[A cutting obstacle to the harmonious development of the country. The migratory phenomenon in Mali].
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Africa↗
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An overview of papers presented at Building Global Alliances III: The Impact of Global Nurse Migration on Health Services Delivery.
Global nurse migration has become a major phenomenon, impacting health service delivery in both developed and developing countries. The phenomenon has created a global labor market for health professionals and fueled international recruitment. International migration and recruitment are viewed as solutions to staffing shortages for some countries and as exacerbating problems for others. As a result, migration and recruitment have become prominent features of the international health policy debate.
Delivery of Health Care↗
Branch migration and the international dispersal of families.
This paper discusses the dispersal of facilities where family members migrate to different destination countries. Terminology for internationally dispersed families is proposed, and the term branch migration is suggested for the migration of related people from the same source country to different destination countries. Data from two 1993 surveys of senior secondary students show that 22% of Sydney students and 20% of Hong Kong students have relatives in two or more other countries. The data suggest that many Asian migrant families have branched between the US, Canada, Australia and other migrant-receiving nations. The causes and implications of the international dispersal of families are discussed.
Asia↗
Acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics. Convergence and new directions for research.
Acculturation, the process whereby immigrants change their behavior and attitudes toward those of the host society, is a fundamental part of migration-induced adaptations to new sociocultural environments. A rapidly expanding research literature on acculturation has accompanied the growth of international migrations. In response to the need to integrate the growing literature on acculturation and mental health status among Hispanics in the United States, and to identify points of convergence and new directions for research, 30 publications were examined. Points of convergence are identified, as are problems and limitations. The research needs new directions, proceeding from but not constricted by the assumptions and procedures in the work already done.
Acculturation↗
Role of CXCR3 carboxyl terminus and third intracellular loop in receptor-mediated migration, adhesion and internalization in response to CXCL11.
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is predominantly expressed on activated T and natural killer (NK) cells. CXCR3 and its ligands, CXCL11, CXCL10, and CXCL9, play a major role in T-helper 1 (Th1)-dependent inflammatory responses. CXCL11 is the most dominant physiological inducer of adhesion, migration, and internalization of CXCR3. To study the role of CXCR3 carboxyl-terminus and the third intracellular (3i) loop in chemokine-mediated migration, adhesion, and CXCR3 internalization, we generated CXCR3 receptors mutated in their distal (Ser-Thr domain) or proximal (trileucine domain) membrane carboxyl terminus, and/or the third intracellular loop. We found that migration of CXCR3-expressing HEK 293 cells toward CXCL11 was pertussis toxin-dependent and required the membrane proximal carboxyl terminus of CXCR3. Internalization induced by CXCL11 and protein kinase C (PKC) activation was also regulated by the membrane proximal carboxyl terminus; however, only CXCL11-induced internalization required the LLL motif of this region. Internalization and Ca(2+) flux induced by CXCL11 were independent of the 3i loop S245, whereas migration at high CXCL11 concentrations, integrin-dependent adhesion, and actin polymerization were S245 dependent. Our findings indicate that CXCL11-dependent CXCR3 internalization and cell migration are regulated by the CXCR3 membrane proximal carboxyl terminus, whereas adhesion is regulated by the 3i loop S245. Thus, distinct conformational changes induced by a given CXCR3 ligand trigger different downstream effectors of adhesion, motility, and CXCR3 desensitization.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
A quantitative analysis of major determinants of rural-urban migration in Nigeria.
"This paper discusses some major determinants of rural-urban migration in Nigeria using the logit estimation technique. It utilizes cross-sectional data generated from a national sample survey of internal migration conducted...between January and March 1988.... The empirical results revealed that the significant determinants of rural-urban migration in Nigeria are income, contact, cost, spoken English, ability to speak two Nigerian languages, distance, marital status, sex and ethnicity. The results further suggest that rural-urban migration is selective of single people and males. Proximity to urban areas where prospective migrants have relatives, friends and townspeople is an important factor."
Africa↗
One century of foreign immigration to the United States: 1880-1979.
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Americas↗
The demographics of macro-economic-demographic models.
A number of macro-economic-demographic models have been created for developing countries during the decades of the 1970s and 1980s. Such models purport to simulate relationships between demographic variables and the process of socioeconomic development in the particular country, with the dual purposes of enhancing our knowledge of the process in particular settings and, by examining alternative scenarios, providing useful information to policy makers on the selection of demographic and economic policies to enhance economic development and improve human welfare. This paper 1st reviews the antecedents and then focuses on assessing the demographic functions (fertility, mortality, and internal migration rates) used in the 2 families of models which have had perhaps the largest number of applications in developing countries--the Bachue models, originating at the International Labour Office (Geneva), and the ESCAP models, originating at the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok). Each has been applied, with significant variations, in at least 3 countries. Economic-demographic functions are defined as endogenous (and substantively meaningful, from the points of view of this paper) whenever there is an effect of economic growth or change in economic structure on the particular demographic function. The bulk of this paper assesses the realism and endogeneity of the fertility, mortality, and migration functions used in the Bachue and ESCAP models, noting, where possible, both the apparent and prima facie behavioral relationships and those that are actually important on the dynamic simulation. Shortcomings are described, including the lack of government expenditure functions with effects on demographic variables. The paper concludes more positively, noting areas of congruence and appealing endogenous relationships and functional forms specified in certain country models. It also suggests further development of, on the 1 hand, both simpler and more realistic planning models (focusing on particular behavioral relationships or sectors of importance to the country), which will be easier for country planners to understand and hence use, and, on the other hand, more complex research models aimed at enhancing our understanding of fundamental, dynamic relationships between economic factors, government policies and fertility, mortality and migration rates during the course of socioeconomic change.
Demography↗
Taming the brain drain: a challenge for public health systems in Southern Africa.
In southern Africa, rapid out-migration of health professionals is compounding the problems of health systems already faced with budget constraints and the impacts of HIV/AIDS. These negative effects are unlikely to be offset by remittances from abroad. The same dynamics that affect the international migration of health professionals operate within nations, for instance as they move from public to private systems. "Push," "pull," and "stick" factors contribute to the migration. Some Canadian provinces have emerged as key destinations. The authors outline a program of research on how Canada and the international community might address the negative impacts of the brain drain. Policy options have been identified, but implementation may be complicated by provisions of GATS, fundamental economic disparities, and domestic political priorities.
Africa↗
Effect of interregional migration on geographic variability in biological and social traits in Great Britain.
Over 19% of individuals born in England, Scotland, and Wales during March 3-9, 1958, resided in 1981 in a region different from the region of their birth. This internal migration among the 11 regions increased geographic homogeneity for one genetic variable (ABO blood group). Cramer's V for mother's A, O, and B or AB blood group decreased from 0.0504 to 0.0476. Mother's Rh+/- blood group was not significantly different among regions of place of birth or subsequent place of residence of the offspring. Variability among the regions increased by migration from region of birth to region of residence 23 years later for the social class of male head of household (Cramer's V increased from 0.0815 to 0.0877) and for years of schooling completed (V increased from 0.107 to 0.129). Stature behaved more like the social variables (mean square deviation among regions increased from 371 cm2 to 481 cm2 in females and from 426 cm2 to 471 cm2 in males), but body weight tended to become more uniform among regions (mean square deviation decreased from 220 kg2 to 178 kg2 in females and from 315 kg2 to 260 kg2 in males).
Adult↗
[Migration of Schistosoma mansoni adults in Rattus rattus from the mesenteric vein systems to the lungs].
The possibility of a contribution of Rattus rattus to the maintenance of intestinal Schistosomiasis foci has recently been suggested. In this rodent, adult Schistosoma mansoni carry out an internal migration. This begins at the 4th week and finishes at the 9th week after infection. The migration from the mesenteric veins to the liver, then from the liver to the lungs, takes place via blood vessels. Schistosomes, some of which remain paired, pass successively along the portal vein, the hepatic veins, the vena cava, the right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries.
Animals↗
Migration of health-care workers from developing countries: strategic approaches to its management.
Of the 175 million people (2.9% of the world's population) living outside their country of birth in 2000, 65 million were economically active. The rise in the number of people migrating is significant for many developing countries because they are losing their better-educated nationals to richer countries. Medical practitioners and nurses represent a small proportion of the highly skilled workers who migrate, but the loss for developing countries of human resources in the health sector may mean that the capacity of the health system to deliver health care equitably is significantly compromised. It is unlikely that migration will stop given the advances in global communications and the development of global labour markets in some fields, which now include nursing. The aim of this paper is to examine some key issues related to the international migration of health workers and to discuss strategic approaches to managing migration.
Africa↗
Migratory movements and their effects on family structure: the Latin American case.
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Demography↗
[Geo-demography of Turkey: a difficult transition].
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Asia↗
Curbing population growth in Republic of Korea.
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Asia↗
Tuberculosis: distribution, risk factors, mortality.
About a century after Koch's discovery of the TB bacilli the tuberculosis epidemic which had appeared to be under control was again recognized as a major global health threat. The decline in the epidemic in this century had been largely through the improved living standards and, eventually, the availability and use of effective antibiotics. While tuberculosis gradually disappeared from the health agenda in the western world it remained a big killer throughout the century and in 1992 an estimated 2.7 million TB deaths occurred; 30 million will die from TB during the 1990s if current trends are not reversed. The annual number of new cases will increase from 7.5 million estimated in 1990 to more than 10 million in the year 2000. The main factors for this increase are demographic forces, population movements, the HIV epidemic and increasing drug resistance. The impact of the HIV epidemic is already felt in many sub-Saharan African countries and now threatens Asia where almost two-thirds of the world's TB infected population live and where HIV is spreading. Tuberculosis has also reemerged as a major public health problem in industrialized countries due to international migration, the breakdown of health services, including TB services etc. The control of the epidemic can only be through a concerted action to reinstate TB as priority among health concerns, reflected in national and international resources. A coalition of public and private supporters must be mobilized to support the effort to fight the disease. Governments, non-governmental organizations, the business community, refugee organizations, medical institutions, and other UN agencies are invited to join with WHO in this effort.
Adolescent↗
Developing evidence-based ethical policies on the migration of health workers: conceptual and practical challenges.
It is estimated that in 2000 almost 175 million people, or 2.9% of the world's population, were living outside their country of birth, compared to 100 million, or 1.8% of the total population, in 1995. As the global labour market strengthens, it is increasingly highly skilled professionals who are migrating. Medical practitioners and nurses represent a small proportion of highly skilled workers who migrate, but the loss of health human resources for developing countries can mean that the capacity of the health system to deliver health care equitably is compromised. However, data to support claims on both the extent and the impact of migration in developing countries is patchy and often anecdotal, based on limited databases with highly inconsistent categories of education and skills.The aim of this paper is to examine some key issues related to the international migration of health workers in order to better understand its impact and to find entry points to developing policy options with which migration can be managed.The paper is divided into six sections. In the first, the different types of migration are reviewed. Some global trends are depicted in the second section. Scarcity of data on health worker migration is one major challenge and this is addressed in section three, which reviews and discusses different data sources. The consequences of health worker migration and the financial flows associated with it are presented in section four and five, respectively. To illustrate the main issues addressed in the previous sections, a case study based mainly on the United Kingdom is presented in section six. This section includes a discussion on policies and ends by addressing the policy options from a broader perspective.
Journal Article↗
Intracranial migration of fixation wires following correction of craniosynostosis in an infant.
BACKGROUND: In the craniofacial skeleton, osseous fixation techniques for stabilization include stainless steel wire, miniplates or bioresorbable plates; in some cases, stainless steel wires are still indicated. Most recently, several case reports have demonstrated that microplates or stainless steel wires migrate intracranially when used in the craniofacial skeleton in neonates. PATIENT: We present the case of a 7-year-old male who underwent treatment of brachycephaly at the age of 5 months. In this patient, internal migration of wires was observed. CONCLUSION: In our opinion, there is a difference between migration of wires and of plates in the growing cranium. Factors affecting the incidence of material migration in cranioplasty are believed to include (1) age, (2) site and (3) the material itself.
Biocompatible Materials↗