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PubMed1996

A study of the association between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in the lung, and history of menstruation in Shanghai women, China.

The menstrual history of 162 cases of female lung adenocarcinoma and 19 cases of squamous cell carcinoma was compared with 187 age-matched female controls, and analyzed for statistical significant differences that may exist between the two groups using the Epi-infor program, the Chi-square test, and the Bartlett test for homogeneity of variance. Parameters related to menstrual history included: age of menarche, menstrual cycle, number of days of menstrual period, amount of menstrual flow, menstrual pain, breast bloating/tenderness, and total number of menstrual cycles prior to menopause or diagnosis of lung cancer. The results show that cases of squamous cell carcinoma have a higher total number of menstrual cycles than controls, raising the possibility that estrogen may play a role in the induction of squamous cell carcinoma. Cases with adenocarcinoma were found to have shorter menstrual periods than controls, suggesting that activity of the corpus luteum may be related to the occurrence of adenocarcinoma. Progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER) receptor levels were also measured in 21 adenocarcinoma surgical specimens. A positive ER and PR receptor expression was correlated with later menarche and earlier menopause.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1997

Menstruation, sex hormones, and migraine.

All women with migraine are susceptible to the effects of hormonal changes. For a minority with menstrual migraine, fluctuating hormones of the normal ovarian cycle are a specific trigger, particularly during perimenopause. The author proposes that the term menstrual migraine should be restricted to migraine attacks occurring on day 1 +/- 2 days of the menstrual cycle with freedom from migraine during the rest of the cycle. This definition is compatible with the mechanism of estrogen withdrawal. Other mechanisms such as prostaglandin release also may be important for some women. The changing hormonal environment at various stages of life provides further evidence of the role of estrogen in migraine. Treatments that stabilize hormone levels in the form of estrogen supplementation for menstrual migraine, elimination of the pill-free week, and adequate, stable levels of estrogen for HRT, all are associated with an improvement in migraine. The control of the menstrual cycle, however, is extremely complex, and until further studies are undertaken using strict criteria, the mechanism of migraine triggered by hormonal events remains uncertain.

Female↗