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PubMed1979

Analysis of multiple birth rates in Japan. 1. Secular trend, maternal age effect, and geographical variation in twinning rates.

Mean twin, triplet, and quadruplet birth rates in Japan from 1951 to 1968 were 6.41, 0.056, and 0.00094 per 1,000, respectively. In 1974 the corresponding figures were 5.83, 0.059, and 0.00329. No quintuplets were born in the former period, but a set was born in the latter year, the rate being 0.47 per million. From 1955 to 1966 the MZ twinning rate increased slightly, but decreased thereafter. This increase was limited to live-born MZ twins, particularly in the higher maternal age groups. The DZ twinning rate declined in the entire period, particularly in higher maternal age groups. This decline appeared to be essentially limited to fetal deaths. Among live births the MZ twinning rate underwent a nearly linear increase with maternal age, whereas the DZ twinning rate attained a mode in the maternal age group 35--39 years. The MZ and the DZ twinning rates among fetal deaths by maternal age had unimodal distributions with modes in maternal age groups 25--29 and 30--34 years, respectively. As to the DZ twinning rate, a geographical cline was noted, with a high rate in the northeast of Japan; the rate was positively correlated with latitude, which also positively correlated with the presence of multiple births among relatives. A negative but nonsignificant correlation was seen between the DZ twinning rate and the proportion of mothers treated with ovulation-inducing hormone. The proportion was higher in mothers of unlike-sexed twins than in those of like-sexed twins and in mothers of triplets than in those of twins. An association between DZ twinning rate and age-specific fertility per married woman is suggested to exist among higher maternal age groups in the northeast part of Japan in earlier years.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Proximate determinants of fertility in Cuba. The Bongaarts model].

"The results of the implementation of the Bongaarts method for quantitating the effects of [proximate] determinants on fertility are presented. The model used is of the multiplicative kind and relates the global fertility rate to the so called natural fertility rate. Thus, it is possible to quantitate and separate the effect of each determinant and thus find out what factors have been responsible for the rapid change in fertility [in Cuba] from 1972 on. The determinant of highest impact on the fertility level attained in each province was assessed. The most important results point [to] the use of contraceptives as the cause for the rapid decline in the fertility level and the married state as the variable conditioning provincial differences." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗
PubMed1983

[Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in a Valais village].

Amongst 13 subjects with albinism observed in a village in the Valais, 7 present the clinical and laboratory findings of the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Because of the close family links and the numerous consanguine marriages present in the pedigree, it is probable that the 5 subjects who could not be examined also suffer from the same syndrome. It has an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In this isolate the gene and heterozygote frequencies are, respectively, 1:12 and 1:6. Clinically the hemorrhagic diathesis is moderate, the visual and cutaneous symptoms predominate. The platelet dysfunction results from a lack of storage of components (Ca++, nucleotides, amines) normally present in the dense granules. The lack of dense granules is demonstrated by electron and fluorescence microscopy. This structural anomaly is present in the megacaryocyte before individualization of the platelets. Giant melanosomes were found in skin melanocytes.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2002

Children's emotional reactivity to interadult nonverbal conflict expressions.

The authors investigated children's responses to nonverbal expressions of conflict. Reactions of 3 groups of children (ranging in age from 6 to 16 years) to multiple forms of nonverbal conflict behaviors expressed in videotaped simulations of interadult disputes were examined. Results indicated that children make few discriminations between different forms of nonverbal conflict behaviors and that their reactions to nonverbal conflict are similar to their reactions to verbal conflict. Adults' expressions of fear elicited the most negative emotional responses from children, suggesting that children react to the meaning of conflict expressions and that expressions of fear may represent the greatest emotional security risks to children. Implications of these results for a theoretical model of the effects of forms of marital conflict on children are discussed (P. T. Davies & E. M. Cummings, 1994).

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

[Analysis of therapeutic success and of obstetrical results in sterile marriages].

In the course of sterility therapy 375 pregnancies were observed in 296 patients. 63 women conceived twice or more. At the first visite the mean age of the patients was 25,8 years, the mean duration of sterility 2,7 years. A primary sterility was observed in 207 and a secondary sterility in 98 cases. The main therapeutic procedure was the induction of ovulation with FSH/LH releasing preparations (Clomiphen, Cyclofenil, Epimestrol) (40,3%), followed by the substitution therapy with human gonadotrophins (22,7%). 78 pregnancies ended by spontaneous and 4 by artificially induced abortion. The abortion rate in this study was 20,8 %, exceeding considerably the normal abortion rate. The rate of extrauterine pregnancies was also increased, being 2,4%. There was no significant difference in the abortion rate of pregnancies with or without induction of ovulation. The age at the time of conception and the duration of therapy had no significant influence on the rate of abortions. In 293 pregnancies the duration of gestation exceeded the 28th week. However, 33,1% of these pregnancies had complications that required hospitalisation. Almost 50% of the complications consisted of threatened abortion. The mean duration of gestation was reduced by 5 days, caused by a relatively high frequency of early births (16,9%). The mode of delivery of our patients was in 68,8% spontaneous delivery, in 16,2% caesarian section, in 15,0% forceps or vacuum extractions. This corresponds to the general mode of delivery of our hospital. Only after gonadotrophin therapy a higher caesarian section rate of 26,8% was noted. Out of the 310 live born children, 9,2% had a weight below 2500 g, owing to a multiple pregnancy rate of 4,1%. 4% of the children showed the signs of dystrophia. The perinatal mortality amounted to 5,1%. However, when the gonadotrophin induced multiple pregnancies are excluded, the rate is 2,7%. Only 2 cases of malformations were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The role of spouse reinforcement, perceived pain, and activity levels of chronic pain patients.

Levels of pain, activity, marital satisfaction, and contingent reinforcement for expressions of pain and suffering were assessed in chronic pain patients. In addition, spouses' marital satisfaction, mood, life control, and self-reported responses to the patient's pain were examined. Multiple regression analyses revealed that spouse reinforcement of overt expressions of pain was significantly related to both perceived pain and activity levels of chronic pain patients. The best predictor of patients' pain and activity levels was patients' perception of spouse reinforcement, followed by spouses' self-reported responses to the patients' pain. Spouse reinforcement of pain was not associated with spouses' marital satisfaction or perception of patients' pain levels. Rather, spouse reinforcement was associated with high interference of patients' pain with spouses' lives, spouses' positive mood, spouses' perception of more life control, as well as longer duration of the pain problem. The data support the importance of the spouse as a potential source of reinforcement of pain behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impairment and distress associated with relationship discord in a national sample of married or cohabiting adults.

The clinical importance of relationship discord was examined through evaluating the association between relationship discord and multiple measures of impairment and psychological distress in a population-based sample of married and cohabiting adults (N=2,677). In comparison to people that were not in discordant relationships, individuals in discordant relationships reported greater social role impairment with relatives and friends and greater work role impairment. They also reported higher levels of general distress and poorer perceived health and were more likely to report suicide ideation. With the exception of suicide ideation, the associations between relationship discord and impairment and psychological distress remained significant when controlling for current mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders, suggesting that relationship discord is incrementally related to impairment and psychological distress over and above the effects of psychiatric disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Fitness of twinning.

On the basis of a family reconstitution of the rural Krummhörn population (Ostfriesland, Germany) of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, we pursued the question of to what extent the birth of twins contributed to the reproductive fitness of their mothers. The twinning rate was 16.2/1000; the secondary sex ratio among twins was 0.93, and it was 1.16 among their singleton siblings. Mothers of twins were older, had a longer generative life phase, and achieved higher age-specific fertility rates with shorter birth intervals. Parity effects on twinning tendency could not be detected. Twin maternities caused reproductive costs, namely, increased maternal, infant, and child mortality and obviously higher intrafamilial competition, because adult twins had fewer local marriage chances and to a higher degree were forced to emigrate. These reproductive disadvantages mean that the productivity of a male pair of twins, as measured by the number of live-born grandchildren, is clearly less than the productivity of a single boy. On the other hand, the birth of a female pair of twins led to more live-born grandchildren than the birth of a single girl. In sum, mothers of twins achieved greater reproductive success, with 13.5% more live-born grandchildren, than mothers of singletons only. The results are discussed against the background of Anderson's (1990) error hypothesis of twinning.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Demographics and cigarette smoking among women.

BACKGROUND: A population-based sample of 893 white women ages 25 to 59 years from five San Francisco, California, Bay Area counties were queried about their demographic characteristics, height, reported weight at age 25, cigarette smoking history, and oral contraceptive and sunscreen use. METHODS: Multiple logistic regression techniques were used to analyze the data. Forty-three percent of the women in the sample had never smoked more than 100 cigarettes, while 27% were current and 30% were former smokers. Separated or divorced women were more likely to have ever smoked. RESULTS: Women who were less educated, single, separated, or divorced or had smoked between 10 and 30 cigarettes per day were less likely to quit smoking. Women with less education and a longer history of smoking smoked more cigarettes per day. Women who had never smoked were more likely to use sunscreen and to report their weight as slightly less at age 25 than were smokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Predictors of smoking among Mexican-Americans: findings from the Hispanic HANES.

BACKGROUND: This report presents findings from the Hispanic HANES on patterns and predictors of smoking in the Mexican-American subsample. Data are drawn from men and women ages 20-74 years who were administered the Adult Sample Person Questionnaire (N = 3,464). METHODS: Four smoking variables (current, ever, former, and daily consumption) are analyzed in relation to sociodemographic measures, including gender, age, marital status, employment status, occupational prestige, income, acculturation, co-workers' smoking, and presence of others in the home who smoke. All analyses were conducted separately for young, middle-age, and older age groups and for males and females. Multiple logistic and multiple regression analyses were performed, controlling for sociodemographic factors, to identify predictors of smoking. RESULTS: The most important factors found to be associated with smoking were the presence of other smokers in the immediate social environment (home and workplace) and the degree of acculturation (particularly among women). Associations with age, income, and marital status were inconsistent across age and gender groups. With minor exceptions, education, employment, and occupational prestige were unrelated to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support interventions on the basis of age categories, differential acculturation, and social influence, but overall the findings are more striking for their similarity to predictors of smoking in the general population than for their differences.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Domestic violence: a tragedy behind the doors.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence, type, frequency and causes of domestic marital violence among Turkish women in a socio-economically developed metropolitan setting. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in 2003. All married women, aged 18 years and over, who were visiting any of the 50 primary health care units for different purposes were asked to participate in the study. Of 1427 asked, 1010 gave consent and completed face-to-face interviews. Multiple correspondence analysis, and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: Domestic violence was statistically significantly associated with educational level. Illiterate women reported marital abuse 2.6 times more than university or more educated women. No statistically significant relationship was observed between domestic marital violence and women's age or occupation, marital duration or family income. The most frequently reported type of violence was physical, followed by psychological. Among women reporting domestic violence, those with the lowest educational level and income were experiencing all types of domestic violence frequently. CONCLUSION: Placing more importance on educating girls could be a key component of preventing domestic violence.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Behavioural-communications treatment of marital interaction: negative behaviours.

The present investigation assessed the effectiveness of a behavioural-communications marital intervention package focused solely upon negative behaviours. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated via two independent, within-subject multiple base-line designs. Four target behaviours, selected on the basis of clinical and laboratory assessment, were sequentially and cumulatively introduced over the course of an eight-week treatment programme. Multimodal assessment techniques included self-report, spouse-report, and direct observations of laboratory-based interactions. While slight differences occurred between measurement systems, all results attested to the efficacy of the therapeutic package. One-year follow-up data continued to indicate maintenance of treatment gains over time. These findings were discussed with regard to decelerative targets of intervention, and recommendations were made for continued investigations in the area.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Communication about dental health in Norwegian adults.

The present study describes the amount and distribution of communication on dental health issues in Norwegian adults. The empirical data stem from a representative sample of Norwegians aged 15 and above, and were collected by means of personal interviews by the poll organization Norges Markedsdata in 1983. Edentulous subjects were excluded, and the study group finally comprised 1225 subjects. The dependent variable - dental communication - was a dichotomy based upon whether or not the respondents had communicated with friends about dental health during the last 6 months. The following independent variables were used: age, sex, marital status, education, use of dental services, number of teeth, knowledge of prevention, information about dental health from dentists and media, use of dental floss and toothpicks. The empirical analysis was performed using contingency table analysis and Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA). Separate analyses were performed for men and women. Significantly more women (27.6%) than men (14.5%) reported dental communication. In addition, the model provided a better fit to the data on women compared to men in terms of R2 (12.5% and 8.9%). These observations can to some extent be accounted for by the existing sex-role pattern. The only predictor which showed a consistent direct effect across sex was whether the respondents had received information about dental health from media. This means that reference to the interpersonal context of mass communication perhaps best describes the complex transactional interplay of media and interpersonal sources in dental health matters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Multiple stressors and coronary disease in women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study.

We proposed that double exposure to stressors at work and from family are associated with increased coronary risk in women and that the same exposures are accompanied by depressive feelings. The study group comprised 292 women coronary patients (30-65 years) and 292 age-matched healthy controls. Work-stress, marital-stress, and depressive symptoms were assessed by standardized questionnaires and evaluated in both case-control and 5-year follow-up analyses. We found that double exposure to stress from work and family was accompanied by the highest risk and the worst prognosis in women's coronary disease. In women patients depressive feelings were frequent, and they were more closely related to family than to work stress. In healthy women, both stressors, but in particular their combination, lead to depressive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female family doctors: their work and well-being.

BACKGROUND: The role of female physicians, which often involves combining medicine, marriage, and motherhood, may cause stress for some women. The purpose of this research was to identify correlates of depression, stress, and self-esteem among a sample of female Canadian family physicians. METHODS: All female family physicians in London, Ontario, who met study eligibility criteria were asked to participate in a questionnaire study. Sixty-two physicians were surveyed and asked to complete four psychological survey instruments: the Cognition Checklist, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, the People in Your Life Scale, and the Work Response Questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rate was 83.3%. Sixty-five percent of subjects felt overloaded or overwhelmed at least once per week. These women, on average, worked more hours than subjects who reported not feeling overwhelmed (r = .48). Subjects had lower depression scores than did other populations tested with similar survey instruments. Subjects' self-esteem was similar to that found in other populations and was positively correlated with opportunities to acquire new skills (r = .34) and perceived lack of difficulty in developing lasting relationships (r = .41). CONCLUSIONS: Depression appears to be less common among female family physicians than among other populations, but nearly two thirds of female family physicians feel overloaded or overwhelmed by their multiple responsibilities, as often as once per week.

Canada↗
PubMed1992

Race/ethnicity and other risk factors for gestational diabetes.

Although gestational diabetes is estimated to complicate between 1% and 5% of pregnancies, there are only limited data on the role of race/ethnicity as well as other risk factors in the development of this disorder. Epidemiologic characteristics of gestational diabetes were assessed in an ethnically diverse cohort of 10,187 women who had undergone standardized screening for glucose intolerance and who delivered a singleton infant at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City between January 1987 and December 1989. The overall prevalence of gestational diabetes was 3.2%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed excess risks for Oriental women, Hispanics born in Puerto Rico or elsewhere outside the United States, women from the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East, older mothers, heavier women, those with a positive family history of diabetes, women with a history of infertility, and those who delivered on the clinic service. These data suggest that, after controlling for traditional risk factors (maternal age, prepregnancy weight, and a family history of diabetes), Orientals, first generation Hispanics, women from the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East, those with a history of infertility, and low socioeconomic status women are at an increased risk for gestational diabetes.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2002

Behavior problems among preschool children born to adolescent mothers: effects of maternal depression and perceptions of partner relationships.

Investigated how maternal depression influenced the relation between mothers' perceptions of the quality of their partner interactions and behavior problems among their preschool children. Participants included 194 low-income families from 4 sites. Approximately three fourths of the mothers (72%, n = 139) identified a male partner and comprised the analysis sample. Mothers were adolescents (< or = age 19) at delivery, and data were gathered when children were 4 to 5 years of age. In this high-risk sample, 42.4% of the children had been maltreated, 36% had externalizing scores in the clinical range, and 10.8% had internalizing scores in the clinical range. Multiple regression analyses revealed (a) maternal perceptions of negative partner interactions were associated with more internalizing behavior problems among the children, adjusting for the effects of maltreatment; (b) maternal depression mediated the relation between the maternal perceptions of the quality of partner interactions and children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems; and (c) maternal perceptions of positive partner interactions did not protect children from internalizing or externalizing behavior problems associated with maltreatment. Programs for adolescent mothers should provide screening and treatment for depressive symptoms and help partners negotiate caregiving roles and mutually satisfying relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Women in clerical jobs: spousal role satisfaction, stress, and coping.

Little is known about the qualitative components of women's multiple roles or about women's perceptions and subjective feelings about their occupational and domestic roles, although all of these factors modulate health outcomes. The research upon which this manuscript is based was designed to respond to the need for understanding the daily experiences of women in clerical jobs. The data about spousal role satisfactions, stress and coping strategies, as perceived and articulated by them, indicates there are almost an equal number of satisfying and stressful aspects of the spousal relationship. Examples of the satisfying aspects are companionship, reciprocity, and interaction; while stressful aspects are inequality of tasks, disagreements and domination. Women in this study cope by using strategies that are more solitary in nature. They identify very little power to negotiate support and tangible assistance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗