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PubMed1989

Ethnicity determination by names among the Aymara of Chile and Bolivia.

The importance of surnames in genetic studies has been recognized for a century or so. While the ethnic affiliations of individuals are ordinarily established in genetic studies by admixture analysis based on gene frequencies, often there are implicit assumptions in these attempts that are difficult to validate in the absence of detailed ethnohistories. In northern Chile and western Bolivia, where genetic admixture has been known to occur among the Aymara Indians and Spanish Caucasoids, the naming pattern (parental patriand matrinyms) allowed us to classify individuals on the basis of the frequency of Aymara names into 9 'ethnic' groups. From a sample of 2525 individuals it is shown that admixture occurred in lineages nonrandomly, implying assortative mating of surnames. Admixture and genetic distance analysis on the basis of 31 genetic markers on approximately 1700 of these individuals reveals that there is a reasonable agreement of ethnic classification of individuals by name and phenotype data on genetic markers. The Aymara-named groups are shown to be predominantly Amerindian (89%) in their genetic profiles. Individuals whose current naming pattern is basically Spanish also exhibit a substantial fraction of genes of Amerindian origin (67%). Presence of some rare alleles not found in Amerindian or Spanish Caucasoids in the admixed groups suggest infiltration of Negroid genes in the past.

Bolivia↗

PubMed1998

False names.

A patient's unique, personal name is fundamental in medical relationships. Sometimes, patients may use false names, which obscure family, ethnic, sexual, or billing identities. The means and motivations involved--fraud, concealment, gaining financial or personal advantage, gratifying a psychic need, or changing group assignment--produce a variety of distinct clinical manifestations of false name use. These may be classified as alias, pseudonym, manipulator, fraud, psychotic, amnestic, medical factitioner, and renamed. The identification of falsely named patients enables clinicians to improve care for these types of patients. Individual cases are briefly described and a discussion of naming in society and medicine follows. This preliminary discussion may serve to fuel further refinement.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Brain response to one's own name in vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and locked-in syndrome.

BACKGROUND: A major challenge in the management of severely brain-injured patients with altered states of consciousness is to estimate their residual perception of the environment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the integrity of detection of one's own name in patients in a behaviorally well-documented vegetative state (VS), patients in a minimally conscious state (MCS), and patients with locked-in syndrome. DESIGN: We recorded the auditory evoked potentials to the patient's own name and to 7 other equiprobable first names in 15 brain-damaged patients. RESULTS: A P3 component was observed in response to the patient's name in all patients with locked-in syndrome, in all MCS patients, and in 3 of 5 patients in a VS. P3 latency was significantly (P<.05) delayed for MCS and VS patients compared with healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that partially preserved semantic processing could be observed in noncommunicative brain-damaged patients, notably for the detection of salient stimuli, such as the subject's own name. This function seems delayed in MCS and (if present) in VS patients. More important, a P3 response does not necessarily reflect conscious perception and cannot be used to differentiate VS from MCS patients.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2005

Object naming and semantic fluency among individuals with genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: This study longitudinally examined the object naming and semantic fluency of individuals who are at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) by virtue of having APOE-4 or a family history of AD. METHODS: A total of 108 participants (40 with a family history of AD and 43 with APOE-4) completed the Boston Naming Test and the Animal Naming task at initial assessment and after two years. RESULTS: At baseline, object naming was significantly lower for those with both risk factors, F(2, 99) = 5.72, p < 0.01, but those with either risk factor had significantly lower scores at follow-up, F(2, 99) = 3.41, p < 0.05. Semantic fluency (animal naming) was reduced among subjects with the APOE-4 allele at baseline, F(1, 100) = 4.02, p < 0.05, but it was not associated with either risk factor at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: These deficits may be associated with a prodromal risk for AD and may serve as pre-symptomatic markers for the development of AD.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

The Nutrition, Aging, and Memory in Elders (NAME) study: design and methods for a study of micronutrients and cognitive function in a homebound elderly population.

BACKGROUND: Micronutrient status can affect cognitive function in the elderly; however, there is much to learn about the precise effects. Understanding mediating factors by which micronutrient status affects cognitive function would contribute to elders' quality of life and their ability to remain in the home. OBJECTIVES: The Nutrition, Aging, and Memory in Elders (NAME) Study is designed to advance the current level of knowledge by investigating potential mediating factors by which micronutrient status contributes to cognitive impairment and central nervous system abnormalities in the elderly. NAME targets homebound elders because they are understudied and particularly at risk for poor nutritional status. METHODS: Subjects are community-based elders aged 60 and older, recruited through area Aging Services Access Points. The NAME core data include demographics; neuropsychological testing and activities of daily living measures; food frequency, health and behavioral questionnaires; anthropometrics; gene status; plasma micronutrients, homocysteine, and other blood determinants. A neurological examination, psychiatric examination, and brain MRI and volumetric measurements are obtained from a sub-sample. RESULTS: Preliminary data from first 300 subjects are reported. These data show that the NAME protocol is feasible and that the enrolled subjects are racially diverse, at-risk, and had similar basic demographics to the population from which they were drawn. CONCLUSION: The goal of the NAME study is to evaluate novel relationships between nutritional factors and cognitive impairment. These data may provide important information on potential new therapeutic strategies and supplementation standards for the elderly to maintain cognitive function and potentially reduce the public health costs of dementia.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1997

Postabsorption concentration peaks with brand-name and generic verapamil: a double-blind, crossover study in elderly hypertensive patients.

The pharmacokinetic actions, bioequivalence, and cardiovascular effects of two verapamil products were studied in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study in eight elderly hypertensive patients (median age, 69.5 years; range, 60-79 years) given brand-name or generic immediate-release verapamil in 120-mg twice-daily doses for 14 days. Blood pressures, heart rates, P-R intervals; and serum concentrations of R-/S-verapamil and norverapamil were measured multiple times in patients during the last day of each therapy. Median blood pressure decreased more with generic verapamil than with the brand-name drug, with the largest difference occurring at 0.5 hours (137/74 mmHg versus 144.5/80.5 mmHg; P = 0.05 and 0.091, respectively). Pharmacokinetic parameters were not different for the two products (P < 0.01). However, the generic product, compared with the brand-name drug, had mean area under the concentration-time curve (time 0 to 12 hours) ratios (90% CI) of 1.09 (0.78-1.52), 1.16 (0.87-1.55) and 1.11 (0.81-1.52) for R-, S-, and total verapamil. Seventy concentration peaks (31 with the brand-name drug, 39 with the generic drug) appeared between 8 and 24 hours. Median percentages of increase of these peaks, compared with those of previous concentrations, were 48.3% and 36.3% for brand-name and generic drugs, respectively. Fifty of the 70 peaks (71%) were associated with a stereospecific concentration peak of norverapamil and, temporally, with meals. Our findings suggest that whereas the two verapamil products may not be bioequivalent by Food and Drug Administration criteria, the observed differences in effects were not clinically significant in this elderly population. Multiple concentration peaks after absorption were observed in all patients with both verapamil products and were perhaps related to enterohepatic recirculation.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Judgements of food healthfulness: food name stereotypes in adults over age 25.

Previous findings indicated that college-aged women (compared to men) were more likely to use stereotypes when judging food names by their healthfulness. The present study is a replication and extension of an earlier study, using older (i.e. not traditional college age) participants (M(age)=46). In general, men had fewer and smaller discrepancies between their evaluations of food names and descriptions than did females. As previously found, gender differences occurred for evaluations of food names rather than nutrient descriptions, with women using less information than men. The stereotype women used when judging food names involved negative attitudes toward dietary fat, whereas men appeared to take account of vitamin and mineral content in addition to fat. The older sample was generally more accurate (i.e. had smaller discrepancies when judging food names and descriptions) than were the previous sample of younger adults. Also, the current sample of older adults used more characteristics when evaluating food healthfulness of descriptions than did the previous sample of college students, indicating a more complex strategy of evaluating healthfulness of food descriptions.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Picture-name priming in the cerebral hemispheres.

In a lexical decision task, pictures and names of common objects were presented in succession to the left or right visual fields in an investigation of the relationship between visual and verbal representations within and between the hemispheres. On each trial, a picture was projected to the left or right side of the visual field, followed by a string of letters to the same or different side. The letter string could be the name of the object in the picture, an unrelated word, or a nonword. Although a strong priming effect was observed when the name of an object followed its picture, this did not depend on which visual fields had registered the stimuli. Activation of name codes was apparently independent of visual field of presentation of picture and word. This result was consistent with the view that representational systems for pictures and their names are not differentially specialized across the hemispheres. A further finding was that absolute response time to words was shorter when stimuli were divided between the visual fields, even at an SOA of 1000 msec. It is suggested that this result is due to the activation of picture-processing mechanisms within a hemisphere by the first (pictorial) stimulus, which causes a delay in processing the subsequent verbal stimulus in that hemisphere.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

On the nature of naming errors in aging and dementia: a study of semantic relatedness.

This study investigated the nature of naming errors produced on the Boston Naming Test by patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elderly and young controls, using a newly devised scoring system. This new approach involved ratings of error responses on a scale of semantic relatedness to the target name. Error responses of both mild and moderate AD subjects were no less semantically related to target names than were responses of age- and education-matched controls. We conclude that some available evidence of semantic loss in AD may be an artifact of the methodology chosen for evaluating naming errors.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Activation of the phonological lexicon for reading and object naming in deep dyslexia.

Poor oral reading in some cases of deep dyslexia could be due to difficulty in inhibiting the phonological lexical entries of words semantically related to the correct reading responses. If this is the case, then additional activation of the correct phonological entries should improve reading performance, whereas additional activation of competing entries should lead to errors. This should hold true for object naming as well as for reading, since both depend on a semantically mediated lexical route. These predictions were borne out with an "output" deep dyslexic patient, who made many semantic errors in both reading and naming. Providing phonetic cues (the initial portions of the correct responses) increased his reading and naming accuracy, and providing miscues (the initial portions of words related semantically to the correct responses) led to errors. Furthermore, when the patient was shown a printed word or pictured object and the examiner spoke a correct reading or naming response in isolation, the patient almost always accepted the response as correct, but he also judged that many semantically related foils were correct. Finally, a comparison of reading and naming errors suggested that "visual" errors may sometimes have a phonological basis.

Anomia↗

PubMed1998

Last in, first to go: age of acquisition and naming in the elderly.

Twenty-six elderly subjects (ages 71-86) and 10 young adult subjects (ages 22-33) named 206 black-and-white line drawings of objects. Although the two groups did not differ significantly on VIQ, the elderly group named significantly fewer of the objects than the younger group (who were almost at ceiling). A regression analysis of the data from the elderly group found effects of both age of acquisition and name agreement on naming accuracy after 5 and 15 s and an effect of word length after 5 but not 15 s. There were no independent effects of picture complexity, object familiarity, word frequency, or imageability. The majority of the elderly subjects' naming errors were semantic in nature, with circumlocutions, visual errors, and "don't know" responses accounting for most of the remaining errors. The implications of the findings for our understanding of word-finding problems in the elderly are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

How priming affects two speeded implicit tests of remembering: naming colors versus reading words.

Three experiments investigated two timed implicit tests of memory--word reading and color naming. Using the study-test procedure, Experiments 1 and 2 showed that studied words caused reliable facilitation in word reading but no interference in color naming relative to unstudied words. Indeed, there was a small amount of facilitation in color naming as well. Experiment 3 further explored the color naming task by alternating shorter study and test intervals and adding controls trials consisting of letter strings. Although both studied and unstudied words showed interference relative to the control letter strings, the amounts of interference they showed did not differ. Overall, word reading consistently displayed facilitation whereas color naming never exhibited increased interference due to word priming. Priming appears to be process-specific: It is restricted to facilitating repetition of processing previously applied to a stimulus and does not extend to influencing performance on a different task involving the same studied materials.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

The Face-Name Mnemonic Strategy from a Different Perspective

Prior research has demonstrated that the face-name mnemonic strategy is useful for facilitating memory for names in response to true-to-life representations of faces (e.g., photographs). In Experiment 1, we successfully extended this finding to a situation in which the stimuli cuing name memory were caricatures. In Experiment 2, photographs and caricatures alternated as the stimulus materials prompting either name recall or recognition. Students using the mnemonic strategy again outperformed students using their own best method of study on both immediate and delayed tests. Because caricatures exaggerate prominent features, we had anticipated that the mnemonic approach might be relatively more effective with caricatures than with photographs. However, students using the face-name mnemonic strategy derived comparable benefits with both types of material.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

The Fragility of the Alphabetic Principle: Children's Knowledge of Letter Names Can Cause Them to Spell Syllabically Rather Than Alphabetically

The present research was designed to investigate how children's early-acquired knowledge of letter names affects their spelling. Specifically, we asked whether kindergartners and first graders sometimes spell a sequence of phonemes such as /bi/ (the name of the letter b) or /zi/ (the name of the letter z) with the corresponding consonant letter rather than spelling the sequence alphabetically, with a consonant letter followed by a vowel letter. Children made a number of letter-name spelling errors, especially when the consonant and vowel formed a complete syllable. These results show that children's knowledge of letter names can cause them to deviate from the alphabetic principle-the principle that each phoneme should be represented with a single grapheme. The findings further suggest that syllables play a special role in early writing.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

Functional neuroanatomy of visual object naming: a PET study.

BACKGROUND: The ability to name objects depends partly on visual perception. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure activity-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow (r-CBF) in order to identify regions of the brain activated during visual object naming. METHODS: Four right-handed volunteers were recruited. Following an intravenous injection of 15O-labeled water, r-CBF was measured during visual object naming, counting numbers, and resting. PET and MRI images were coregistered, the size of the brain was proportionally adjusted in each axis to Talairach's and Tournoux's atlas, and the comparison of stimulated versus resting blood flow images revealed activated brain regions. RESULTS: In the subtraction of resting from naming, activation was observed in the bilateral primary visual cortex, bilateral fusiform gyrus, left lingual gyrus, bilateral inferotemporal cortex, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral precentral gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, left parietal operculum, and left putamen. In the subtraction of counting from naming, most of the those areas were activated, but no significant activity was observed in the left lingual gyrus, left parietal operculum, or bilateral precentral gyrus (motor cortex). The areas activated with the paradigm included those dedicated to visual perception (primary and associate visual cortex), visual recognition (inferior temporal cortex), and phonological output (Broca's area). CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the major neural network from occipital lobe to frontal cortex, which is mainly involved in the ventral visual pathway, demonstrated activation in these tasks. Result of this study will serve as base line data for analyzing the findings in patients with impaired visual perception.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Effect of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, on plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF alpha and nitrite/nitrate in human septic shock.

OBJECTIVES: We tested the effects of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, on plasma levels of interleukin (IL) IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and nitrite/nitrate (NO2-/ NO3-) in patients with severe septic shock. DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. SETTING: Surgical intensive care unit at a university hospital. PATIENTS: 11 consecutive patients with severe septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: Standard hemodynamic measurements were made and blood samples taken at intervals before, during, and after a 12-h infusion of L-NAME 1 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) for determination of plasma IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha and NO2-/NO3- concentration. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Patients with sepsis had increased plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNFalpha and NO2-/NO3- (p < 0.05). Plasma levels of IL-6. IL-8, and NO2-/NO- were negatively correlated with systemic vascular resistance (r = -0.62, r = -0.65, and r = -0.78, respectively, all p < 0.05). Continuous infusion of L-NAME increased mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance, with a concomitant reduction in cardiac output (all p < 0.01). No significant changes were seen in levels of plasma IL-6, IL-8, and NO-/NO3- during the 24-h observation period. Plasma levels of TNFalpha were significantly reduced during L-NAME infusion compared to baseline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NO plays a role in the cardiovascular derangements of human septic shock. Inhibition of NO synthesis with L-NAME does not promote excessive cytokine release in patients with severe sepsis.

APACHE↗

PubMed2003

The effect of L-NAME and L-arginine on impairment of memory formation and state-dependent learning induced by morphine in mice.

RATIONALE: Morphine and nitric oxide (NO) have important functional interactions in different neural processes, and both modulate learning and memory although their interaction in cognitive performance has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and NOS substrate L-arginine on morphine-induced impairment of memory formation and the state-dependent retrieval of a passive avoidance task learned under morphine influence. METHODS: All drugs were administered intraperitoneally, and a one-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory in adult male NMRI mice. Morphine was administered 30 min before training to induce impairment of memory formation and 30 min before test to induce state-dependent retrieval of the memory acquired under pre-training morphine influence. L-NAME or L-arginine was administered either 5 min after training or 45 min before the test. RESULTS: Pre-training morphine induced impairment of memory formation that was reversible by pre-test morphine but not saline. Post-training administration of L-arginine (200 mg/kg) and L-NAME (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), respectively, facilitated and impaired the memory consolidation, but their pre-test injections did not affect retention. However, post-training L-arginine at per se non-effective doses of 20 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg reversed the morphine-induced impairment of memory formation. Pre-test administration of L-NAME (3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) could restore the memory impairment induced by pre-training morphine, and this effect was blocked by concomitant pre-test L-arginine (60 mg/kg). Concomitant administration of low doses of L-NAME (1 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) pre-test also revealed an additive effect in restoring the morphine state of memory. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the impairment of memory formation and the facilitation of retrieval induced by morphine involves decreased synthesis/release of NO and can be counteracted by NOS substrate.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The revised Stroop color-naming task in social phobics.

Information processing was examined in a sample of social phobic individuals using a revised version of the Stroop color-naming task. In the first of two experiments, the response latencies of social phobics and matched community controls were compared when color-naming socially threatening words, physically threatening words and color words. Social phobics demonstrated greater response latencies regardless of type of stimulus word and additional interference in color-naming social threat words compared to the control group. The second experiment examined the cognitive structural change that has been hypothesized to accompany successful treatment of individuals with an anxiety disorder. Social phobics who were treated with cognitive-behavioral group therapy, phenelzine or pill placebo were classified as treatment responders or nonresponders, and their latencies to color-naming on the Stroop task were compared. Treatment responders showed a significant reduction in latencies to color-name social threat words (vs matched control words) while nonresponders did not. This effect was not demonstrated with color words or physically threatening words. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.

Adult↗