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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Acute lung injury after inhalation of water-proofing spray while smoking a cigarette.

A 34-year-old Japanese woman developed acute lung injury soon after inhaling a water-proofing spray which she applied onto her ski suit while smoking a cigarette at the same time. She initially demonstrated arterial hypoxemia (PaO2 = 59 mm Hg) and ground-glass opacities in both lung fields on the CT scan, which both returned to normal without any medication. Several water-proofing sprays, which are easily obtainable in Japan, contain 1,1,1-trichloroethane, liquefied petroleum gas and fluoride resin. Although these components have not been reported to be toxic to the lung yet, high concentrations of these components and/or the pyrolytic products of fluoride resin may have caused acute lung injury in this case.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of total, saturated, unsaturated, and monounsaturated fats in cereal products by acid hydrolysis and capillary gas chromatography: collaborative study.

Fifteen laboratories participated in a collaborative study to determine total, saturated, unsaturated, and monounsaturated fats in cereal products by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Cereal products, representing a wide range of cereal grains and processes, were hydrolyxed in 8N HCl and extracted with ethyl and petroleum ethers. FAMEs were produced by the reaction of the mixed ether extracts with sodium hydroxide in methanol (NaOH/MeOH) and then with boron trifluoride reagent (14% BF3 in MeOH). They were quantitatively determined by capillary GC. Total fat was calculated as the sum of individual fatty acids expressed as triglyceride equivalents in accordance with nutrition labeling guidelines. Saturated, unsaturated, and monounsaturated fats were calculated as sums of individual fatty acids. The total fat contents of samples ranged from 0.56 to 12.64%. A split design was used to determine performance parameters of results obtained by 15 laboratories on 24 samples. Of the 24 samples, 7 were blind duplicates and 5 were independent materials. Statistical analysis for total fat yielded a relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) range of 1.32 to 13.30% and a relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) range of 4.42 to 22.82%. The goal of this study was to determine total fat, saturated fat, unsaturated, and monounsaturated fat in cereal-based products by complete extraction, methylation, and quantitation of total fatty acids. The acid hydrolysis-capillary GC method for determining total, saturated, unsaturated, and monosaturated fats in cereal products has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Study of petroleum-degrading activity of microflora from the shoreline region of the Caspian Sea].

Soil samples from the shore of Baku Bay (Caspian Sea), were studied. The content of oil products in the samples amounted to 2.7-8.0 wt%. The total counts of microorganisms were 1.8 x 10(6) cells per g soil, which is by two orders of magnitude lower compared to soils free from oil pollution. In addition, the diversity of microflora is considerably narrower. The samples were used to isolate pure cultures of microbial degraders capable of assimilating 24 to 32% of the oil introduced into liquid nutrient medium in six days. It was demonstrated that the fraction composition of residual oil changed and both light and heavy oil fractions were degraded.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the genetic toxicity of middle distillate fuels.

Petroleum middle distillate (PMD) fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons that distill between approximately 170-370 degrees C. Commercial products that fall into this category include kerosine, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and home heating oil. These products contain both saturated (paraffins and cycloparaffins) and aromatic species, but because of the boiling range normally contain very small amounts of the 3-6 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) constituents, which are considered to be carcinogenic. Nevertheless, there is evidence of weak tumorigenic activity when these materials are repeatedly applied to mouse skin. In the current studies representative products were tested in two commonly used, short-term assays for genetic toxicity, the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. All samples were inactive in the micronucleus assay, and three were clearly inactive in the Salmonella test. Of the remaining two, one was marginally active in the Salmonella assay, and one was equivocal. The marginally active sample contained detectable levels of PAH due to the use of catalytically cracked materials as blending stocks. The results indicated that PMDs that do not contain cracked material were not mutagenic. Thus they may produce tumors via nongenotoxic processes. Those products that do contain cracked stocks may have sufficient PAH to be mutagenic in the Salmonella assay, and in those cases the PAH might also contribute to tumor formation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

A database of archived drilling records of the drill cuttings piles at the North West Hutton oil platform.

Drill cuttings piles are found underneath several hundred oil platforms in the North Sea, and are contaminated with hydrocarbons and chemical products. This study characterised the environmental risk posed by the cuttings pile at the North West Hutton (NWH) oil platform. Data on the drilling fluids and chemical products used over the platform's drilling history were transferred from archived well reports into a custom database, to which were added toxicological and safety data. Although the database contained many gaps, it established that only seven chemical products used at NWH were not in the lowest category of the Offshore Chemicals Notification Scheme, and were used in only small quantities. The study therefore supports the view that the main environmental risk posed by cuttings piles comes from hydrocarbon contamination. The (dated) well records could help future core sampling to be targeted at specific locations in the cuttings piles. Data from many platforms could also be pooled to determine generic 'discharge profiles.' Future study would benefit from the existence, in the public domain, of a standardised, 'legacy' database of chemical products.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2000

Current environmental threats to animal health and productivity.

Livestock can be exposed to literally thousands of environmental contaminants. Fortunately, most do not cause significant livestock morbidity or mortality and relatively few present significant residue concerns in animal products intended for human consumption. Some environmental contaminants, however, present livestock health or residue concerns. The significance of specific environmental contaminants on livestock health and productivity can change with time and unforeseen threats can emerge as new chemicals or technologies are introduced or new knowledge about health effects of established chemicals emerges.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water.

Concerns about the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the pollution caused by continuously increasing energy demands make hydrogen an attractive alternative energy source. Hydrogen is currently derived from nonrenewable natural gas and petroleum, but could in principle be generated from renewable resources such as biomass or water. However, efficient hydrogen production from water remains difficult and technologies for generating hydrogen from biomass, such as enzymatic decomposition of sugars, steam-reforming of bio-oils and gasification, suffer from low hydrogen production rates and/or complex processing requirements. Here we demonstrate that hydrogen can be produced from sugars and alcohols at temperatures near 500 K in a single-reactor aqueous-phase reforming process using a platinum-based catalyst. We are able to convert glucose -- which makes up the major energy reserves in plants and animals -- to hydrogen and gaseous alkanes, with hydrogen constituting 50% of the products. We find that the selectivity for hydrogen production increases when we use molecules that are more reduced than sugars, with ethylene glycol and methanol being almost completely converted into hydrogen and carbon dioxide. These findings suggest that catalytic aqueous-phase reforming might prove useful for the generation of hydrogen-rich fuel gas from carbohydrates extracted from renewable biomass and biomass waste streams.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1994

Utility of a surveillance system to detect associations between work and cancer among women in Canada, 1965-1991.

Data on the occupation and industry in which 242,196 females worked in Canada between 1965 and 1971 are available from a national survey of employers by Statistics Canada. As an example of the future utility of this cohort, computerized record linkage was conducted with the Canadian National Mortality Data Base through 1979. This article presents selected results. Associations are measured by standardized relative risks. Those meeting specific criteria (two or more observed deaths, relative risk > 2.0, and 95% confidence interval excluding 1.00) include (a) buccal cavity and pharyngeal cancer among mechanics and repairers, tobacco preparers and product makers, and telephone systems industry workers; (b) lung cancer among service station attendants, motor vehicle mechanics, and petroleum refinery workers; and (c) breast cancer among workers manufacturing electrical industrial equipment and printing and publishing industry workers. The mortality experience of the cohort through 1991 is currently being determined by another record linkage, thus providing up to 25 years of follow-up and over 8,500 cancer deaths anticipated among females.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The health watch case-control study of leukemia and benzene: the story so far.

A case-control study nested in the Health Watch cohort of petroleum industry workers, investigated whether the excess of lymphohematopoetic cancers, identified among male members of the Health Watch cohort, was associated with benzene exposure. Cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 31), multiple myeloma (n = 15), and leukemia (n = 33) were identified between 1981 and 1999. Cases were age-matched to five controls. Exposure was retrospectively estimated for each occupational history using an algorithm in a relational database. Benzene exposure measurements, supplied by Australian petroleum companies, were used to estimate exposure for specific tasks. The tasks carried out within the job, the products handled, and the technology used, were identified from interviews with contemporary colleagues. More than half of the subjects started work after 1965 and had an average exposure period of 20 years. Exposure was low, 85% of the cumulative exposure estimates were <10 ppm years. Matched analyses showed that non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma were not associated with benzene exposure. Leukemia risk, however, was significantly increased for the subjects with greater than 16 ppm years cumulative exposure, odds ratio (OR) 51.9 (5.6-477) or with greater than 0.8 ppm intensity of highest exposed job. Cumulative exposures were similar to those found in comparable studies. The inclusion of occasional high exposures, for example, as a result of spillages, reduced the ORs, when the exposure was treated as either a continuous or a categorical variable. Our data demonstrate a strong association between leukemia and modest benzene exposure. The choice of cut-point and reference group has a marked effect on the ORs, but does not change the overall conclusions.

Benzene↗
PubMed1990

Degradation pathways of PCB upon gamma irradiation.

In order to understand the modifications of the chromatographic profile of Aroclor 1260 upon gamma irradiation, a total of 14 pure polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were separately irradiated in solution. Dechlorination was observed, and the generated products were investigated by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Degradation proceeds more rapidly in methanol/water mixture than in petroleum ether, but the relative amount of ortho-dechlorinated congeners formed upon irradiation was smaller in the former solvent. Ortho chlorines are preferentially lost in petroleum ether except when they are involved in a 2.5 (or 3.6) substitution pattern, in which case para dechlorination becomes predominant. The precursors of some toxicologically important congeners such as congeners 77, 118, 167, and 189 have been identified. These data are useful to rationalize the modifications of the chromatographic profile of PCB complex mixture upon gamma irradiation.

Aroclors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The preparation and characterization of ethylcellulose-walled theophylline microcapsules.

The use of sustained-release preparations of theophylline has become routine in the treatment of bronchial asthma. Microencapsulation provides a possible means of producing such a product. The present paper examines, by means of triangular diagrams, the phases present in the system ethylcellulose-petroleum ether-toluene. The separated cellulose was used to coat the drug theophylline. The effects of temperature, petroleum ether fraction, solvent:non-solvent ratio and rate of non-solvent addition on the size and size distribution of the microcapsules was studied.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2005

Biomechanics of Wheat/Barley Straw and Corn Stover.

A cost effective and sustainable supply of biomass feedstocks is a critical component of a viable biorefinery industry that is capable of making a credible impact on petroleum displacement. Feedstock costs can amount to a very significant fraction of the cost of the final biorefinery product. Thus, the reduction of the costs of feedstock production, harvest, collection, transportation, storage, and preprocessing can have a direct and positive effect on the overall viability of a given biorefinery. In addition, the feedstock and technology choices that are made for maintaining a sustainable biomass supply will have important implications not only for the biorefinery industry, but also for society as a whole. This session focused on feedstock supply, logistics, processing and composition, all of which are important elements of the feedstock supply chain.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1990

[Synthesis of zinc chlorophyllin a and its preliminary clinical application].

A method for synthesis of zinc chlorophyllin a (I), a promising drug for clinical application, is presented. Taking silkworm faeces as a raw material. Chlorophyll was extracted with ethyl alcohol. After concentration the solid formed was dissolved in petroleum ether and the solution was subjected to column chromatography to separate pheophytin a and chlorophyll a. The products were dissolved in ethyl ether and the Mg in the products was stripped off with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The excess hydrochloric acid in the solution was neutralized with ammonia solution and the mixture was hydrolyzed with diluted hydrochloric acid to obtain pheophorbide a, then (I) was synthesized with pheophorbide a and zinc salt. The characteristics of (I) and pheophorbide a were checked by IR, UV and elemental analyses. All results of pheophorbide a coincided with those values reported in literature. The acute toxicity of (I) was tested in mice and the LD50 of (I) was 324 +/- 40 mg/kg. (I) has been applied in several hospitals for several months. It has been found that (I) has outstanding effects on burns and oral sepsis and that it increases the growth of granulation tissue and epithelium remarkably.

Animals↗