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PubMed1997

Odontogenic tumors in Mexico: a collaborative retrospective study of 349 cases.

Reports about the frequency of odontogenic tumors are scarce, and diagnostic criteria used in the reports are not uniform. This article presents the results of a retrospective study of odontogenic tumors recorded in four services of diagnostic pathology in Mexico City (two dental schools, one cancer hospital, and one private oral pathology service). The final diagnosis in each case was based on the 1992 histologic criteria of the World Health Organization. The frequency of odontogenic tumors, expressed as a percent of all oral and maxillofacial specimens, ranged from 0.8% in the cancer hospital (0.02% of all biopsies) to 3.7% in the private oral pathology service. The frequency was identical for the two dental schools (2.5%). We found a total of 349 odontogenic tumors; of these, 345 were benign (98.8%), and 4 (1.1%) were malignant (3 were primary intraosseous carcinomas and 1 was a malignant ameloblastoma). The most frequently occurring tumors were odontoma (34.6%), ameloblastoma (23.7%), myxoma (17.7%), adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (7.1%), and calcifying odontogenic cyst (6.8%). Although relatively rare, odontogenic tumors are still an important cause of extensive surgical procedures in Mexico.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Acute outbreak of gnathostomiasis in a fishing community in Sinaloa, Mexico.

An increasing number of human cases of gnathostomiasis have been reported in Sinaloa, Mexico, most of whom have a custom of eating of raw fish dishes such as 'cebiche'. Here we report five adult patients, three women and two men, having an acute episode of vomiting and abdominal pain a few minutes after eating a dish of cebiche prepared from a spotted sleeper perch (Eleotris picta) fished from a nearby lake in southern Sinaloa. All five patients experienced acute throat pain, chest and joint pains, headache and fever. One patient, a 55-year-old male, was hospitalized with suspected pancreatitis and pneumonia. By 8-9 days later, all five patients developed between three and 12 edematous, migrating skin lesions on the back, abdomen, upper and lower extremities, face, eye and scalp. By ELISA, all of them were sero-positive to Gnathostoma doloresi antigen and had elevated IgE levels. Eosinophilia was found in two patients. These patients lived in an agricultural and fishing community. In this community we carried out a sero-epidemiological survey and study of living conditions in a random sample of 309 individuals distributed in 74 households. Frequent consumption of raw fish was reported in 36% of households, and 12 individuals had a clinical history of migrating skin lesions. The sero-prevalence to Gnathostoma antigens was 34.95%. Five fish species and four species of ichthyophagous birds collected from three lakes in the village and a nearby estuary were infected with the advanced third-stage larvae of G. binucleatum, a species found in Ecuador and Mexico. The results describe the first known outbreak of acute gnathostomiasis on the American continent.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiology of Chagas disease in Mexico: an update.

With the continuing success of the Southern Cone Initiative against Chagas disease and steady progress of the Andean pact and Central American Initiatives, Mexico is among the last countries of Latin America to instigate a large-scale programme against Trypanosoma cruzi transmission. However, a national policy concerning Chagas disease control in Mexico has recently been developed. The Ministry of Health has approved a law about screening for anti-T. cruzi antibodies in the whole territory. Also, epidemiological surveillance and vector control programmes have started to inform regulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Dietary changes in Mexico].

Although the Mexican population has traditionally been malnourished, the prevalence of obesity in children and adults has increased by almost 50 % in the last 10 years. Recent studies show substantial changes in the nutritional status of Mexicans, especially in the pediatric population. Among the factors associated with the development of obesity are overeating, sedentariness, and genetics. The apparent economic development in Mexico, as well as the influence of dietary patterns from other countries, have contributed to modifying lifestyle. Despite measures taken by the health system, iron- and zinc-deficiency anemia continue to be prevalent. The present review aims to describe the changes that have taken place in Mexico in the last few decades leading to a generation of short and obese children, as well as to determine the associated factors in order to promote healthier eating patterns among the Mexican population.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1973

Typhoid fever imported from Mexico to Switzerland. Studies on R factor mediated chloramphenicol resistance.

A case of typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi occurred in Geneva. The patient was probably infected in Mexico City. The strain isolated from this patient corresponds with the description of the Mexican S. typhi strain, since it is a degraded Vi-strain resistant to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. It carried an fi(-) transferable R factor with a CSSuT resistance pattern. It can be accepted that this case forms part of the Mexican outbreak of chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid fever which has already been observed in visitors to Mexico from England and the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Hepatitis virus and HIV infections in inmates of a state correctional facility in Mexico.

We sought to determine the prevalence and associated characteristics of hepatitis A, B, C and D viruses and HIV infections in a prison in Durango, Mexico. Sera from 181 inmates were analysed for HAV antibody, hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibody, HDV antibody, HIV antibody and HCV genotypes. Prevalence of HAV antibody, HBcAb, HBsAg, HCV antibody, HDV antibody and HIV antibody were 99.4, 4.4, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0 and 0.6% respectively. HCV genotype 1a predominated in HCV-infected inmates (62.5%), followed by HCV genotype 1b (25%) and HCV genotype 3 (12.5%). An association between HBV infection and age > 30 years was found. HCV infection was associated with being born in Durango City, history of hepatitis, ear piercing, tattooing, drug abuse history, intravenous drug use and lack of condom use. We concluded that the prevalence of HAV, HBV, HDV and HIV infections in inmates in Durango, Mexico were comparable to those of the Mexican general population and blood donors, but lower than those reported in other prisons around the world. However, HCV infection in inmates was higher than that reported in Mexican blood donors but lower than those reported in other prisons of the world. These results have implications for the optimal planning of preventive and therapeutic measures.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Terrorism in Mexico.

Even though Mexico is considered internationally as a pacifist country, its economic, social, and geopolitical characteristics during the last half of the 20th century have resulted in internal events that can be considered acts of terrorism. Most of the acts of terrorism during the last 15 years have had to do either with political movements or drug-dealing actions. After the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States, Mexican Health Authorities have strengthened the epidemiological surveillance system. More than 1,372 calls asking for information or reporting suspicious envelopes were received between 16 October and 21 October 2001. Following the earthquake in 1985 that caused great damage and many deaths in Mexico, the National Civil Protection System was created in 1986. This protection system is led by the President and the Secretary of Government. It was developed to improve preparedness for disaster coordination more than for terrorism responses. In addition, the emergency medical systems continue to lack organization, even though some states have shown significant progress in their emergency medical system.

Civil Defense↗
PubMed2006

A predictive model to correlate fuel specifications with on-road vehicles emissions in Mexico.

Mexico is currently in the process of implementing its third air management program, which includes control measures targeting emissions reductions from mobile, point, and area sources. Achieving the program goals will require changes in the composition and in physical properties of gasoline and implementing an emissions reduction schedule. For that purpose a study was undertaken to support understanding of the effect of gasoline fuel parameters on exhaust emissions. Specifically, the relative impacts of Reid vapor pressure, distillation parameters, oxygen, sulfur, olefins, and aromatic contents on the exhaust emissions of in-use vehicles of the metropolitan area of Mexico City were investigated. The results were used to develop a model to predict CO, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons, and toxic emissions such as benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde. Also a statistical model that predicts evaporative emissions was built. Results of the present model are compared with those obtained using the complex model of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1999

Fumonisin content in masa and tortillas from Mexico.

Fumonisins, a family of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum, are found in maize worldwide and have been associated with animal diseases. There is concern that high dietary intake of a maize-based diet may expose people in Mexico and Central America to fumonisins. Nixtamalized maize products from Mexico and the United States were examined to evaluate methods for quantitation of the different forms of fumonisins. The chelating reagent EDTA (exceeding the calcium concentration by a factor of 1. 36) was added to enhance extraction of fumonisins because calcium remained in the samples as a result of processing. It was expected that the majority of the fumonisin detected would be in the hydrolyzed form, yet the highest level of hydrolyzed fumonisin B(1) detected was 0.1 ppm. The amount of fumonisin B(1) was significantly higher in Mexican samples (mean = 0.79 ppm) than in samples purchased in the United States (mean = 0.16 ppm).

Carboxylic Acids↗
PubMed1999

Anti-tick effects of Stylosanthes humilis and Stylosanthes hamata on plots experimentally infested with Boophilus microplus larvae in Morelos, Mexico.

The anti-tick effects of the tropical pasture legumes Stylosanthes humilis and Stylosanthes hamata were evaluated and compared with two common grasses, Cenchurus ciliaris and Andropogon gayanus, in the state of Morelos, Mexico, on plots experimentally infested with larvae of the tick Boophilus microplus. The effect was evaluated by recovery of larvae from the experimental plots by flagging during a 4 week period. The anti-tick effect due to Stylosanthes was significantly higher for S. humilis and S. hamata (p < 0.05) and slightly better for S. humilis (3% survival) than for S. hamata (12% survival). Further studies are required to determine the potential role of Stylosanthes plants for tick control in Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Increasing incidence of colon and rectal cancer among Hispanics and American Indians in New Mexico (United States), 1969-94.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates time trends in colon and rectal cancer incidence and mortality among the three major race/ethnic groups (Hispanics, American Indians, and non-Hispanic Whites) in New Mexico (United States). METHODS: We used data from the New Mexico Tumor Registry (NMTR) and computed average annual age-standardized incidence and mortality rates. Colon cancer incidence rates were further examined by anatomical subsite. Estimated annual percent change (EAPC) in incidence and mortality over time were computed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Invasive colorectal cancer incidence rates increased from 1969-89 in all three race/ethnic groups, but decreased among non-Hispanic Whites in 1990-94, while rates continued to increase among minority populations, especially among minority men. Over the 26-year period, EAPC in colon cancer incidence among men was 3.6 percent for Hispanics, 4.7 percent for American Indians, and 0.7 percent for non-Hispanic Whites. Right-sided colon cancers were more common among American Indian women, and among all women aged 65 years and older. Mortality rates decreased steadily among non-Hispanic Whites over the study period, especially among women. CONCLUSIONS: Studies are needed to identify important modifiable risk factors and to develop strategies to increase the use of colorectal cancer screening-procedures among the minority populations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Microsatellite analyses of the trout of northwest Mexico.

The trout of northwest Mexico represent an undescribed group of fish considered part of the Oncorhynchus mykiss (Pacific trout) complex of species and subspecies. Recent genetic studies have shown these fish to have important genetic diversity and a unique evolutionary history when compared to coastal rainbow trout. Increased levels of allelic diversity have been found in this species at the southern extent of its range. In this study we describe the trout in the Sierra Madre Occidental from the rios Yaqui, Mayo, Casas Grandes and de Bavispe, and their relationship to the more southern distribution of Mexican golden trout (O. chrysogaster) using 11 microsatellite loci. Microsatellite allelic diversity in Mexican trout was high with a mean of 6.6 alleles/locus, average heterozygosity = 0.35, and a mean Fst = 0.43 for all loci combined. Microsatellite data were congruent with previously published mtDNA results showing unique panmictic population structure in the Rio Yaqui trout that differs from Pacific coastal trout and Mexican golden trout. These data also add support for the theory of headwaters transfer of trout across the Continental Divide from tributaries of the Rio de Bavispe into the Rio Casas Grandes. Rio Mayo trout share a close genetic relationship to trout in Rio Yaqui, but sample sizes from the Rio Mayo prevent significant comparisons in this study. Microsatellite analyses show significant allelic frequency differences between Rio Yaqui trout and O. chrysogaster in Sinaloa and Durango Mexico, adding further support for a unique evolutionary status for this group of northwestern Mexican trout.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Breast and cervical cancer screening and disease incidence and stage in New Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: Data on the health impact of breast and cervical cancer screening programs for low-income women are limited. We sought to determine whether a statewide program to provide breast and cervical cancer screening services influenced trends in disease incidence and stage. METHODS: We assessed trend data regarding breast and cervical cancer incidence and stage gathered by the New Mexico Tumor Registry and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program before (1975 through 1990) and during (1991 through 1998) implementation of the New Mexico Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Program. RESULTS: The incidence of cervical carcinoma in-situ increased rapidly in 1991. The incidence per 100,000 population for in-situ breast cancer (2.9 in 1975-1982, 8.5 in 1983-1990, and 16.8 in 1991-1998) and local breast cancer (39.9 in 1975-1982, 46.5 in 1983-1990, and 61.3 in 1991-1998) also increased during the program operation. Notably, a significant increase in incidence per 100,000 population for regional and distant breast cancer from 1975-1982 (31.5) to 1983-1990 (36.0) declined during the 1991-1998 (33.2) period of program operation. CONCLUSIONS: The statewide screening program improved detection of breast and cervical cancer and helped reduce the incidence of advanced stages of breast cancer in a relatively short time period.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A qualitative exploration of female sex work in Tijuana, Mexico.

Previous research has documented high rates of STDs and increased risk of HIV infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in Mexico; however, little is known about the sexual risk behaviors of this population. The purpose of this study was to explore work history, context of sex work, sexual risk practices, client characteristics, attitudes toward condoms, and potential barriers to condom use in a sample of FSWs in Tijuana, Mexico. Analysis of qualitative data from 25 FSWs revealed that most women entered the sex trade at a young age ( M = 23 years), primarily as a result of financial need. Forty percent were single mothers supporting children. Women worked an average of 6-7 days per week; work shifts ranged from 4 to 13 hr per day. Clients were both Mexican and foreign (mostly American and Asian), and ranged in age from 18 to 80 years. Positive aspects of the job included flexible work hours and good income. Negative aspects of sex work included risks associated with physical assault, diseases, and unwanted pregnancies. Most clients did not want to use a condom and many offered additional money for unprotected sex. FSWs did not like to use condoms because they were perceived as uncomfortable. Most FSWs did not negotiate the use of condoms, had a low knowledge regarding the proper use of condoms, and were reticent to report their own unsafe sex practices. These results suggest the need to develop culturally appropriate safer sex interventions for FSWs in Mexican border cities.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Description of two new species of Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905 (Digenea: Macroderoididae) in Rana spp. from Mexico, based on morphology and mtDNA and rDNA sequences.

Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905 includes 29 putative species commonly found in the intestine and liver of anurans from all over the world but mainly in the Americas. Partial sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1), ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) and the large subunit 28S rDNA gene were obtained and analysed using pairwise distance matrices and parsimony methods in order to characterise the interrelationships between 14 isolates of four nominal species of Glypthelmins recognised on morphological grounds. The highest intra-specific sequence divergence occurred in the cox 1 (18.53%) sequence, followed by that of the ITS2 (5.44%) and 28S (4.63%). Genetic variability was detected between the three isolates originally identified as G. facioi Brenes et al., 1959 from two localities in Mexico and one locality in Costa Rica. Sequence divergence exhibited among these isolates ranged from 10.70 to 11.22%, from 0.48 to 0.97% and from 1.33 to 1.88% for cox 1, ITS2 and 28S, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis combining all three data-sets generated a single most parsimonious tree. The three isolates of G. facioi form a clade, with an isolate collected from frogs in Veracruz State as the sister group to an isolate from Tabasco State + G. facioi from Costa Rica. The information derived from pairwise distance of independent data-sets plus the phylogenetic information indicate that each of the two isolates from Mexico, identified a priori as G. facioi, represent separate species. A re-examination of specimens was carried out and a re-evaluation made of the morphological characters to find reliable differences that had been overlooked. As a consequence, G. brownorumae n. sp. from Tabasco and G. tuxtlasensis n. sp. from Veracruz are described based on molecular and morphological differences.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Frequency of the thermolabile variant C677T in the MTHFR gene and lack of association with neural tube defects in the State of Yucatan, Mexico.

The C677T variant in the MTHFR gene is considered to be an associated risk factor for neural tube defects. However, the association has not been found in some ethnic groups. In order to assess the association between neural tube defects and the C677T variant, we determined the frequency of this variant in the MTHFR gene in the State of Yucatan, Mexico, where neural tube defects are highly prevalent. The study was performed on 65 subjects with spine bifida, 60 of their mothers and 110 control subjects. The presence of the C677T variant was determined by amplification and digestion with HinF1 of each subject's DNA. Genotypic and allelic frequencies were calculated for all groups. We did not observe any statistically significant difference in the genotypic or allelic frequencies between cases and controls for any of the groups studied (p > 0.05), suggesting that the thermolabile variant C677T is not an associated risk factor neither for the development of neural tube defects nor for mothers to have affected offspring in the population from Yucatan. Interestingly, the frequency of the C677T variant (54%) obtained in the Yucatan population is one of the highest reported (p < 0.01) and confirmed the high frequency of this allele throughout Mexico.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Pulque intake during pregnancy and lactation in rural Mexico: alcohol and child growth from 1 to 57 months.

OBJECTIVE: To examine maternal intake of a mildly alcoholic beverage (pulque) during pregnancy and lactation, and its potential effect on postpartum child growth and attained size. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study that followed mothers (during pregnancy and lactation) and their offspring (from birth to approximately 57 months of age). SETTING: Six villages in rural, central Mexico. SUBJECTS: Subjects are 58 mother-child pairs. Pulque intake was measured as part of a dietary assessment that was conducted for 2days/month during pregnancy and early lactation. RESULTS: Most mothers consumed pulque during pregnancy (69.0%) and lactation (72.4%). Among pulque drinkers, the average ethanol intake was 125.1 g/week during pregnancy and 113.8 g/week during lactation. Greater pulque intake during lactation, independent of intake during pregnancy, was associated with slower weight and linear growth from 1 to 57 months, and smaller attained size at 57 months. Low-to-moderate pulque intake during pregnancy, in comparison to either nonconsumption or heavy intake, was also associated with greater stature at 57 months. CONCLUSIONS: Pulque intake during lactation may have adversely influenced postnatal growth in this population. Public health interventions are urgently needed in Mexico to reduce heavy intake of pulque by pregnant and lactating women, and to replace intake with foods that provide the vitamins and minerals present in the traditional alcoholic beverage.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Iodine nutrition among indigenous Tarahumara schoolchildren in Mexico.

This paper adds iodine data to the nutritional survey recently published in the Eur J Clin Nutr (2004;58:532-540) to identify growth retardation and micronutrient deficiencies among Tarahumara children from five selected indigenous boarding schools in Mexico. Total goiter rate (TGR) (n=384), urinary iodine concentrations (UI) (n = 100), and iodine content of salt were measured. Overall, TGR was 7.0% (grade 1 = 6.8%, grade 2 = 0.2%). The median UI of the group was 125 microg/l, while the median UI across the schools ranged from 92.0-156.5 microg/l, with 32 and 6% of the children having UI between 50-99 microg/l and 20-49 microg/l, respectively. The iodine content in all the salt packages checked at the schools was above 25 parts per million. Based on TGR and UI, there is a marginal iodine deficiency in this sample of children, probably due to an insufficient iodine intake. These results add to existing evidence that iodine deficiency still constitutes a public health problem in certain populations living in the mountainous regions in Mexico.

Adolescent↗