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PubMed1991

Recognition of facial expressions of emotion by persons with mental retardation.

A sample of 511 children and adults with mental retardation or borderline intelligence (1 SD below the mean IQ) and children of average intelligence were tested on their ability to recognize the six basic facial expressions of emotion as they are exemplified in Ekman and Friesen's (1975) normed photographs. Each subject was shown four sets of six photographs, one of each emotion. Subjects were read 24 short stories; after each one they were asked to point to the photograph that depicted the emotion described. Children and adults with mental retardation or borderline intelligence were less proficient at identifying facial expressions of emotion than were children of average intelligence. Among individuals with mental retardation or borderline intelligence, recognition of accuracy of facial emotion increased with IQ. Among individuals with average intelligence, recognition accuracy increased with age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and genetic diversity of Entamoeba histolytica in an institution for the mentally retarded in the Philippines.

A total of 113 mentally retarded patients residing in a mental institution in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines, were screened for the presence of Entamoeba histolytica based on microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Anti-E. histolytica antibodies were also screened in 97 serum samples collected using immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test. Parasitological examination showed E. histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in 43 cases (38.05%), while PCR detected 74 cases (65.48%) positive for E. histolytica and 6 cases (5.30%) positive for E. dispar. Interestingly, these 6 samples were coinfected with E. histolytica. IFA test revealed that 80.41% (78/97) of the respondents possessed significant antibody titers for intestinal infection of E. histolytica. Of this number, there were 5 patients negative in IFA test but positive in PCR. The genetic diversity of E. histolytica isolates was also investigated by analyzing polymorphism in the serine-rich gene by nested PCR on DNA directly extracted from stool specimens. A combination of the nested PCR results and the AluI digestion of the PCR products examined yielded six distinct DNA banding patterns among the 74 stool isolates. An apparent clustering of E. histolytica strains was observed in patients living in different residential cottages of the institution. These results indicate the high prevalence of E. histolytica in an institution for the mentally retarded in the Philippines.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Decision-making abilities of mothers with mental retardation.

The decision-making abilities of mothers with mental retardation and contrast mothers were examined. Both groups received two high- and two low-risk vignettes in full and partial formats. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups on the appropriateness of their decisions, as expected, the mothers with mental retardation scored lower both on the recall and elicited measures. Both groups scored lower on the partial formats than on the full formats, and on the high-risk vignettes than on the low-risk ones. These results suggest that familiarity with the parenting situation as well as the degree of risk inherent in that situation is of importance when one is examining decision making for either group. The results also suggest that although mothers with mental retardation can make in vitro decisions that are similar to those of nonhandicapped mothers of the same socioeconomic background, additional research must examine in vivo decision making for both groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Noncompliant behavior of people with mental retardation.

Literature pertaining to noncompliant behavior of people with mental retardation was reviewed. Noncompliant behavior was considered in terms of antecedents (characteristics of instructions), behaviors (characteristics of tasks being refused), and consequences (environmental results of noncompliance). Literature pertaining to nondisabled "oppositional" children was incorporated along with literature pertaining to persons with mental retardation. Research involving antecedent conditions suggested that noncompliance is more likely when instructions are vague and interrupted with other instructions. It also suggested that a series of high probability requests could enhance compliance to a subsequent low probability request. Research into behavior variables suggested that noncompliance is more likely when task demands are too difficult. Research into consequent conditions indicates that either positive or negative reinforcement may maintain noncompliant behavior. Treatment studies suggested that oppositional children respond poorly to verbal reward alone and somewhat better to tangible rewards and to programs utilizing timeout. By contrast, noncompliance by people with mental retardation appears to respond well to programs utilizing combinations of social and tangible rewards, but results also suggest that results of timeout programs are mixed. Implications for treatment were discussed along with suggestions for future research.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1993

Maturational rate of Tokyo children with and without mental retardation.

The maturational rate of Tokyo children with and without mental retardation (ns = 175 and 249, respectively) was compared by means of longitudinal data on height covering the age period 6 to 15 years. Menarcheal age was obtained for 292 girls with and 262 girls without mental retardation. Results showed that the children with mental retardation had a lower growth spurt in height during puberty but did not differ in maturational rate defined by age at the pubertal height spurt or age at menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The psychological meaning of abnormal behavior in mental retardation].

The aim of the article is to encourage psychiatrists to follow the psychopathological approach to mental retardation. According to the author's opinion it is impossible to explain mental retardation only by using neurological and genetic categories. Mental retardation belongs to the group of psychological disorders like the psychoses and the neuroses. This disorder is characterized by pathological organisation of personality, that inhibits the development of the cognitive functions. The author presents the conditions of life in social care homes (where the basic needs concerning dignity, love and freedom are absent) as an example of the factors pathologizing the personality. She explains the psychological meaning of some abnormal behaviours by persons with mental retardation living in such conditions.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of psychopathology in the mothers of autistic and mentally retarded children.

The aim of this study was to evaluate anxiety, depression, alexithymia, and general psychological symptoms in the mothers of autistic children in comparison with those in the mothers of mentally retarded children. Forty mothers of autistic children and 38 mothers of mentally retarded children were included in the study. After a clinical interview, psychometric tests were performed for depression, anxiety, alexithymia, and Symptom Distress Check List (SCL-90) for general psychological symptoms. Non-depression rates was 27.5% in the mothers of autistic children whereas the rate was 55.3% in the mothers of mentally retarded children. There was no difference regarding anxiety and alexithymia between the two groups. The psychopathology in the mothers of autistic children was more frequent than in those of mentally retarded children in all sub-scales of SCL-90 (somatization obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, anger-hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid thought, psychotism, and extra scale). The mothers of autistic children experienced more psychological distress than those of mentally retarded children. Our findings indicates that the assessment of autistic and mentally retarded children should include psychological assessment of their mothers.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Cytogenic survey of 600 mentally retarded hospitalized patients].

A collaborative study (including the patients of 4 mental hospitals) was done in an attempt to evaluate the incidence of chromosomic anomalies in a large group of mentally retarded patients. A cytogenetic study was performed in 600 mentally retarded patients selected among 3.311 psychiatric patients. Chromosomic anomalies were found in 54 (9 per cent) mentally retarded patients. There were 43 autosomic anomalies (32 had trisomy 21) and 11 sexual chromosomes anomalies. This large series is consistent with the results found in the litterature. However of interest is the fact that this anomalies were frequently associated with affective deprivation, relational distorsion, disturbed family milieu and low social economic status during childhood.

Chromosome Aberrations↗
PubMed1999

Relation between self-paced and synchronized movement in persons with mental retardation.

The relation between self-paced and synchronized tapping in 64 persons with mental retardation whose mental ages ranged from 2 to 11 years and chronological ages from 13 to 23 years was investigated. In a self-paced tapping task no stimulus was presented, and subjects' easy and spontaneous tapping was measured. In a synchronized tapping task their synchronous tapping with an auditory stimulus present at a quick or slow tempo was measured. Under both tempo conditions, the lower the subjects' mental age, the larger the errors in the intertap interval they made. The subjects of low mental age showed significantly larger errors in the intertap interval in the Slow than in the Quick Tempo condition and tended to tap at a rate near the self-paced tapping. These results may suggest that ability to adjust one's self pace is one of the key factors in the development of motor synchronization in persons with mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Intentional and incidental memory in organically mentally retarded, familial retarded, and nonretarded individuals.

Groups of organically mentally retarded, familial retarded, and nonretarded subjects were compared on two tasks of intentional memory and one of incidental memory. With mental age being covaried, the familial group did better than the organic group on both tasks of intentional memory. However, the performance of both retarded groups was inferior to that of the nonretarded children. The three groups did not differ on incidental learning. The finding of differences between organically retarded and familial retarded persons supports the view that etiology needs to be considered when studying cognitive functioning in mentally retarded persons. The differences between the familial retarded and nonretarded groups appear to be in contradiction to the similar structure hypothesis of mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Developmental expression of Xenopus fragile X mental retardation-1 gene.

Dysregulation of Fragile X mental retardation-1 (Fmr1) gene expression results in an inherited form of mental retardation known as the Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Fmr1 is a highly conserved gene with a broad yet distinctive expression pattern during vertebrate development. Here, we examined the expression pattern of Fmr1 during Xenopus embryonic development. Zygotic expression of Fmr1 began just prior to gastrulation and gradually increased during subsequent embryonic stages. By in situ hybridization, Fmr1 transcripts were detected by early tailbud stage and showed robust expression in the central nervous system (CNS), eye and pharyngeal arches. By late tailbud stage, Fmr1 expression became stronger in the CNS and craniofacial regions including the ear vesicle and eye. In addition, the notochord expressed high levels of Fmr1 transcripts in the late tailbud stage embryos. In the tadpole brain, the olfactory bulb and cerebellum exhibited strong Fmr1 expression. The developmental expression pattern of Fmr1 is consistent with the wide range of abnormalities observed in FXS. Further, our findings indicate that Xenopus will serve as an excellent model to study the developmental basis of this disease.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

Historical perspective on mental retardation.

Kanner (1964) produced a history on the care of mentally retarded people in society in which he stated that professionals showed no interest in mental retardation until the early 1800s. The current article contains the first English translation of a 1614 text by a physician, Montalto, that reveals a coherent attempt to deal with the concept of mental retardation from the viewpoint of diagnosis, prognosis, and cure.

History, 17th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Normal male carriers in the fra(X) form of X-linked mental retardation (Martin-Bell syndrome).

Evidence for the transmission of X-linked mental retardation through normal male carriers is reviewed in 6 kindreds. In these pedigrees we identified 15 unaffected males who likely had passed the gene on through their daughters. Fifty-one mentally retarded grandsons or great grandsons descended from these male carriers. In total, these males had 50 daughters with only 2 of them being of low intelligence. Two of the male carriers were recently identified through fra(X)- positive results in their mentally normal daughters. Among the sibs of these males, mentally retarded brothers were found in 3 families. This was unexpected since earlier observations suggested that the risk for mental retardation among sibs of nonmanifesting carriers is exceedingly low.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Mapping of a gene for nonspecific X-linked mental retardation (MRX 75) to Xq24-q26.

Nonspecific X-linked mental retardation is a heterogeneous condition consisting of nonsyndromal mental retardation in males. It is caused by mutation in one of several genes on the X chromosome (MRX genes). Here we report on the localization of a presumptive MRX gene to chromosomal region Xq24-q26 in a German family with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation (MRX 75, HUGO Human Gene Nomenclature Committee). Two point linkage analysis with 23 informative markers gave a lod score of 2.53 at theta = 0 for markers DXS425, DXS1254, DXS1114, and HPRT.

Genetic Linkage↗
PubMed1985

Discrimination shift learning and response inhibition of moderately and severely mentally retarded and non-retarded children.

Simple two-choice discrimination shift learning performances of 20 moderately and severely mentally retarded children were compared with those of 20 non-retarded ones. A learning task arranged with a pair of yellow circle and green triangle slides was used. No difference was found between mentally retarded and non-retarded children in the learning rate of initial discrimination, but the mentally retarded attained shift discrimination more slowly than the non-retarded. Also, the extinction of initial positive responses in mentally retarded children was slower than in non-retarded children. It was suggested that the difficulty of discrimination shift in severely subnormal children is due to failure to suppress a previously learned response to prior positive cues.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurologic diseases, mental retardation and reduction in work capacity].

The reduction of working ability, because of disease, was considered in 1,053 subjects. 21 groups of maladies were found; the neurological disease and mental retardation (MR) caused various degrees of working inability in 416 subjects, i.e. in the 39.51% of the examined population; orthopaedic changes affected the 15.57% of the patients; psychic disorders determined some inability in 8.93% of the persons. The subjects unable to work receive, by Law, an economic help. This study was limited to neurological patients and to subjects mentally retarded. The working ability was reduced by 5 types of disturbances: neuromotor pathology, mental retardation, mental deterioration and dementia, epilepsy, other neurological diseases. The neuromotor pathology affected 163 subjects; the types of symptomatology: hemiplegia; it was found in 71 patients; 62 times it was the result of cerebrovascular disease; in 4 patients it was caused by a hypoxic-ischaemic pre-perinatal encephalopathy. 43 patients affected by cerebrovascular disease lost their personal autonomy, i.e. they could no longer do the activities of daily living (ADL); 7 patients lost their working ability; 12 subjects kept some ability to work. The hemiplegias which struck after 50 years of age were caused by cerebrovascular disease; paraplegia: 28 paraplegic patients have been seen; the aetiology was: poliomyelitis in 8 subjects; MS in 5 patients; ALS in 2 patients; in 13 patients the aetiology was unknown. 6 patients resulted unable to work; 8 persons kept some working ability; 14 patients lost the ability to do the ADL; tetraplegia, or double/bilateral hemiplegia, was found in 20 patients; the aetiology: poliomyelitis in 4 patients; pre-perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in 4 patients; 3 patients of MS; lesion of the cervical spinal cord because of breech delivery in 2 patients; the aetiology was not known in 7 persons. The ability to do the ADL was lost in 17 patients; 3 subjects kept some working ability. Double or bilateral hemiplegia (Little disease) was the model of neuromotor deficit subsequent natal encephalopathy (Infantile Cerebral Palsy, PCI); brachial plexus paralysis was only found from obstetrical (i.e. natal) origin; poliomyelitis and PKU resulted prevented as of 10 years. Mental Retardation (MR) was considered a borderline pathology between neurology and psychiatry; it included 162 subjects: in patients with severe MR a pre-perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy was found in 40.4% of the cases; in patients affected by moderate or light MR the same encephalopathy was found in the 11.3% of the subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Mild mental retardation in black and white children in metropolitan Atlanta: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed differences in the prevalence of mild mental retardation, defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) from 50 to 70, between Black and White children. METHODS: A case-control study design was used. Ten-year-old children with mental retardation were identified from multiple sources. Information on race, sex, maternal age, birth order, economic status, and maternal education was abstracted from birth certificates of 330 case children and 563 control children (public school students). RESULTS: The crude Black-White odds ratio (OR) was 2.6, but it was reduced to 1.8 after the other five covariates were controlled. The disparity was largest among children whose mental retardation was first diagnosed when they were 8 to 10 years old (adjusted OR = 2.5). We found no significant difference in the occurrence of mild mental retardation between Black and White children diagnosed before the age of 6 years (adjusted OR = 1.2). Black children had a higher prevalence of mild mental retardation within all strata of the other five covariates. CONCLUSIONS: Five sociodemographic factors accounted for approximately half of the excess prevalence of mild mental retardation among Black children. Possible reasons for the residual difference are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

MECP2 gene mutations in non-syndromic X-linked mental retardation: phenotype-genotype correlation.

Non-syndromic X-linked mental retardation (MRX) is a frequent cause of inherited mental retardation. It is a heterogeneous condition in which the first 12 genes discovered to date explain no more than 15% of the MRX situations ascertained by recurrence in multiplex families. In Rett syndrome (RTT), an X-linked dominant condition mostly sporadic and usually lethal in males, most affected females have been shown to be mutated in the Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) that maps at Xq28. Some mentally retarded males related to RTT females carry the same mutation. Several MRX families mapping to Xq28 were subsequently tested for MECP2 and a causative mutation was discovered in three families, suggesting that it could be one of the main genes involved in MRX. We report here the corresponding phenotypes in these three families of increasing severity. In family 1, an in-frame deletion DeltaP387-M466 was found in the 3' region. The patients had severe to mild non-progressive MR, with better motor skills than verbal abilities. In family 2, an Arg to Trp substitution (R167W) was found between the transcription repression domain (TRD) and the methyl binding domain (MBD). The patients had brisk reflexes and essential tremor with mild and non-progressive MR, poor motor co-ordination and written language difficulties. In the third family (MRX16), a Glu to Gly substitution (E137G) was found in the MBD. The patients had manifestations similar to those of family 2, but MR was mild to moderate, speech articulation was poor and some had verbal stereotypies. Regression of language skills was suspected in three patients. Phenotype-genotype correlation could thus be suspected and is discussed in these three families.

Adult↗