unshiu )/trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) and Guoqing No. 4 (C. unshiu)/trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) plantations, aimed to approach the correlations between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth on citrus roots and the available phosphorus content and phosphatase activity in rhizosphere soil. The results showed that the annual variation of mycorrhizal infection rate and spore density in the test plantations was in "A" shape, while that of soil available phosphorus content and neutral phosphatase activity was in "V" shape. The mycorrhizal infection rate was significantly positively correlated with spore density (P < 0. 01), and negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus content (P < 0.01), indicating that higher spore density and lower soil available ghosphorus content could accelerate the mycorrhizai infection on citrus roots. The pore density was significantly negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus content (P < 0.01) while positively correlated with soil total and neutral phosphatase activity (P < 0.01), suggesting that soil available phosphorus could inhibit the increase of spore density, while soil total and neutral phosphatase activity could stimulate it. The mineralization of soil organic phosphorus in citrus plantations was mainly depended on soil neutral phosphatase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Gentamicin nucleotidyltransferase. Stereochemical inversion at phosphorus in enzymatic 2'-deoxyadenylyl transfer to tobramycin.

Gentamicin nucleotidyltransferase-catalyzed reaction of (Sp)-[alpha-17O]dATP with tobramycin produced 2"-(2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-[17O]phosphoryl)tobramycin. The configuration at phosphorus in this product was shown to be Rp by chemical degradation to chiral [17O, 18O]dAMP using a stereochemically defined procedure, and determination of the configuration at phosphorus in this product. Periodate-base treatment of 2"-(2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-[17O]phosphoryl)tobramycin followed by NaBH4 reduction produced (2-glyceryl)-[17O]dAMP, which upon snake venom phosphodiesterase-catalyzed hydrolysis in H(2)18O produced [17O,18O] dAMP. The configuration at phosphorus in this product was shown to be S by enzymatic phosphorylation to [17O,18O]dATP, adenylylcyclase (Bordetella pertussis)-catalyzed cyclization to 3',5'-cyclic [17O,18O]dAMP, and 31P NMR analysis of the ethyl esters. Since snake venom phosphodiesterase-catalyzed hydrolyses proceed with retention of configuration at phosphorus, (Sp)-[17O,18O]dAMP must have been produced from (Rp)-(2-glyceryl)-[17O]dAMP; and since the chemical degradation to the latter compound did not involve cleavage of any bonds to phosphorus, the initial enzymatic product must have been (Rp)-2"-(2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-[17O]phosphoryl)tobramycin. Therefore, nucleotidyl transfer catalyzed by gentamicin nucleotidyl-transferase proceeds with inversion of configuration at phosphorus, and the reaction mechanism involves an uneven number of phosphotransfer steps. Inasmuch as this is an uncomplicated two-substrate group transfer reaction, the mechanism probably involves direct nucleotidyl transfer from the nucleoside triphosphate to the aminoglycoside. The B. pertussis adenylylcyclase reaction was shown to proceed with inversion at phosphorus, as has been established for other adenylylcyclases.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1988

Effect of phosphorus supplementation on bone formation induced by osteosarcoma-derived bone-inducing substance in X-linked hypophosphatemic mice.

In our previous report, we demonstrated normal cartilage and bone matrix formation and a defect of bone mineralization in hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice using an ectopic bone formation system. That system consisted of an osteogenic sarcoma-derived bone-inducing substance. In this report, we describe the effect of phosphorus supplementation on abnormal bone mineralization. The osteogenic sarcoma-derived bone-inducing substance was implanted in Hyp mice or control mice. The Hyp mice were divided into two groups after implantation. One group was fed a normal laboratory chow, while the other was fed a high-phosphorus diet for 4 weeks of the experimental period. Normal control mice were fed the normal laboratory chow. The mean serum phosphorus level in the high-phosphorus diet group was normal at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after implantation. Using the method of 85Sr incorporation, the high-phosphorus diet group showed marked improvement in bone mineralization at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation, but incomplete improvement at 3 weeks. On the other hand, histological study of the high-phosphorus diet group at 4 weeks after implantation still showed a meaningful amount of the osteoid matrix formation compared to the control. These findings suggest that the abnormal bone mineralization in Hyp mice was mainly due to their abnormally low serum phosphorus level. However, still other abnormalities might exist and these might be responsible for the incomplete improvement in bone mineralization.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of 1,25-dioxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dioxycholecalciferol on calcium homeostasis in rats given hydrocortisone in the diet with various phosphorus contents].

High content of phosphorus in the diet (1.8% of phosphorus in the diet, Ca:P ratio 1:3) accelerated the development of hypocalcemia and osteoporosis and increased their degree in rats which received hydrocortisone (3.5 mg/10 g bw a day for 4 weeks). Reduction of phosphorus consumption to 0.3% (Ca:P ration 1:0.5) essentially retarded the development of these disturbances and lowered their degree. The use of 1,25-dioxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dioxycholecalciferol in doses of 0.03 and 1.5 mg, respectively promoted the normalization of phosphorus-calcium metabolism and improvement of the status of the osseous tissue in rats given hydrocortisone coupled with both diets. The most beneficial affect on calcium homeostasis in exogenous hypercorticoidism was attained with the use of active metabolites of vitamin D3 coupled with the diet with a low phosphorus content (0.3%). In this case there was a complete normalization of the density of the osseous tissue and of the calcium and phosphorus content. In view of this fact it is advisable to combine active metabolites of vitamin D3 and the diet with a low phosphorus content.

24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phosphorus removal with a variable chloride, CO2 acidified dialysate using an unmodified single pass system.

A method of providing dialysate was developed that used CO2 gas, rather than acetic acid, as an acidifying agent, allowing for the delivery of a variable chloride concentration. The system can be used on a standard, unmodified dialysis machine. The aim of the study was to test the technical feasibility of the dialysate delivery system and to determine whether use of the dialysate, which is free of acetate and can increase serum chloride concentrations above those normally achieved during the early phases of dialysis, could influence mass phosphorus removal. Using a crossover design, the effects of a standard acetate containing dialysate were compared with the acetate free, variable chloride dialysate on serum phosphorus kinetics and mass phosphorus removal in six hemodialysis patients. Although, as predicted, the serum chloride levels were higher during the initial phases of dialysis and serum bicarbonate concentrations were equivalent at the end of treatment, it was not possible to measure any differences in serum phosphorus levels during any of the time points during or immediately after dialysis, nor was any difference in mass phosphorus removal observed. Despite the presence of considerable animal evidence that acetate metabolism causes the intracellular shift of phosphorus, our study did not show any benefit, in terms of mass phosphorus removal, of an acetate free dialysate solution.

Acetates↗
PubMed1998

Teaching program effects on high phosphorus levels in patients receiving hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine the effect of a patient education intervention on decreasing serum phosphorus levels, increasing calcium levels, and increasing knowledge in hemodialysis patients with abnormally high phosphorus levels (n = 29). SAMPLE/SETTING: Study subjects were (a) on hemodialysis at least 3 months, (b) English speaking, (c) mentally alert, (d) not under constant nursing care, and (e) hyperphosphatemic. The study was conducted at two suburban dialysis units in the Chicago Metropolitan area. DESIGN: This study had a one group, pretest-posttest design, using subjects as their own controls. METHODS: The intervention was a one-on-one education session performed by a nephrology nurse using a teaching booklet, an Osteodystrophy Tool, and a medication diary. RESULTS: The mean change score for phosphorus did not reach significance (t [28] = .68, p = .50). The change in mean phosphorus levels was not related to gender, education, or dialysis unit. There was a weak relationship between a decrease in phosphorus and an increase in knowledge about phosphorus (r = 0.21). However, calcium levels improved significantly after the teaching intervention (t [28] = 3.23, p = 0.003). Mean overall scores for knowledge about phosphorus control increased significantly also (t [28] = 2.60, p = < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrated that an education session can have an effect on patients' knowledge and compliance.

Adult↗