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PubMed1993

Career self-efficacy in occupational therapy practice.

Career expectations contribute to job satisfaction, which ultimately affects personnel retention. This paper focuses on a current trend in career literature: career self-efficacy, judgments about the efficacy of one's career choice and adjustment. Career self-efficacy is relevant to occupational therapy in that therapists are leaving the profession because of unmet career expectations. This paper explores Bandura's self-efficacy theory (the basis of career self-efficacy) and discusses the authors' experience in clinical practice and education relating the application of career self-efficacy to occupational therapy. Suggested methods for enhancing career self-efficacy include the implementation of a professional development course based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory; incorporation of self-efficacy content into the professional theory and practice courses; clinical supervision that creates realistic self-perceptions of performance during the field-work experience; and transitional programs for entry-level practitioners that identify and explore personal career expectations and support for the experienced practitioner.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

[Pneumopathy due to isocyanate hypersensitivity: recognition as an occupational disease].

INTRODUCTION: Hypersensitivity pneumopathies (HSP) are listed as number 66 in the list of occupational diseases but this list includes regulatory requirements that are not applicable to isocyanates. The authors report the case of a worker exposed to isophane di-isocyanate (IPDI) during the manufacture of polyurethane foam. CASE REPORT: The diagnosis of HSP was based on the clinical presentation (dyspnoea, fever, crepitant rales) and the complimentary investigations (ground glass appearance on the thoracic CT scan, lymphocytosis in the broncho-alveolar lavage). It was confirmed by trans-bronchial biopsy. Only the functional assessment (airflow obstruction and absence of marked reduction in CO transfer) was atypical. With regard to the role of isocyanates the number of published cases (49 since the first observation in 1976) shows that this aetiology is rare. In the case presented the chronology of symptoms (regression following exclusion and immediate relapse following re-exposure) and the absence of exposure to other agents known to cause HSP confirm the aetiology with near certainty. This case was recognised within the framework of the complimentary procedure that allows for unlisted diseases. CONCLUSION: In order to assist the management and recognition of HSP due to isocyanates there is good reason to raise the awareness of the medical profession and to extend the list of occupational diseases.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗
PubMed2003

Detection of antibodies to Brucella abortus in animal handlers.

1. Our study showed a prevalence of 5.33% in animal handlers working in an urban city like Pune. The prevalence would definitely be higher in a population from a rural area. 2. All these cases who showed presence of antibodies to B. abortus, had varied clinical manifestations, characteristic of the protean manifestations in brucellosis. Likewise in our study we had cases ranging from arthritis, abortions and genito urinary manifestations. 3. All the antibody positive cases had significant antibody titres. The clinicians miss many cases of brucellosis because it is not considered as an alternative diagnosis. The clinician should keep in mind the possibility of an occupational or environmental exposure in cases of P.U.O. It would also be worthwhile to create awareness of the disease in such professions so that necessary precautions and periodic screening of such occupationally exposed people can be done. Studies are needed to assess the role of brucellosis as a cause of morbidity in India, which had not received the attention it deserved. Prevention of human brucellosis focuses mainly on elimination of infection in cattle along with hygiene, vaccine, and effective heating and pasteurization of dairy products and related foods.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiological aspects of back pain within the nursing profession.

This paper describes a number of epidemiological findings relating to the size of the back pain problem within nursing, its distribution across nursing specialties and the comparison of these data with other occupational groups. The extent of the problem within the nursing profession has been estimated through a number of research studies. Unfortunately these studies cannot be easily compared because of differing methodologies and criteria for identifying those with back pain and inconsistent use of prevalence and incidence data. Results from a study of 3912 NHS nurses are considered in detail as is the extent to which back pain is a contributory factor in the decision of nurses to leave the profession. The use of epidemiological methods to identify factors associated with the occurrence of the disorder has also been discussed, although the difficulty of quantifying exposure for factors such as postural requirements necessitates caution in their interpretation.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1986

Roles and functions of occupational therapy in adult day-care (position paper). American Occupational Therapy Association.

Occupational therapy's long-standing involvement in adult day-care attests to the importance of the profession's role in this setting. The functional approach used by occupational therapy helps the older person overcome multiple disablements associated with aging. Intervention promotes independence, adaptation, and the maintenance of occupational performance in self-care, work, and leisure. Working collaboratively with the day-care staff, participant, and family or care giver, occupational therapy personnel use their expertise to analyze activities and facilitate problem solving. Occupational therapy personnel may also work as administrators, activity coordinators, and consultants within the adult day-care setting.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Skin protection in bakers' apprentices.

Skin protection measures - barrier creams, protective gloves - and skin care are widely recommended for the prevention of occupational hand dermatitis (HD) in skin risk professions, but there is hardly anything known about uptake levels of the measures. The objective of this controlled intervention study was to quantify the uptake and maintenance of skin protection and skin care measures in first-year bakers' apprentices. A total of 94 first-year bakers' apprentices were included in the study in September 2000. The apprentices were assigned to the skin protection and control group class-wise to reduce contamination. The skin protection group comprised 39 apprentices who were trained in skin protection measures at the beginning and after 4 weeks of training. 55 apprentices were assigned to the control group representing no skin protection intervention. Standardized interviews took place at the beginning of the training and at 4 monthly follow-ups (FU). The uptake of skin protection measures differed significantly between the groups (barrier cream p < 0.0001, protective gloves p = 0.046, skin care p = 0.025). Barrier cream use in the skin protection group was incorporated in the daily routine very well from the start and reached 100% at the end of the examination period (4th FU). At this time, only 3.2% of the controls used barrier creams. The level of acceptance of protective gloves (4th FU: skin protection group 43.3%; controls 32.3%) was considerably lower than that of barrier creams. The initial level of regular skin care was high in both groups (skin protection group 67.6%, controls 61.7%). After the intervention the acceptance of skin care rose to 88.9% in the skin protection group compared to 68.1% in the controls (4th FU). The present study has shown that skin protection and skin care measures can be introduced successfully in the daily routine of a skin risk occupation and high uptake and maintenance rates can be achieved.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A seroepidemiological study of the risks of Q fever infection in Japanese veterinarians.

The causative agent of Q fever, a widespread zoonotic disease, is the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. Although cases of Q fever have been documented in countries throughout the world, the prevalence of the disease in Japan is not yet known. Q fever is a demonstrated occupational hazard to those employed in zoological professions, but the risk to Japanese veterinarians has not yet been quantified. In order to evaluate the risk to Japanese veterinarians, we performed a serological survey using serum samples from 267 veterinarians. Two control groups consisting of 352 medical workers and 2003 healthy blood donors were also evaluated. The antibody titers of the serum samples were measured by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using phase II C. burnetii Nine Mile strain as the antigen. The positive rate of IgG antibody was 13.5% in the veterinarians, which was higher than in the blood donors (3.6%, p < 0.001) and medical workers (5.1 %,p < 0.001). These findings suggest that Japanese veterinarians have a higher risk of infection by C. burnetii than other members of the Japanese population. An interesting finding of this study was that positive rates of IgG and IgM antibodies in the blood donor group were higher in younger individuals. The IgM antibody positive rate was the highest in females under 30 years old.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of lead exposure risk in locksmiths.

Exposure to lead has been well recognized in a number of work environments, but little is known about lead exposure associated with machining brass keys containing lead. The brass that is widely used for key manufacturing usually contains 1.5% - 2.5 % of lead. Six (6) licensed locksmiths and 6 case-matched controls successfully completed the pilot study to assess the prevalence of increased body lead burden of professional locksmiths. We measured both Blood Lead (atomic absorption spectrometry), bone-lead (KXRF) and had each subject complete a health and lead exposure risk questionnaire. One locksmith had not cut keys during the past two years, therefore this subject and case-matched control was excluded from the blood lead analysis only. The average blood-lead concentration (+/-SEM) for the 5 paired subjects was 3.1 (+/- 0.4) microg/dL and 2.2 (+/- 0.3) microg/dL for controls. Bone measurements, including all 6 paired subjects, showed tibia lead concentration (+/-SEM) for locksmiths and controls was 27.8 (+/- 2.3) microg/g and 13.7 (+/- 3.3) microg/g, respectively; average calcaneus lead concentration for locksmiths and controls was 31.9 (+/- 3.7) microg/g and 22.6 (+/- 4.1) microg/g, respectively: The t-test shows a significantly higher tibia lead (p<0.05) and blood lead (p<0.05) for locksmiths than for their matched controls, but no significant difference for calcaneus lead (p>0.10). Given that the mean tibia bone lead concentration was 13.1 microg/g higher in locksmiths than in their matched controls, this average difference in the two groups would translate to an OR of increased hypertension in locksmiths of between 1.1 and 2.3, based on the published literature. Even with the very small number of subjects participating in this pilot study, we were able to demonstrate that locksmiths had significantly higher current exposure to lead (blood lead concentration) and significantly higher past exposure to lead (tibia lead concentration) than their age, sex and ethnically matched controls. Additional research is needed to fully identify the prevalence and associated risk factors for occupational exposure of lead in this previously understudied profession.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Occupational asthma caused by decorative flowers: review and case reports.

Occupational respiratory symptoms caused by decorative flowers are seldom reported in the literature. In the years 1985-1993 four such cases of occupational asthma were diagnosed at the Institute of Occupational Health of Finland. Occupational asthma was caused by freesias (n = 1), chrysanthemums (n = 1), and tulips (n = 2). The diagnoses were based on work-related respiratory symptoms during flower handling in the patients' histories, specific challenge tests, and allergologic examinations. Flower allergy is rare but can even develop into occupational asthma. It usually leads to a change of profession.

Asthma↗
PubMed1989

[Problems of the evaluation of occupational exposure in epidemiologic case-control studies].

The paper presents issues concerning collecting and assessing data on occupational exposure in case-referent studies. The authors discuss different opinions and methods for obtaining relatively trustworthy and valuable information regarding this subject. The system of combining data on profession and kind of exposure (the so-called occupational exposure system) and the method for constructing a job exposure matrix are paid much attention. Complexity of problems discussed, the absence of reliable methods and standardized instruments for case-referent study all require every caution in interpreting the data obtained in this type of examination.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1993

Biofeedback and applied psychophysiology at the crossroads.

Biofeedback and applied psychophysiology, as tools, as objects of scientific inquiry, and as clinical interventions, have progressed from speculative experiment to data-based research, from trial clinical intervention to efficacy studies and accountability. These are multidisciplinary approaches, crossing the boundary between traditional professions such as medicine, psychology, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other health care related fields. Along the way we as an Association, our members both scientists and practitioners, have encountered the many hurdles and stumbling blocks that stand in the way of developing new technologies. How we deal with these obstacles shapes us as a group and shapes the perceptions of others who view us. An attempt will be made to place the current development of the field within the context of the rapidly changing health care environment, and to address the challenges, and sometimes conflicting demands, of experimental science and clinical practice.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMed2003

What's philosophically interesting about engineering ethics?

What makes a subject philosophically interesting is hard-to-resolve confusion about fundamental concepts. Engineering ethics suffers from at least three such fundamental confusions. First, there is confusion about what the "ethics" in engineering ethics is (ordinary morality, philosophical ethics, special standards, or something else?) Second, there is confusion about what the profession of engineering is (a function, discipline, occupation, kind of organization, or something else?) Third, there is confusion about what the discipline of engineering is. These fundamental confusions in engineering ethics connect with philosophically interesting work in moral theory, political philosophy, and philosophy of science. Work in these areas may help with the philosophical problems of engineering ethics. But, equally important, work in engineering ethics may help with the philosophical problems in these others fields.

Engineering↗
PubMed1995

Similarity in married couples: a longitudinal study of mental abilities and rigidity-flexibility.

Longitudinal changes in couple similarity on the Primary Mental Abilities and the Test of Behavioral Rigidity were studied over 7-year intervals from 1956 to 1984 in 169 couples from the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Positive, initial intraclass spousal correlations were significant for verbal meaning, inductive reasoning, word fluency, educational aptitude, intellectual aptitude, attitudinal flexibility, psychomotor speed, and social responsibility, as well as age and education. After age and education had been controlled, significant increases in spousal similarity were found for verbal meaning and intellectual ability over 14 years and for attitudinal flexibility over 21 years. The higher functioning spouses' word fluency influenced the lower functioning spouses' verbal meaning and word fluency over time. Couples who became more similar over time involved husbands in higher occupations and wives with fewer changes in profession.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Capacity building for integrated family-centered practice.

The profession of social work has made distinctive and important contributions to individual, family, and community social welfare, because it has avoided the excessive reductionism found in other helping professions. Unlike these other helping professions, social work has addressed economic and occupational needs of individuals, families, and their communities in a unique way. As a new century dawns, it is appropriate to look back and reflect and then to look ahead toward continuing challenges and emergent needs of individuals, families, and their surrounding communities. This article highlights some social work legacies and how they will help inform 21st century practice. Drawing on lessons from the past, several examples illustrate the kinds of strategies that might inform integrative social and economic foundations for practice, policy, and human well-being. The importance of these and other income-support and capacity-building strategies is featured against the challenges associated with welfare reform, new mandates for systems change, and what some see as the "reinvention" of the welfare state. The analysis concludes by describing some of the implications for professional education, research, practice, and their relationship.

Employment↗
PubMed2001

BSN by 2010. A California initiative.

The Association of California Nurse Leaders has developed an initiative to require the baccalaureate in nursing as the credential for entry into practice as a registered nurse by the year 2010 in the state of California. When nursing is compared to other healthcare professions, such as pharmacy, physical therapy, and occupational therapy, it becomes obvious that educational requirements for nurses must be updated. Nursing leaders have developed a 10-year action plan to change the entry-level educational requirements for California nurses.

California↗
PubMed2005

Nurses' satisfaction with their work environment and the outcomes of clinical nursing supervision on nurses' experiences of well-being -- a Norwegian study.

BACKGROUND: Various studies have demonstrated that nursing is stressful and that the incidence of occupational stress-related burnout in the profession is high. AIM: This descriptive-correlational study examined nurses' satisfaction with their psychosocial work environment, their moral sensitivity and differences in outcomes of clinical nursing supervision in relation to nurses' well-being by systematically comparing supervised and unsupervised nurses. METHODS: Nurses were selected from two hospitals (n = 71). Data collection was by means of questionnaires and analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The nurses' satisfaction with their psychosocial work environment was reflected in six factors: 'job stress and anxiety', 'relationship with colleagues', 'collaboration and good communication', 'job motivation', 'work demands' and 'professional development'. The nurses' perceptions of moral sensitivity comprised seven factors: 'grounds for actions', 'ethical conflicts', 'values in care', 'independence patient-oriented care', 'the desire to provide high-quality care' and 'the desire to provide high-quality care creates ethical dilemmas'. Nurses well-being were reflected in four factors 'physical symptom and anxiety', 'feelings of not being in control', 'engagement and motivation' and 'eye strain sleep disturbance'. The moral sensitivity 'ethical conflicts' were found to have mild negative correlations with psychosocial work environment 'job stress and anxiety professional development' and with 'total score' psychosocial work, moral sensitivity factor 'independence were correlated with psychosocial work factor 'relationships with colleagues' and 'total score', moral sensitivity were mildly correlated with 'collaboration and good communication and had a negative correlation to psychosocial work factor 'work demands'. In addition, significant correlations were found between the nurses' well-being profile and demographic variables, between 'engagement and motivation' and 'absence due to illness' and between 'time allocation for tasks', 'physical symptoms and anxiety' and 'age'. Mild significant differences were found between nurses attending and not attending group supervision and between 'physical symptoms and anxiety' and 'feelings of not being in control'. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that ethical conflicts in nursing are a source of job-related stress and anxiety. The outcome of supporting nurses by clinical nursing supervision may have a positive influence on their perceptions of well-being. clinical nursing supervision have a positive effect on nurses physical symptoms and their feeling of anxiety as well as having a sense of being in control of the situation. We also conclude that psychosocial work have an influence on nurses experience of having or not having control and their engagement and motivation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A historical review of occupational therapy's role in preventive health and wellness.

The public is becoming increasingly cognizant of the importance of proactive health behavior and is seeking assistance from health care professionals in their pursuit of wellness. As occupational therapy strives to meet this growing consumer demand, a historical review of the profession's involvement in proactive health activities can enhance its response. Since its inception, occupational therapy has recognized the importance of both preventive action and the promotion of wellness. In this paper, the significant historical events in this area are discussed to stimulate future research and clinical application in health promotion.

Health Promotion↗