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PubMed2000

Evaluation of certain food additives. Fifty-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

This report presents the conclusions of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee convened to evaluate the safety of various food additives, with a view to recommending Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs) for humans, and to prepare specifications for the identity and purity of food additives. The first part of the report contains a general discussion of the principles governing the toxicological evaluation of food additives, the assessment of intake of food additives, and the establishment and revision of specifications, including comments concerning enzyme preparations derived from genetically modified microorganisms and limits for heavy metals. A summary follows of the Committee's evaluations of toxicological data on specific food additives, including enzyme preparations (alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase and maltogenic amylase), flavouring agents (trans-anethole, furfural and menthol), food colours (curcumin and riboflavin from genetically modified Bacillus subtilis), glazing agents (medium- and low-viscosity mineral oils), preservatives (sulfur dioxide and sulfites), a sweetening agent (stevioside), thickening agents (carrageenan, processed Eucheuma seaweed and enzymatically hydrolysed sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), gamma-cyclodextrin, glucono-delta-lactone and the calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts of gluconic acid, and polyglycitol syrup. The Committee also evaluated the safety of various groups of flavouring agents and assessed the intake of specific food additives, including benzoates, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sulfites and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Annexed to the report are tables summarizing the Committee's recommendations for ADIs of the food additives considered, changes in the status of specifications for these substances and specific flavouring agents, and further toxicological studies and other information required or desired.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2001

A multicenter study of patch test reactions with dental screening series.

BACKGROUND: Dental products contain many allergens, and may cause problems both for patients undergoing dental treatment and for dental personnel because of occupational exposure. Individual patch test clinics may not study sufficient numbers of patients to collect reliable data on uncommon allergens. OBJECTIVE: To collect information on dental allergens based on a multicenter study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Finnish Contact Dermatitis Group tested more than 4,000 patients (for most allergens, 2,300 to 2,600 patients) with dental screening series. Conventional patch testing was performed. The total number and percentage of irritant (scored as irritant [IR] or doubtful [?]) and allergic (scored as +, ++, or +++) patch test reactions, respectively, were calculated, as well as the highest and lowest percentage of allergic patch test reactions recorded by the different patch test clinics. A reaction index (RI) was calculated, giving information on the irritancy of the patch test substances. RESULTS: The most frequent allergic patch test reactions were caused by nickel (14.6%), ammoniated mercury (13%), mercury (10.3%), gold (7.7%), benzoic acid (4.3%), palladium (4.2%) and cobalt (4.1%). 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2.8%) provoked most of the reactions caused by (meth)acrylates. Menthol, peppermint oil, ammonium tetrachloroplatinate, and amalgam alloying metals provoked no (neither allergic nor irritant) patch test reactions. CONCLUSION: Patch testing with allergens in the dental screening series, including (meth)acrylates and mercury, needs to be performed to detect contact allergy to dental products.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

A rapid method for evaluating microbicidal activity of dentifrice formulations against salivary bacteria ex vivo.

A new rapid ex vivo method was developed for evaluating the short-term bactericidal activity of dentifrices against salivary microorganisms. Dentifrice aliquots of 0.25 or 1.0 g were rapidly dispersed into 3.5 mL of freshly pooled human saliva, and 1.0 mL aliquots of the dentifrice-saliva suspension were collected after 30 or 60 seconds of exposure, diluted in neutralizing broth and plated on non-selective agar media for enumeration of surviving total cultivable microflora. Eight experimental dentifrices containing increasing amounts (0 to 2.6%) of a fixed ratio of essential oils (thymol, menthol, methyl salicylate and eucalyptol) were dispersed in saliva at a 0.25:3.5 (w/v) dentifrice:saliva ratio. Recoverable CFUs/mL at 30 sec. were reduced in a dose-responsive manner from > 10(6) to < 10(4). Additional tests using both 0.25 and 1.0 g amounts of dentifrice prototypes containing 2.1% of the essential oil mixture showed that the experimental dentifrices exhibited highly significant (approximately 2.5 log) reductions in viable recoverable microorganisms relative to essential oil-free placebos after both 30- and 60-second exposures. When compared to in vitro models previously used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of dentifrices, this method provides a rapid, reproducible, more biologically representative means of screening dentifrice formulations for microbicidal activity using dilutions and exposure times approximating those achieved during toothbrushing. However, since other factors may influence microbicidal activity of dentifrice formulations in vivo, conclusions drawn using this model require clinical confirmation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Application of topological indexes for evaluation of the TLC separation of selected essential oil components.

The selected essential oil components (menthol, (+)bomeol, geraniol, linalool, carvone, camphor, (IR)-(-)fenchone) were separated by adsorption thin-layer chromatography using benzene as mobile phase. Investigated terpenes were characterized by selected topological indexes based on the adjacency and distance matrix. From among all the topological indexes counted only Si(o) index (the sum of the distance between the oxygen atom and all the remaining atoms in graph) as well as cluster Randić indexes (4chi(c), and 4chi(v)c) allow for estimation of the chromatograms obtained. With the fact mentioned above, there exists the possibility of prediction of relative situation on a chromatogram of the terpenes investigated. For the rest of topological indexes that possibility was not stated.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1975

[Predictability of the activity of drug combinations--yes or no (author's transl)].

The following experiments were carried out on the question of the "predictability" of the effect of drug combinations. A methanol extract from Viscum album causes a rise in coronary perfusion in isolated and perfused (Langendorff's method) guinea pig hearts. Administration of a methanol extract from Crataegus oxyacantha results not only in a rise in coronary perfusion, but also in a positive inotropic effect. Combined application of the drugs leads to a pure addition of effects, which are therefore "predictable". Extracts from Rhamnus frangula, Rheum sinens. and Senna lead to a dose-dependent reduction in the gastro-intestinal passage time. Combining the three extracts results in a pure addition of the effects. An extract from Potentilla anserina, which when given alone lengthens the gastrointestinal passage time, antagonises the laxative effect of extracts from Rheum sinens., Rhamnus frangula and Senna. All the effects we tested in the area of the gastro-intestinal tract behaved in a purely additive way and were therefore "predictable". When given separately the ethereal oils menthol, oleum juniperi, borneol and eugenol as well as dehydrocholic acid-Na-salt and alpha-naphthyl acetic acid-Na-salt cause, in rats, a dose-dependent increase in bile flow. Combining two or three of these substances results in a pure addition of the effects. The effects of all the test substances were therefore "predictable". When given separately valepotriate, morphine, scopolamine, ajmalicine, rescinnamine, reserpinine and reserpine, as depressants of the central nervous system (CNS), lead to a dose-dependent lengthening of hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. However, when combined, these substances lead to a lengthening of hexobarbital sleeping time which is well above what was to be expected following application of the single substances. So, it can happen that the combination of the two single doses which, when taken separately produce no effect, leads to a lengthening of hexobarbital-induced sleeping time by more than 100 percent. In the case of CNS depressants, it is therefore true to say that their effect, when given in combination, was "unpredictable". It can be seen from these findings that, at least in the case of the tested extracts and single substances, which are all of plant origin, the "predictability" of the effect of the test substances in combination is the rule, and the "unpredictability" the exception. In addition the investigations may give further information concerning the methods as to how the question of "predictability" can be studied experimentally.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Rotor syndrome. A long-term study].

A patient with Rotor syndrome has been followed up for 28 years. The subject was in good health and exhibited marked jaundice due to a hyperbilirubinemia ranging between 5 and 8 mg bilirubin per 100 ml, about 70% of the bilirubin giving direct van den Berg reaction. The liver was slightly enlarged and of normal color. Histologically it showed traces of a brown pigment and marked siderosis in the hepatocytes. In addition, mild hypersideremia and hypercholesteremia were observed together with increased amounts of bilirubin and urobilinogen in urine. Menthol glucuronide formation was normal. Hepatic excretion of bilirubin, sulfobromophthalein and radio-opaque dyes was impaired. There was no change in liver histology of biopsies taken at an interval of 6 years, the siderosis in particular remaining constant. During the observation a moderate increase in the activities of serum transaminases occurred but no longer recurred when physical and dietetic stress was avoided.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Inhibition of calculus formation by dentifrice formulations containing essential oils and zinc.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of three essential oil-containing dentifrice formulations with different zinc salts and concentrations on dental calculus formation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 150 rats were randomly distributed into five litter and sex-matched groups of 30. They were maintained on a calculogenic diet and topically treated twice daily with undiluted dentifrices. Each experimental dentifrice formulation contained a zinc salt, a fixed combination of essential oils (i.e. eucalyptol, menthol, methyl salicylate, and thymol) and a hydrated silica abrasive. Commercial zinc-free and zinc-containing dentifrices were included as negative and positive controls, respectively. After 17 days calculus was scored post-mortem on molar teeth. RESULTS: All groups of rats treated with zinc-containing dentifrices had significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean calculus scores than the group treated with a zinc-free control dentifrice. Other variables (e.g. fomulation type, essential oil content, zinc salt and concentration) did not significantly affect calculus scores. Thus, all three essential oil/zinc-containing dentifrices and a commercial, zinc-containing, tartar-control dentifrice inhibited calculus formation in this rat model.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Release and skin permeation studies of Naproxen from hydrophillic gels and effect of terpenes as enhancers on its skin permeation.

The skin permeation parameters of Naproxen through albino mouse abdominal skin was investigated. Out of 5 formulations those prepared from carbomer gels showed promising results and were chosen for investigating enhancing effect of various terpene alcohol viz. Geraniol and Nerolidol and cyclic terpenes viz menthol and thymol on skin permeation of Naproxen. Out of the four terpenes studied Geraniol exhibited the highest enhancing effect with enhancement ratio 4.6, while Nerolidol had an enhancement ratio 4.2. The cyclic terpenes had less prompt enhancing effect compared to the alcohol terpenes, out of the two, methol showed the largest effect with an enhancement ratio of about 3.7 and thymol had an enhancement ratio of 3.5.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Contact irritant dermatitis and anti-pruritic agents: the need to address the itch.

Contact irritant dermatitis can be defined by four interrelated elements: skin barrier disruption, epidermal skin changes, cytokine release, and nerve ending changes. The predominant symptom of eczema relates to the fourth constituent, which produces pruritic symptoms that are often neglected when using pre-formulated topical steroids and immunomodulators. Although the induction of pruritus with proteinases and cytokines demonstrates the close connections between immune and neurotrophic factors in the pathophysiology of pruritus, agents that specifically affect the cutaneous nerve endings are often beneficial for use in patients affected by dermatitis. Besides avoiding triggering factors, agents such as pramoxine, phenol, camphor, and menthol are extremely valuable in allaying patients' symptoms of pruritus. Indeed, therapeutic remedies, which incorporate anti-pruritic agents in their formulation, may be advantageous for the bulk of patients with contact irritant dermatitis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2003

Characterization and aging study of currency ink and currency canine training aids using headspace SPME/GC-MS.

Solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) was used to characterize the volatile components associated with U.S. currency, U.S. currency inks, and Canadian currency. Compounds that can be attributed to the ink-curing process include series of straight-chain aldehydes, alkenals, acids, alcohols, and ketones and a series of lactones and 2-alkyl furans. Solvent compounds include naphthenic and paraffinic hydrocarbons with a profile typical of petroleum products, alkyl cyclohexanes, various ethylene glycol alkyl ethers, and traces of chlorinated solvents. Trace levels of 2-phenoxyethanol, a solvent often used in ink formulations, were also detected. Environmental contaminants, those compounds found in circulating currency but not in currency ink, include 2,2'-diethyl-1,1'-biphenyl, methyl benzoate and salicylate, menthol, limonene, dimethyl and diethyl phthalate, and ionol. Not including simple hydrocarbons, over 100 compounds were identified in the headspace of currency-related samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Aromatic and polyphenolic composition of infused peppermint, Mentha x piperita L].

The qualitative and quantitative composition of the main aromatic and polyphenolic constituents of Mitcham type peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) tisane, were examined and compared with those of leaves before and after infusion. The original peppermint leaves contained 2.4% essential oil of which menthol was 0.99%, total polyphenolic compounds 19% and total flavonoid compounds 12% comprising eriocitrin 7%, luteolin-7-rutinoside 1.5%, hesperidoside 0.6% and total hydroxycinnamic compounds 7% (rosmarinic acid 1.4%). The tisane contained 21% of the original essential oil corresponding to 25 mg/l, with increased alcohol and ketone contents and lower contents of hydrophobic terpenecarbons, oxides and esters. It contained also a high proportion of the polyphenolic compounds (about 750 mg/l) corresponding to an extraction yield of 75%. In consequence the monograph "Peppermint leaf" of the Pharmacopoeia should be amended.

Oils, Volatile↗
PubMed1992

Nasal airway resistance and nasal sensation of airflow.

Nasal obstruction is a common symptom which is most frequently associated with an increased nasal airway resistance. However it is important to appreciate that the objective measurement of nasal airway resistance does not always correlate with the subjective perception of the degree of nasal obstruction. Damage to trigeminal sensory nerve endings can cause a sensation of nasal stuffiness without any change in nasal airway resistance and similarly inhalation of menthol can cause a subjective improvement in nasal sensation of airflow without any change in nasal resistance.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

O/W microemulsion as a vehicle for sunscreens.

In recent years, transparent dispersions or diluted milks have been used as sunscreens. These products contain water-soluble sunscreen agents, and quite frequently are washed away from the skin. However, O/W microemulsions are now being prepared as transparent vehicles for sunscreens. They are waterproof, nonsticky, and easily spreadable. The microemulsions are prepared by using pseudoternary diagrams, by combining lipids with surfactant blends and a polar phase. Soya lecithin and decylpolyglucose produce transparent systems with the lowest percentage of surfactants. These microemulsions contain 4-methylbenzilidene camphor or octylmethoxycinnamate as sunscreen agents. Cyclomethicone, menthol, and allantoin give products a good skin feel, and stearyl methicone gives the waterproof effect. These systems show a Newtonian flux. Little permeation of the sunscreens' trough lipophilic and hydrophilic membrane is evidenced.

Emulsions↗
PubMed1992

Interconversion between apolipoprotein A-I-containing lipoproteins of pre-beta and alpha electrophoretic mobilities.

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I-containing lipoproteins can be separated into two subfractions, pre-beta HDL and alpha HDL (high density lipoproteins), based on differences in their electrophoretic mobility. In this report we present results indicating that these two subfractions are metabolically linked. When plasma was incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C, apoA-I mass with pre-beta electrophoretic mobility disappeared. This shift in apoA-I mass to alpha electrophoretic mobility was blocked by the addition of either 1.4 mM DTNB or 10 mM menthol to the plasma prior to incubation, suggesting that lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity was involved. There was no change in the electrophoretic mobility of either pre-beta HDL or alpha HDL when they were incubated with cholesterol-loaded fibroblasts. However, after exposure to the fibroblasts, the cholesterol content of the pre-beta HDL did increase approximately sixfold, suggesting that pre-beta HDL can associate with appreciable amounts of cellular cholesterol. Pre-beta HDL-like particles appear to be generated by the incubation of alpha HDL with cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and either very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or low density lipoproteins (LDL). This generation of pre-beta HDL-like particles was documented both by immunoelectrophoresis and by molecular sieve chromatography. Based on these findings, we propose a cyclical model in which 1) apoA-I mass moves from pre-beta HDL to alpha HDL in connection with the action of LCAT and the generation of cholesteryl esters within the HDL, and 2) apoA-I moves from alpha HDL to pre-beta HDL in connection with the action of CETP and the movement of cholesteryl esters out of the HDL. Additionally, we propose that the relative plasma concentrations of pre-beta HDL and alpha HDL reflect the movement of cholesteryl esters through the HDL. Conditions that result in the accumulation of HDL cholesteryl esters will be associated with low concentrations of pre-beta HDL, whereas conditions that result in the depletion of HDL cholesteryl esters will be associated with elevated concentrations of pre-beta HDL. This postulate is consistent with published findings in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and LCAT deficiency.

Apolipoprotein A-I↗
PubMed2004

Biofilm in water pipelines; a potential source for off-flavours in the drinking water.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are identified in natural biofilm established in plastic pipes used at the drinking water supply. Odour potent VOCs such as ectocarpene, dictyopterene A and C', geosmin, beta-ionone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, menthol and menthone were prominent compounds in biofilm in the distribution network and at raw water test sites, and are associated with algae and cyanobacteria present in the raw water source.

Biofilms↗
PubMed2004

Effect of fluoride/essential oils-containing mouthrinse on the microhardness of demineralized bovine enamel.

PURPOSE: To assess the ability of a fluoride mouthrinse containing a fixed combination of essential oils (thymol, menthol, eucalyptol, and methyl salicylate) to inhibit demineralization as compared with that of a clinically established NaF rinse. METHODS: Inhibition in sound bovine enamel to demineralization was assessed utilizing a cyclic T/R/D (treatment/remineralization/demineralization) in vitro model where Knoop microhardness was monitored over 6, 12, and 18 T/R/D cycles. RESULTS: Both fluoride-containing mouthrinses resulted in statistically significant increase in microhardness when compared to the non-fluoride control mouthrinse, possibly demonstrating and validating the in vitro model's ability to parallel the clinically established benefit of a 0.022% NaF rinse to inhibit demineralization. In addition, the test formulation was shown to be "at least as good as" the NaF positive control in increasing enamel microhardness following each of the 6, 12, and 18 T/R/D cycles.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Synthesis and cytostatic properties of monoterpene derivatives of cyanuric and isocyanuric acids.

Symmetric, trisubstituted derivatives of cyanuric and isocyanuric acid 3a-e and 4a-e, respectively have been prepared by treatment of cyanuric chloride 1 with appropriate terpenic alcohols 2a-e. Under less basic conditions involving treatment of appropriate alcohols 2a-e with metallic sodium, less polar cyanuric acid derivatives 3a-e were obtained in 74-85 yield. Under more basic conditions, in the presence of sodium hydride, isocyanuric acid derivatives 4a-e were prepared in 71-88 yield. Cytostatic activity of (IR,2S,5R)-menthol derivative (3a) has been evaluated on 9 cancer subtypes including 62 tumor cell lines. The studies have shown that contrary to expectations, 2,4,6-trimentoloxy-1,3,5-triazine revealed a weak or moderate activity against most of the cell lines.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Adolescent nicotine metabolism: ethnoracial differences among dependent smokers.

Variations in nicotine metabolism are thought to contribute to differences in cigarette consumption between African Americans and Caucasian adult smokers. To investigate the potential mechanism of previously documented lower smoking rates among African-American adolescent smokers seeking cessation treatment, we measured nicotine metabolite ratios as markers of the metabolic disposition of nicotine, which is generally considered to be under the influence of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6. Plasma ratios of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC) to cotinine (COT) were examined in 92 cessation treatment-seeking adolescents (mean age 15.2 years, standard deviation [SD] 1.3, 69% female, 31% African American, mean Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence [FTND] 6.5, SD 1.6, mean years smoked 2.6, SD 1.6). Groups were similar in age, gender distribution, and mean FTND score. Analysis with independent t tests revealed significantly lower number of cigarettes per day (CPD) (15.1, SD 7.6 vs 19.6, SD 8.0, P=.013) and nicotine metabolite ratios (0.27, SD 0.15 vs 0.35, SD 0.16, P=.026) in African-American compared to Caucasian adolescent smokers. Consistent with metabolic variation, mean COT/CPD ratio was significantly higher in African-American compared to Caucasian adolescents. Results remained statistically significant when comparing menthol smokers by ethnicity. These findings are consistent with those found among adult smokers and provide a putative mechanism for reported ethnoracial differences in adolescent cigarette consumption. Our results underscore the need for measures independent of consumption for determining degree of nicotine dependence and treatment selection across ethnicities, even among youths.

Adolescent↗