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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Vitamin A, mastitis, and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 through breast-feeding: current information and gaps in knowledge.

Mastitis has been implicated as a risk factor for mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 through breast-feeding. Maternal vitamin A deficiency is also associated with increased MTCT, as well as with episodes of mastitis in lactating animals. This review describes the complex interrelationship between vitamin A, mastitis, and MTCT of HIV-1 via mothers' milk. Current gaps in knowledge, as well as recommendations for future research efforts, are also discussed.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Naturally occurring acute coliform mastitis in Holstein cattle.

Physical examination and clinicopathologic findings from 44 adult Holstein cows with naturally occurring coliform mastitis were studied. The cattle were grouped for comparison by stage of lactation and survival. Cattle within the first 4 weeks of lactation maintained higher median mature neutrophil counts (1,200 versus 300/microL) in peripheral blood than cattle later in lactation. Nonsurviving cows had higher median creatinine concentration (2.5 versus 1.6 mg/dL) and anion gap (25 versus 20 mEq/L), and lower serum protein (7.1 versus 7.6 gm/dL) and total CO2 (19.8 versus 25 mEq/L) concentrations than surviving cows (P < .05). These findings indicate that cattle with uremia and metabolic acidosis are less likely to survive the infection. Bacteriologic blood cultures were performed on 34 of the 44 cows studied. Escherichia coli was isolated from the blood in 11 (32%) cows. Clinical presentation and clinicopathologic data were compared in bacteremic versus nonbacteremic cows to evaluate these data as predictors of bacteremia. Bacteremic cows were sick longer prior to admission (2 versus 1 days), maintained higher median counts of total nucleated cells (6.6 versus 2.4 x 10(3) cells/microL), myelocytes (0.2 versus 0 x 10(3) cells/microL), metamyelocytes (0.5 versus 0.02 x 10(3) cells/microL), band neutrophils (0.7 versus 0.1 x 10(3) cells/microL), and lymphocytes (2.1 versus 1.4 x 10(3) cells/microL) than nonbacteremic cows, and had higher plasma fibrinogen concentration (600 versus 500 mg/dL) (P < .05). There were no differences between the physical or serum biochemical measurements. Four of 11 bacteremic cows and 5 of 23 nonbacteremic cows died or were euthanized (P > .05). The high prevalence of bacteremia seen in cows with coliform mastitis has not been reported previously, and may have been due to the duration of disease, severity of signs, or culture technique. These findings suggest that systemic antibiotic therapy may be beneficial in some severe cases of coliform mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Equine mastitis--a review of 28 cases.

Mastitis was diagnosed in 28 mares. Cytological evaluation of milk samples showed large numbers of neutrophils in 72 per cent and bacteria in 33 per cent. Aerobic bacteria were cultured from 71 per cent of samples. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was the most common isolate (37 per cent). Gram-negative species accounted for 42 per cent. Determination of the probability for antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates from mares with mastitis indicated that a trimethoprim-sulphonamide combination would be active against more than 75 per cent of isolates while penicillin would be active against less than 60 per cent. Systemic antibiotics, frequent milking, hotpacks and/or hydrotherapy and, if possible, infusion of an intramammary antibiotic preparation is recommended for treatment of equine mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of bacteriophage therapy in treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in lactating dairy cattle.

Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the udder caused by microbial infection. Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a major concern to the dairy industry due to its resistance to antibiotic treatment and its propensity to recur chronically. Growing concerns surrounding antibiotic resistance have spurred research into alternative treatment methods. The ability of lytic S. aureus bacteriophage K to eliminate bovine S. aureus intramammary infection during lactation was evaluated in a placebo-controlled, multisite trial. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows with preexisting subclinical S. aureus mastitis were treated. Treatment consisted of 10-ml intramammary infusions of either 1.25 x 10(11) PFU of phage K or saline, administered once per day for 5 days. The cure rate was established by the assessment of four serial samples collected following treatment. The cure rate was 3 of 18 quarters (16.7%) in the phage-treated group, while none of the 20 saline-treated quarters were cured. This difference was not statistically significant. The effects of phage intramammary infusion on the bovine mammary gland were also studied. In healthy lactating cows, a single infusion of either filter-sterilized broth lysate or a CsCl gradient-purified phage preparation elicited a large increase in the milk somatic cell count. This response was not observed when phage was infused into quarters which were already infected with S. aureus. Phage-infused healthy quarters continued to shed viable bacteriophage into the milk for up to 36 h postinfusion. The phage concentration in the milk suggested that there was significant degradation or inactivation of the infused phage within the gland.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Activity of pirlimycin against pathogens from cows with mastitis and recommendations for disk diffusion tests.

Pirlimycin is an analog of clindamycin that will be recommended for therapy of bovine mastitis. It has good activity against staphylococci and streptococci, the major pathogens for bovine mastitis. Five hundred and thirty bacterial isolates recovered from cows with mastitis were studied to confirm the spectrum of activity and to develop recommendations for susceptibility testing. Pirlimycin is not active against isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, it varies in its activity against enterococci, and it is active against veterinary isolates of streptococci (MIC for 50% of strains tested, < or = 0.03 to 0.06 microgram/ml) and staphylococci (MIC for 50% of strains tested, 0.25 to 1.0 microgram/ml). On the basis of levels of drug attained in the milk with recommended dosing schedules, we chose MIC breakpoints of < or = 2 micrograms/ml for susceptibility and > or = 4 micrograms/ml for resistance. We also recommended a disk diffusion test using a disk containing 2 micrograms/ml and breakpoints of < or = 12 mm for resistance and > or = 13 mm for susceptibility.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Leucotoxic activities of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cows, ewes, and goats with mastitis: importance of LukM/LukF'-PV leukotoxin.

Among the toxins that Staphylococcus aureus is able to secrete, bi-component toxins named leukotoxins target specifically leukocytes, mainly phagocytic cells. Isolates from cows, goats and ewes with mastitis were selected on the basis of the presence or not of the genes encoding the recently described LukM/LukF'-PV leukotoxin. Of the 128 isolates tested, 126 had moderate to high leukotoxic activity to bovine polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). The supernatants of lukM-positive isolates were much more leukotoxic than the supernatants of lukM-negative isolates: mean leukotoxic titers were 122 versus 20 and 581 versus 26 for isolates of bovine and caprine origin, respectively. Among lukM/lukF'-PV positive isolates, those of caprine and ovine origins were more leukotoxic than were isolates of bovine origin (P < 0.01). The two most abundant proteins in the culture supernatant of a highly toxic isolate were purified and identified as the two components of LukM (LukM and LukF'-PV) on the basis of their molecular mass, N-terminal amino acid sequence, and high synergistic activity. LukM/LukF'-PV induced the flattening of bovine PMN at a concentration as low as 3.6 ng/ml (0.1 nM). A higher concentration (18 ng/ml) was necessary to produce the same effect on caprine or ovine PMN. Affinity-purified antibodies to LukM or to LukF'-PV neutralized the leukotoxic effect of all the culture supernatants. They neutralized with the same efficiency the toxic activity of supernatants from lukM/lukF'-PV positive or negative isolates. These results establish that LukM/LukF'-PV is very active on PMN of ruminants and suggest that this leukotoxin could be the most active leukotoxin produced by mastitis isolates. They prompt further studies to delineate the contribution of LukM/LukF'-PV to the pathogenesis of mastitis in ruminants and the protective effect of antibodies to this leukotoxin.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Mastitis increases mammary mRNA abundance of beta-defensin 5, toll-like-receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4 but not TLR9 in cattle.

Coordination of the primary defense mechanisms against pathogens relies on the appropriate expression of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) triggering the early release of effector molecules of the innate immune system. To analyze the impact of this system on the counteraction of infections of the mammary gland (mastitis), we characterized the bovine gene encoding the key PRR Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and mapped its precise position on chromosome BTA22. The sequence information was used to establish real-time PCR quantification assays to measure the mRNA abundances of TLR9, TLR2, and TLR4 together with those of beta-defensin 5 (BNBD5), an early bactericidal effector molecule of the innate system, in healthy and infected mammary glands. Mastitis strongly increased (4- to 13-fold) the mRNA abundances of all of these genes except TLR9. Slight subclinical infections already caused a substantial increase in the copy numbers, though they did so the least for TLR9. Induction was not systemic, since mRNA abundance was low in uninfected control quarters of the udder but high in the severely infected quarters of the same animal. The number of TLR2 copies correlated well with those of TLR4, indicating coordinated regulation of these two PRRs during infection of the udder. Their coordinated regulation explains our unexpected observation that pure Staphylococcus aureus infections caused a strong increase also in TLR4 mRNA abundance. In situ hybridizations revealed that BNBD5 is expressed predominantly in the mammary epithelial cells (MEC) of the infected gland. Our data therefore suggest a significant contribution of the innate immune system to counteract mastitis and attribute a prominent effector function to the MEC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Mastitis and immunological factors in breast milk of lactating women in Malawi.

Although an elevated sodium concentration in human milk is suggested to be an indicator of mastitis, it is unclear whether elevated sodium concentrations are associated with immunological and inflammatory mediators in human milk. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the relationships between elevated breast milk sodium concentrations and levels of lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in human milk at 6 weeks postpartum in 96 lactating women in Blantyre, Malawi. Mastitis, as indicated by an elevated breast milk sodium concentration, was present in 15.6% of the women. Women with and without mastitis had respective median levels of other factors as follows: lactoferrin, 1,230 versus 565 mg/liter (P < 0. 0007); lysozyme, 266 versus 274 mg/liter (P = 0.55); SLPI, 76 versus 15 microg/liter, (P < 0.0002); IL-8, 339 versus 25 ng/liter (P < 0. 0001); and RANTES, 82 versus 3 ng/liter (P < 0.0001). Elevated sodium concentrations in breast milk are associated with an increase in levels of some immunological and inflammatory factors in breast milk.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Genome-wide expression analysis of lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in a mouse model.

To better understand the acute host response to Escherichia coli mastitis, we analyzed gene expression patterns of approximately 23,000 transcripts 4 h after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse model. A total of 489 genes were significantly affected, of which 391 were induced and 98 were repressed. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that most of the induced genes were associated with the innate immune response, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. Substantial induction of the chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, and S100A8; the acute-phase protein SAA3; and the LPS binding protein CD14 were confirmed by Northern blot analysis. A subsequent time course experiment revealed CXCL1 induction prior to that of CD14 and SAA3. Mammary epithelial cell cultures also showed marked expression of these factors in response to LPS. The expression of immune-related genes in mammary epithelial cells indicates the importance of this cell type in initiating the inflammatory responses. Repressed genes include several carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolic enzymes and potassium transporters, which may contribute to milk composition changes during mastitis. Therefore, the overall transcription profile, in conjunction with gene ontology analysis, provides a detailed picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex biological processes that occur during LPS-induced mastitis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Outbreak of subclinical mastitis in a flock of dairy sheep associated with Burkholderia cepacia complex infection.

An outbreak of subclinical mastitis in a flock of 620 milking sheep was investigated. Microbiological and epidemiological analyses identified the causative agent as belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (formerly Pseudomonas cepacia). Every ewe in the milking flock was individually tested for subclinical mastitis on two separate occasions, 6 weeks apart, by the California (rapid) mastitis test (CMT). The proportion of CMT-positive ewes was 69 of 393 (17.6%) on the first sampling and 27 of 490 (5.5%) on the second sampling. Pure B. cepacia cultures identified with the API 20 NE system were grown from 64 of 96 (66.7%) CMT-positive ewes and from 1 of 33 (3.0%) CMT-negative ewes. Statistical analysis confirmed the significant association between a positive CMT result and a positive culture result for B. cepacia complex. Additional polyphasic taxonomic analyses of eight isolates showed that seven belonged to B. cepacia genomovar III; the remaining isolate was identified as Burkholderia vietnamiensis (formerly B. cepacia genomovar V). Bacteriological investigation of samples from milking equipment and other environmental sites failed to identify "B. cepacia" in any of the samples taken. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an outbreak of natural infection in animals caused by B. cepacia complex and the first description of B. cepacia complex infection in sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis isolates from dairy cows with mastitis.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial sensitivity testing were used as tools to investigate the epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 62 different strains were found among 138 isolates from the four herds investigated, and between 10 and 26 different strains were found in each herd. There was no strain common to all four herds. Identical strains of S. uberis were detected from different quarters of individual cows and from cows within the same herd, suggesting that transmission from quarter to quarter and cow to cow had occurred. Despite the great variation in S. uberis strains, persistent infection with the same strain within a lactation was observed in most cows. Predominant strains were present in two herds. Preliminary investigations could not clarify why these particular strains might predominate, but in one herd there was a significant difference between the prevalence of clinical mastitis in quarters infected with the predominant strain and that in quarters infected with other strains, suggesting the greater virulence of the predominant strain. The wide variety of S. uberis strains found is consistent with an environmental source of S. uberis. However, evidence of direct transmission, the persistence of infection, and the predominance of particular strains in some herds indicate that S. uberis infections are epidemiologically complex and that the relative importance of these factors in the occurrence of mastitis may differ between herds.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The challenge of mastitis.

The process of lactation and feeding, referred to by some as the final stage of labour is remarkably successful. This phase of infant care has been subjected to considerable evolutionary pressure since the earliest mammals, reptiles and birds diversified. It has allowed thousands of species to occupy a vast range of ecological niches. Yet a significant complication of breast feeding remains inflammation of the lactating tissue: the pathology of mastitis. Mastitis rarely develops outside lactation, although it may affect individuals at any age in relation to congenital lesions such as duct ectasia, chronic disseminated infections such as tuberculosis, or during granulomatous, autoimmune or malignant processes. The immunology and consequences of mastitis as well as its impact on vertical transmission of infection require careful examination.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1983

Coliform mastitis.

The majority of coliform mastitis cases are relatively mild and self-limiting. Teat dipping and dry cow therapy will not prevent coliform problems, neither do they cause them. Bad housing and poor milking time hygiene lead to coliform mastitis. Efforts to control coliform mastitis must be directed at reducing exposure to the bacteria. In acute cases fluid therapy is indicated to counteract endotoxic shock.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Granulomatous mastitis: a report of seven cases.

The clinical history and histological features of seven cases of granulomatous mastitis are presented. The lesion occurs in young parous women as a tender extra-areolar breast lump. Histologically, non-caseating discrete granulomas are present, confined to breast lobules with, in three cases, coalescence of the granulomas and microabscess formation. Pathogenesis of the changes is discussed. It is thought that granulomatous mastitis is an entity morphologically distinct from duct ectasia/plasma cell mastitis and the commoner forms of granulomatous breast diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Prevention of post weaning mastitis in ewes.

The efficacy of a dry cow cerate in protecting the dry ewe against mastitis was tested in three flocks. Of 931 ewes, 462 were infused, shortly after their lambs were weaned, with a dry cow cerate containing 1 g procaine penicillin and 0.5 g dihydrostreptomycin sulphate. The remaining 469 served as untreated controls. At tupping, when the sheep were examined for clinical evidence of mastitis, 21 cases (4.5 per cent) were recorded among the controls but only seven (1.5 per cent) among the treated ewes. There was variation in the distribution of cases between individual flocks but overall the incidence of mastitis in the treated sheep was lower and significantly different from that among the control ewes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Field trials with cefoperazone in the treatment of bovine clinical mastitis.

A single dose of 250 mg cefoperazone in an oil based suspension infused into bovine quarters suffering from clinical mastitis resulted in an overall clinical cure of 82 per cent in 597 cases, as assessed by veterinarians in four countries (Sweden, Denmark, France and the United Kingdom). Of those cases for which adequate bacteriological data were available 69 per cent of 434 cases were cured. There were no reports of adverse reactions following therapy of an affected quarter. The introduction of single dose treatment represents an advance in mastitis therapy as it offers a simpler and shorter treatment than most present day mastitis therapeutics when used according to recommendations.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Incidence of clinical mastitis in a cohort of British dairy herds.

A three-year survey to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis and the associated bacteria in dairy herds in England and Wales is described. Escherichia coli was the predominant organism in each year. Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus were important for part for each year. The annual incidence of mastitis declined from 54.6 cases per 100 cows in 1980 to 41.2 in 1982. The incidence increased with age and declined with increasing herd size. The culling rate due solely to mastitis was 3 per cent. Strep uberis was the pathogen most frequently isolated from clinical cases which occurred in the dry period. Thirty per cent of all cases recurred at least once and staphylococcal cases exhibited the highest frequency of recurrence.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

An investigation of mastitis due to S agalactiae, S uberis and M smegmatis in a dairy herd.

Subclinical mastitis caused by streptococcal infections affected 27 of 83 cows in a commercial dairy herd. Between three and six weeks after intramammary treatment of these cows with cloxacillin, 16 (59 per cent) of the treated cows developed acute clinical mastitis associated with Mycobacterium smegmatis. None of the untreated cows was affected. Infected quarters were moderately hypertrophied and fine clots were present in the milk for three to four weeks. No cows showed systemic signs of illness. Studies carried out over 12 months showed that infected cows shed M smegmatis for three to four months and affected quarters remained hypertrophied in all but one cow after 12 months. The mean milk cell count of affected quarters fell slowly from 4,850,000/ml in the acute stage to 810,000/ml five months later and 620,000/ml 12 months later, suggesting that the organism persisted in the udder. The estimated mean loss in lactation yield for cows with M smegmatis mastitis was 10.8 per cent. Losses were greatest when the hind quarters were involved (mean 28 per cent for cows with both hind quarters affected). Ten of the 16 affected cows were ultimately culled owing to serious reductions in yield.

Animals↗