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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Synthetic vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease based on a palmitoyl derivative of the VP1 protein 135-159 fragment of the A22 virus strain.

The peptide Palm2 135-159, a dipalmitoyl derivative of the 135-159 fragment of VP1 protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus strain A22 was synthesized. In the experiments on mice, guinea pigs and sheep Palm2 135-159 possesses greater immunogenic and protective activity than the nonacylated 135-159 peptide. The synthetic vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease for use in sheep was developed on the basis of the lipopeptide. Synthetic polymethylsiloxane oil was found to be a suitable adjuvant for this vaccine. The dependencies of protective and immunogenic effects from the dose of peptide were studied. The vaccine was found to be stable to storage for 1 year at 18 degrees C. It was shown that the synthetic vaccine provides 1 year protection of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease after a single administration. The vaccine is allowed for veterinary use in Russia.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Relationship between inspiratory mouth pressure and respiratory muscle activity in normal subjects.

The relationship between inspiratory mouth pressure and respiratory muscle activation was investigated in 20 normal non-smoking subjects (13 males). Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the seventh intercostal space bilaterally during different levels of inspiratory effort monitored by a respiratory mouth pressure gauge. The mouth pressure and EMG relationship was non-linear between 20 and 100% of inspiratory effort. Quadratic regression analysis was performed between percent inspiration and percent EMG on each side of the chest. The regression equation and coefficient of determination (r2) for the right side were y = 9.73 (e0.024x-1), r2 = 0.91, and for left side were y = 10.79 (e0.023x-1), r2 = 0.88. An independent t-test did not reveal significant difference (P > 0.05) between the slopes of the regression lines from the two sides of the chest. Therefore, results of the two sides were pooled and the predictive regression equation for the combined results was y = 10.05 (e0.0236x-1). Reasons for such a non-linear relationship may include the loading mechanism of respiratory muscles, inefficiency of intercostal muscles at high levels of inspiration, their recruitment pattern and the histochemical characteristics of respiratory muscles. Since absolute EMG values cannot be used to assess changes in activation on different days, further work is required to establish the between-day repeatability of the technique described which is potentially useful for assessing respiratory muscle function pre- and post-operatively in chest surgery patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of major parotid glycoproteins in patients with burning mouth syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study was to investigate the potential role of salivary glycoproteins in burning mouth syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: This study compared major parotid glycoproteins in a group of patients with burning mouth syndrome and age-, sex-, race-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: By use of a glycoprotein detection kit, saliva from both patients and controls exhibited three major parotid glycoprotein banding patterns consisting of either one or two bands, molecular weights 58 kDa and 77 kDa. The strong lectin reactivity of major parotid glycoproteins with Ricinus communis agglutinin suggests that galactose is the most prevalent terminal sugar. In addition, major parotid glycoproteins were shown to express blood group antigen H. On the basis of metachromatic characteristics and immunologic reactivity, major parotid glycoproteins appear to be members of the proline rich protein multigene family, proline rich glycoprotein, genetic polymorphism G1. No qualitative difference was observed in major parotid glycoprotein banding patterns between patients and controls. CONCLUSION: These findings do not support a role for major parotid glycoproteins in burning mouth syndrome.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1999

Benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinses in management of burning mouth syndrome. A clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the topical use of benzydamine hydrochloride 0.15% oral mouthwashes in the control of burning mouth syndrome symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: In this double-blind, randomized, longitudinal investigation, each of 30 patients with burning mouth syndrome was assigned to one of 3 management modalities. Those in group A received an oral rinse solution of benzydamine hydrochloride 0.15% 3 times a day for 4 weeks, those in group B received a placebo 3 times a day for 4 weeks, and those in group C did not receive any kind of treatment. A visual analog scale was used for evaluation of the symptoms; a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance exact test was performed on the resulting data. RESULTS: The findings of this investigation failed to reveal significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical application of benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinses in the treatment of patients with burning mouth syndrome did not demonstrate significative efficacy in comparison with use of a placebo solution.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2001

Release cells, breath analysis and in-mouth analysis in flavour research.

The flavour of a food or beverage is not perceived in a single event, but rather as a series of events experienced as the food is consumed. Recent methods in flavour research have taken account of this, and techniques have been developed to study flavour release in model systems (release cells or simulated mouths) and from the mouth or nose of assessors, while consuming foods. However, while there is agreement on the need in some cases for hydration or artificial saliva in simulated mouths, other parameters must be optimised on a case-by-case basis. Individual variability may still be a problem in breath analysis, and further work is required to determine the extent to which there are real differences in volatile profiles. The techniques of release cells and breath analysis must now be applied to provide data, which will allow flavour release to be modelled.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast-feeding and deleterious oral habits in mouth and nose breathers.

AIM: Breast-feeding promotes several benefits in childhood, among them favoring the nasal breathing. In the present study, the relationship between breathing pattern and the history of breast-feeding and of deleterious oral habits was determined. STUDY DESIGN: clinical with transversal cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The study population consisted of 62 children ranging in age from 3 years and 3 months to 6 years and 11 months who were submitted to otorhinolaryngologic evaluation to determine nasal and mouth breathers and to a speech language pathologic interview. The otorhinolaryngologic evaluation involved the following exams: anterior rhinoscopy, oroscopy and radiologic examination. The parents of the children were questioned about the form of feeding (natural and/or artificial), the duration of breast-feeding and the presence of deleterious oral habits (suction and biting). The Fisher exact test was used to compare groups regarding the presence and absence of habits and the different periods of breast-feeding. RESULTS: The breast-feeding period was longer among nasal breathers and was concentrated in the period between 3 and 6 months of age. Regarding the use of bottle, the results showed that most of the children in both groups used this type of feeding during the first years of life, with no significant difference between groups (p=0.58). There was a marked presence of deleterious oral habits among mouth breathers, with a statistically significant difference between groups regarding suction (p=0.004) and biting habits (p=0.0002). CONCLUSION: Mouth breathing children were breast-fed for a shorter period of time and had a history of deleterious oral habits compared to nose breathers.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1986

Nosocomial outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease among operating suite personnel.

In the fall of 1983 an outbreak of hand-foot-and-mouth disease occurred in a large urban hospital. The outbreak began among surgical nurses confined to one area of the operating suite and appeared to spread by direct contact to personnel working in the other areas. No cases were diagnosed among hospital patients. There was no evidence to support an ongoing community epidemic as only three of 98 physicians surveyed had seen hand-foot-and-mouth disease in their practices, and none occurred among family members of 94 unaffected employees. The outbreak resulted in 82 lost workdays at an estimated cost to the hospital of $5,676. Existing infection control guidelines do not address the issue of transmission of hand-foot-and-mouth disease from hospital personnel to patients; our experience suggests that the risk of transmission, at least in the operating suite environment, may be greater for other personnel than for patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[What measures are described in the literature for treatment of mouth problems? An analysis of German and English publications between 1990 and 2001].

The "mucous membrane, altered" is a frequently observed nursing diagnosis. It manifests itself in varying and extremely unpleasant forms of strain on the patient, even life-threatening complications are possible. The publications on mouth changes originate in the field of nursing care, however there is an increasing number in the medical fields of dentistry, oncology and microbiology as well as hygiene. A variety of remedies and instruments are suggested for nursing and treating patients with mouth problems. The purpose of the literary study was to summarize the mouth alterations to be dealt with according to each fundamental problem area as well as to systematize the available remedies and methods--which almost defy an orderly overview--according to the problem areas.

Evidence-Based Medicine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quantification of children's hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology.

A videotaping methodology has been developed for use in quantifying the types and frequencies of children's hand and mouthing activities that could lead to exposure to environmental pollutants via dermal and ingestion pathways. Twenty children in day care, ages 3-6 years and 10 children in residences, ages 2-5 years, were videotaped during their waking hours for 1 day. Parents of each child completed questionnaires for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of parental reports of hand-to-mouth rates. Videotapes were translated as quantifiable activities by two trained observers whose reporting reliability was checked throughout the investigation. Results determined that reliability of the videotaping method was very good, even over a year post-training. From videotape data, the average hand-to-mouth frequency rate was determined to be 9.5 contacts/h. These values are considerably higher than the current default value of 1.56 contacts/h under consideration by the EPA.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

Hand, foot and mouth disease in an immunocompromised adult treated with aciclovir.

A 27-year-old man, immunosuppressed from recent chemotherapy for metastatic Ewing's sarcoma, presented with a 1-week history of a painful, pruritic, papulovesicular eruption on the hands and feet. A diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease was made based on histology, detection of Enterovirus ribonucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction on a swab from a vesicle, and a four-fold increase in Enterovirus antibody levels. At no stage however, were there lesions in the mouth. Another unusual feature in this case was a prolonged course, presumably as a result of immunosuppression. After 3 1/2 weeks he was commenced on oral aciclovir 200 mg five times daily, with subsequent resolution of all lesions within 5 days. There may be a role for systemic aciclovir in some patients with hand, foot and mouth disease.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1987

[Efficacy of nasal O2 administration during mouth breathing].

27 subjects with healthy lungs received during conscious mouth breathing of room air simultaneously also nasally applied O2. The mean O2 concentration of the expiratory air at the mouth was a measure for the effective inspiratory oxygen concentration. Application through a nasal mask at 4 l/min O2 flow proved only slightly superior to the airtight nose frame (25.2 vs 23.6 per cent by volume O2), whereas the highest concentration was achieved by mask and reservoir (35.3 vol.%; 2P less than 0.001). The five habitual mouth breathers of the subject group did not show any O2 uptake through the nose in any of the experiments, the mean nasal share of the inspiration being calculated at 2.5% against 25% for the other subjects (2P less than 0.001). The interindividual differences proved independent of nose resistance and are ascribed to changing active positioning of the soft palate. This mechanism must be taken into consideration when assessing the arterial blood gases in oronasal respiration.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The human mouth: oral functions in a social complexity perspective.

In the dental and medical literature, the mouth and oral functions are usually presented in a biomedical context. However, there may be a need for a broader perspective if we are to appreciate the importance of the human mouth as an organ with diverse functions. The paradigm of complexity appears to be of relevance in our understanding the social and psychological characteristics of the human mouth in addition to its biological functions. Examples such as the pleasures of taste, social aspects of eating, the importance of linguistics and communication are illustrations of some of the social and psychological aspects of oral functions. Professional knowledge related to such issues is important in our understanding the patient's priorities and in performing the relevant diagnosis and treatment planning.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2002

A new whole-mouth gustatory test procedure. II. Effects of aging, gender and smoking.

Taste detection and recognition thresholds for the 4 basic tastes were measured in 670 healthy subjects using a new whole-mouth method in which test solutions of the 4 basic tastes were diluted 1:1 with distilled water successively in 13 steps. The taste thresholds were measured by spraying a 1 ml aliquot of solution into the mouth, starting with the lowest concentration, and asking the subject to swallow and note if a taste was detected and, if so, which one. The mouth was rinsed with distilled water only between different taste test solutions. Multiple comparison analysis showed a clear age-related increase in thresholds for salty, sour and bitter tastes for subjects in their eighth decade of life. From the third decade onwards, female subjects had significantly lower thresholds compared to males for sour taste in about half of the age groups and for salty and bitter tastes in some age groups. In contrast, for 18- and 19-year-old subjects, the gustatory thresholds of male subjects were lower than those of female subjects. Regarding smoking, male smokers in their third decade had significantly higher thresholds for bitter taste compared to male non-smokers in this age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Athletic mouth guards prevent orofacial injuries.

Competitive and recreational athletes are at significant risk of orofacial injury. The use of mouth guards and face shields can substantially reduce that risk. In this article, the author summarizes the known incidence of orofacial trauma and the benefits of using athletic mouth guards and advises college health professionals to advocate mouth guards for athlete-patients who are at risk.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2005

Motor cortex dynamics in visuomotor production of speech and non-speech mouth movements.

We investigated timing and hemispheric balance of motor cortex activation when kinetically similar speech and non-speech mouth movements and sequences of such movements were triggered by visually presented letter- and symbol-strings. As an index of motor cortex activation, we used magnetoencephalographic recording of task-related change of precentral 20 Hz (16-24 Hz) activity. Suppression of the 20 Hz rhythm revealed pre-movement activation in the face representation areas that was tied to visual instruction, not movement onset. The 20 Hz rhythm remained suppressed throughout the preparation and execution of mouth movements and was followed by post-movement rebound. Left hemisphere preceded the right at the onset and offset of the suppression, similarly for isolated and sequential speech and non-speech movements. Pattern of task-related change in 20 Hz activity was otherwise symmetrical. In the face areas, the overall modulation of 20 Hz activity increased with sequence length and motor demands. Hand representation areas showed also weak reactivity, with systematically larger modulation of 20 Hz activity for non-speech than speech movements. Our results suggest an active role for the motor cortex in cognitive control of visually triggered mouth movements, not limited to movement execution.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparative functional morphology of the mouth brushes of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae).

Structural and morphological features of the feeding brushes of fourth instars of four species of mosquitoes were studied using light and scanning electron microscopes. The fine structure of the elements of the lateral palatal brushes, anteromedian palatal brushes, mandibular brushes and combs, and maxillary brushes of each species was investigated and related to feeding behavior. The movement of the mouth brushes in living larvae was observed by stereomicroscopy under laboratory conditions. Mouth brush function and morphology varied among the species studied. The brushes of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Cx. tarsalis Coquillett, and Aedes aegypti L. were more complex than those of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann. The main role of the filaments of the lateral palatal brushes (LPB) was to generate and maintain water and particle flow around the larval head. In Ae. aegypti, most of the LPB filaments were provided with stout pointed teeth at the tips which were useful in the brushing of food material. In An. albimanus, the LPB filaments were simple and very closely packed and were used to stir the water surface film to direct the floating materials into the area of the mouth opening. The filaments of the anteromedian palatal brush (APBr) in the Culex species were branched. In Ae. aegypti, the APBr contained long bladelike filaments and short teethlike elements, whereas in An. albimanus, the APBr filaments were all long and bladelike. The morphological structure of the spicules and setae of the mandibular brushes and combs and the maxillary brushes are described. The main function of these brushes is to direct and concentrate particle flow.

Aedes↗
PubMed1989

A comparison between anamnestic, rhinomanometric and radiological methods of diagnosing mouth-breathing.

Three methods of evaluating the mode of breathing were applied in 119 children aged 7-15 years who were to start orthodontic treatment for various malocclusions. The three methods were: the history, rhinomanometric recording of the nasal airflow and determination of the size of the airway on profile and frontal cephalograms. The variables describing the mode of breathing were correlated with the facial morphology and the natural position of the head and the cervical spine as recorded with profile cephalometry. There were no correlations between the results of the evaluation of the mode of breathing obtained with the three methods. Nor were there any correlations between these and the position of the head or the cervical spine. A history of mouth-breathing, the rhinomanometrically determined airflow through the nose and the size of the airway on the profile cephalogram were, however, correlated with the long face morphology characteristic of mouth-breathing. A diagnosis of mouth-breathing should be based on different supplementary methods, the history and the size of the airway on the profile cephalogram being at least as valuable as the rhinomanometric recordina.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The nasolabial flap revisited as an adjunct to floor-of-mouth reconstruction.

Composite free tissue reconstruction for floor-of-mouth defects are thought of as single-stage procedures. However, postoperative wound complications often require additional soft-tissue coverage to salvage the initial reconstruction. Nasolabial flaps interpolated into the oral cavity offer an expedient solution to soft-tissue deficits encountered during complicated floor-of-mouth reconstructions. The records of 39 patients undergoing free tissue reconstruction, from July 1995 to December 1999 at Shands Hospital and the Gainesville VA Medical Center, for floor-of-mouth defects were reviewed. Six patients developed postoperative wound complications that compromised the initial reconstruction. In all patients, inferiorly based nasolabial flaps were used to provide additional soft-tissue coverage and wound closure. Radiation therapy and facial artery ligation did not affect the outcome. Complete wound healing and salvage of the initial reconstruction was achieved in all 6 patients.

Humans↗