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PubMed2004

[Oral sex and HIV among men who have sex with men].

Sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to pose a public health problem worldwide. Men who have sex with men are still at differential risk of infection. Although there is evidence to claim that HIV can be transmitted by oral sex, the perception of this risk is ambiguous and relates paradoxically to behavior change. New models of risk perception must be developed in various areas of knowledge to obtain a fuller understanding of this phenomenon.

Condoms↗
PubMed2007

[Vulnerability of men who have sex with men in the context of AIDS].

The number of AIDS cases in men who have sex with men (MSM) decreased in the initial years of the epidemic, but the percentage of cases in this group has remained unaltered in the last five years. This study, aimed to improve knowledge on the impact of AIDS in the daily lives of MSM, was conducted in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, using a questionnaire and interviews. The results show that MSM perceive their vulnerability to HIV infection, referring to inconsistent condom use and multiple sex partners, given that 65% of homosexuals, 75% of bisexuals, and 33% of transvestites reported up to 5 partners in the previous month and emphasizing that 59% of the group reported more than 11 partners during the same period. The susceptibility of certain groups and the identification and understanding of their specificities pose a major challenge in any geographic context where such conditions are present.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2006

Greater risk for HIV infection of black men who have sex with men: a critical literature review.

HIV rates are disproportionately higher for Black men who have sex with men (MSM) than for other MSM. We reviewed the literature to examine 12 hypotheses that might explain this disparity. We found that high rates of HIV infection for Black MSM were partly attributable to a high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases that facilitate HIV transmission and to undetected or late diagnosis of HIV infection; they were not attributable to a higher frequency of risky sexual behavior, nongay identity, or sexual nondisclosure, or to reported use of alcohol or illicit substances. Evidence was insufficient to evaluate the remaining hypotheses.Future studies must address these hypotheses to provide additional explanations for the greater prevalence of HIV infection among Black MSM.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2001

Are we headed for a resurgence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men?

HIV remains a critical health issue for men who have sex with men (MSM). In the United States, an estimated 365,000 to 535,000 MSM are living with HIV, and 42% of new HIV infections occur in this population. Recent data on sexually transmitted diseases and on sexual behavior indicate the potential for a resurgence in HIV infections among MSM. Outbreaks of gonorrhea and syphilis have been reported in a growing number of cities, and several studies have observed an increase in unprotected anal intercourse among MSM. These increases in HIV risk behavior may be attributed to several factors that have affected the sexual practices of MSM, including changes in beliefs regarding the severity of HIV disease. These emerging data have implications for surveillance and intervention research activities and indicate a need to reevaluate, refocus, and reinvigorate HIV prevention efforts for MSM. Our recommendations for addressing the HIV prevention needs of MSM include the need to consider HIV-related issues within the broader context of the physical, mental, and sexual health of MSM.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2001

Health-related characteristics of men who have sex with men: a comparison of those living in "gay ghettos" with those living elsewhere.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the limitations of probability samples of men who have sex with men (MSM), limited to single cities and to the areas of highest concentrations of MSM ("gay ghettos"). METHODS: A probability sample of 2881 MSM in 4 American cities completed interviews by telephone. RESULTS: MSM who resided in ghettos differed from other MSM, although in different ways in each city. Non-ghetto-dwelling MSM were less involved in the gay and lesbian community. They were also less likely to have only male sexual partners, to identify as gay, and to have been tested for HIV. CONCLUSIONS: These differences between MSM who live in gay ghettos and those who live elsewhere have clear implications for HIV prevention efforts and health care planning.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2002

Impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment on HIV seroincidence among men who have sex with men: San Francisco.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the countervailing effects on HIV incidence of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) among San Francisco men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: Behavioral risk was determined on the basis of responses to cross-sectional community interviews. HIV incidence was assessed through application of an enzyme-linked immunoassay testing strategy. RESULTS: Use of HAART among MSM living with AIDS increased from 4% in 1995 to 54% in 1999. The percentage of MSM who reported both unprotected anal intercourse and multiple sexual partners increased from 24% in 1994 to 45% in 1999. The annual HIV incidence rate increased from 2.1% in 1996 to 4.2% in 1999 among MSM who sought anonymous HIV testing, and the rate was high (5.3%) but stable in a blinded survey of MSM seeking sexually transmitted disease services. CONCLUSIONS: Any decrease in per contact risk of HIV transmission due to HAART use appears to have been counterbalanced or overwhelmed by increases in the number of unsafe sexual episodes.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Anthropological assessment for culturally appropriate interventions targeting men who have sex with men.

Although social and cultural factors play a fundamental role in the health of sexual minority populations and the development of culturally appropriate interventions, public health activities and research have sometimes lacked appropriate sophistication or attention to issues of cultural competency. In areas such as HIV prevention for men who have sex with men (MSM), biomedical interpretations of same-sex phenomena should be applied with caution. Communities and societies may broadly understand same-sex desire, attraction, behavior, and identity through age-structured/initiatory, gender-defined, profession/social role-defined, or egalitarian/gay frameworks. When more detailed, locally specific information is required, such as for youth, ethnic minorities, or urban versus rural populations, the approach to rapid anthropological assessment presented can provide nuanced insights for effective health programs targeting MSM.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2003

Association of co-occurring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVES: We measured the extent to which a set of psychosocial health problems have an additive effect on increasing HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional household probability telephone sample of MSM in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco. RESULTS: Psychosocial health problems are highly intercorrelated among urban MSM. Greater numbers of health problems are significantly and positively associated with high-risk sexual behavior and HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: AIDS prevention among MSM has overwhelmingly focused on sexual risk alone. Other health problems among MSM not only are important in their own right, but also may interact to increase HIV risk. HIV prevention might become more effective by addressing the broader health concerns of MSM while also focusing on sexual risks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Correlates of sex trading among drug-using men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVES: We examined correlates of trading sex for money, drugs, and shelter, or food among drug-using men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODS: Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing questionnaires were completed by 387 MSM. The association of predictors with sex trading was assessed with chi(2) tests and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Sex-trading prevalence was 62.5% (95% confidence interval=57.7%, 67.4%). Sex trading was associated with crack use, injection drug use, childhood maltreatment, non-gay self-identification, and homelessness (adjusted odds ratios=3.72, 2.28, 2.62, 2.21, and 1.88, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple risk factors are associated with sex trading among MSM. Interventions may need to address crack and injection drug use, homelessness, and childhood maltreatment and target non-gay-identified MSM who engage in sex trading.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of risky sexual behavior among young African American men who have sex with men.

This study examined the prevalence and correlates of unprotected anal intercourse among 758 young African American men who have sex with men. A quarter of the sample reported unprotected anal intercourse in the past 3 months; nonsupportive peer norms and not carrying condoms predicted risky sexual behavior. Effective interventions are needed that promote the use of condoms by changing peer norms and encouraging carrying condoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Men having sex with men and HIV/AIDS prevention in Switzerland: 1987-2000.

Although the latest survey on prevention behaviours of men having sex with men (MSMs) in Switzerland shows a decreasing number of HIV cases since 1992, a decrease in the protection level has also been observed. This could lead to a higher rate of HIV notifications in 2001 compared to 2000.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrating behavioral theory to understand hepatitis B vaccination among men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVE: To identify beliefs and attitudes associated with motivational readiness for vaccination against hepatitis B vaccination among at-risk men who have sex with men (MSM), using a theoretically integrated framework. METHODS: Data were collected from 358 MSM. RESULTS: MSM with increased readiness to complete the 3-dose series perceived lower practical barriers and greater benefits to vaccination, perceived higher severity of infection, and had higher self-efficacy to complete the vaccine series. CONCLUSIONS: Relationships between stages of change and theory-based constructs from the health belief model and the social learning theory follow predicted patterns suggesting that these theories may provide useful frameworks for understanding vaccination readiness and intervention strategy development among MSM.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

DNA strand breaks in human spermatozoa: correlation with fertilization in vitro in oligozoospermic men and in men with unexplained infertility.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between DNA strand breaks in human spermatozoa and semen quality, fertilization rate and IVF outcome. METHODS: A total of 50 men suffering from unexplained infertility and 50 men with oligozoospermia undergoing IVF treatment entered a prospective study. Sperm samples were assessed according to the WHO manual and for the presence of DNA strand breaks in spermatozoa. The study was blinded for the technician involved in assessment of DNA strand breaks. IVF was carried out according to a long down regulation protocol using GnRH, FSH and hCG. The ova were inseminated with 200,000 spermatozoa/ml. Embryos were transferred on day 2 after fertilization with a maximum of three embryos. RESULTS: This study demonstrates a negative correlation between the proportion of spermatozoa having DNA strand breaks and the proportion of oocytes fertilized after IVF. CONCLUSION: The number of human spermatozoa with DNA strand breaks is a good predictor for fertilization rate in couples suffering from unexplained infertility and undergoing IVF treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men and inject drugs--United States, 1985-1998.

Men who have sex with men and inject drugs (MSM/IDU) pose unique challenges for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk reduction efforts because they have multiple risks for HIV acquisition and transmission. This report presents 1) the demographic characteristics of MSM/IDU diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1998 and MSM/IDU living with AIDS as of December 31, 1998; 2) trends in AIDS incidence among MSM/IDU from 1985 to 1998; and 3) information on selected behaviors from interviews of MSM/IDU who had AIDS diagnosed from 1996 to 1998 in 12 states. The findings indicate that 1) over half of MSM/IDU with AIDS were non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics, and most MSM/IDU with AIDS were reported from large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs); 2) AIDS incidence has declined since 1996; and 3) a high prevalence of drug-related and sexual risk behaviors occurred among MSM/IDU with AIDS.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk behaviours and HIV infection among men having sexual relations with men: baseline characteristics of participants in the Omega Cohort Study, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

OBJECTIVE: To describe characteristics of men having sex with men (MSM) participating in the Omega Cohort, to describe HIV-positive participants at baseline interview, and to estimate HIV incidence. METHODS: The Omega Cohort is a study on the incidence and psychosocial determinants of HIV infection among MSM living in Montreal. MSM complete a questionnaire and are tested for HIV every six months. RESULTS: During the previous six months, 31% and 12% of 810 participants (mean age = 33 years) reported unprotected anal sex with regular and casual partners, respectively. Eight participants (0.98%) were HIV-infected at baseline. HIV incidence was 0.89 per 100 person-years (7/787 person-years) [95% confidence interval: 0.36-1.83]. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of participants reported current risk behaviours. Despite this, HIV incidence is relatively low. It is important to target MSM who do not practice safe sex and to encourage those practicing safe sex to sustain these behaviours.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Resurgent bacterial sexually transmitted disease among men who have sex with men--King County, Washington, 1997-1999.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, King County, Washington (1998 population: 1.6 million), experienced a substantial epidemic of infectious syphilis (i.e., primary, secondary, and early latent). Subsequently, reported cases of infectious syphilis declined to six cases in 1995 and one in 1996; five of the 1995 cases and the case in 1996 were believed to have been acquired outside King County. However, in 1997, sustained spread of syphilis was reestablished in King County. To determine whether this reemergence was associated with changes in the epidemiology of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Public Health-Seattle and King County (PHSKC) analyzed notifiable STD data for 1997-1999. This report summarizes the results of this analysis, which indicate that infectious syphilis among men who have sex with men (MSM) in King County increased to 46 cases during January-June 1999, and chlamydia and gonorrhea also increased among MSM attending public health clinics.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Outbreak of syphilis among men who have sex with men--Southern California, 2000.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by infection with the spirochete Treponema pallidum, and like other genital ulcer diseases, syphilis enhances the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). During the 1990s, syphilis occurred predominantly among heterosexual blacks in the South and in large cities. However, recent outbreaks of syphilis have occurred among men who have sex with men (MSM). A large syphilis outbreak occurred among MSM during January-July 2000 in southern California. During the outbreak period, the proportion of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis cases among MSM increased to 51% from 26% for the same period in 1999. This report summarizes the findings of an investigation of this syphilis outbreak, which indicate a substantial increase in the number of syphilis cases among MSM, many of whom are HIV-positive. These data suggest that concern about HIV infection may be declining among MSM and emphasize the importance of strengthening efforts to prevent HIV infection in this population in the United States.

California↗