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PubMed2004

[Production of acrylamide in agricultural products by cooking].

Some model studies were performed using various agricultural Products, to clarify the relation between cooking conditions and production of acrylamide (AA). Disc chips made from dried mashed potato, corn meal, wheat flour, rice flour (jyohshin-ko) and glutinous rice flour (shiratama-ko), and dried sesame (arai-goma) and dried almond were baked at 120-200 degrees C for 5-20 min, and the samples were analyzed for the levels of AA. When the samples were baked for 10 min, the highest production of AA was observed at 180-200 degrees C. When the samples were baked at 180 degrees C, AA levels in agricultural products except sesame were highest after baking for 10 min. Vegetables and fruit were baked at 220 degrees C for 5 min with a oven, high AA concentrations were found in baked potato, asparagus, pumpkin, eggplant and green gram sprouts. Concentrations of AA in potato, asparagus and green gram sprouts baked after being pre-cooked by microwave irradiation were higher than those in the products baked without being precooked. On the other hand, the precooking by boiling reduced the production of AA by baking to 1/10-1/4. Acrylamide was not found in microwaved or boiled vegetables. High free asparagine concentrations in crops tended to result in high concentrations of AA being produced by heating the agricultural products.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2006

Model comparison for Escherichia coli growth in pouched food.

We recently studied the growth characteristics of Escherichia coli cells in pouched mashed potatoes (Fujikawa et al., J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan, 47, 95-98 (2006)). Using those experimental data, in the present study, we compared a logistic model newly developed by us with the modified Gompertz and the Baranyi models, which are used as growth models worldwide. Bacterial growth curves at constant temperatures in the range of 12 to 34 degrees C were successfully described with the new logistic model, as well as with the other models. The Baranyi gave the least error in cell number and our model gave the least error in the rate constant and the lag period. For dynamic temperature, our model successfully predicted the bacterial growth, whereas the Baranyi model considerably overestimated it. Also, there was a discrepancy between the growth curves described with the differential equations of the Baranyi model and those obtained with DMfit, a software program for Baranyi model fitting. These results indicate that the new logistic model can be used to predict bacterial growth in pouched food.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1978

Effect of pelleting on the vitamin K activity of various vitamin K3 preparations in chicks.

A study with chicks was conducted to compare the relative vitamin K3 stability of various menadione preparations in mash and pellets. The preparations assayed were menadione sodium bisulfite, menadione sodium bisulfite complex, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite and Kastab (a physically stabilized preparation of menadione sodium bisulfite). Pelleting increased the stability of all preparations when measured by the partial thromboplastin assay. The general trend in stability obtained by both procedures was in decreasing order: Kastab, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, menadione bisulfite complex and menadione bisulfite. Stability, determined chemically in vitamin microelement premixes, gave similar results.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

The use of methanol-grown yeast LI-70 in feeds for broilers.

In 60-day feeding trials, broilers were fed commercial diets in which different amounts of methanol-grown yeast LI-70 replaced fish and soybean meal. In the first trial, all-mash diets containing up to 15% yeast produced growth rates and efficiencies of feed conversion almost equal to those of the soybean meal control and slightly below those of the fish meal control. In the second trial, pelleted diets containing up to 25% yeast were used. For yeast levels up to 15%, growth rates were faster than for the soybean meal control and slightly slower than for the fish meal control. Diets with more than 15% yeast lacked selenium. Diets containing 25% yeast as the sole source of protein but supplemented with .3 ppm selenium produced growth rates and efficiencies of feed conversion equal to those of the controls.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1980

The early influence of aflatoxin upon sexual maturation in the male Japanese quail.

The effects of early exposure to aflatoxin on sexual maturation were investigated in young male Japanese quail. Quail in Treatment A were fed a soy-corn starter mash with 10 micrograms aflatoxin/g added from 7 to 21 days of age. Treatment B quail were fed this from 14 to 28 days of age. Animals from each treatment were sampled at intervals from 25 days to 70 days of age. Both behavioral and physiological indicators of sexual maturation were monitored including measurements of sexual behavior, cloacal gland area, testes weight, and peripheral concentrations of testosterone. Statistical estimation was conducted to determine the age at which occurred rapid increase in hormone concentrations and morphological variables indicative of sexual maturation. Control animals showed increased testosterone concentration at 26 days and increased testes weight at 27 days. The cloacal gland area enlarged by 34 days and sexual behavior was first observed at 31 days. Animals in the A treatment had rapid testicular growth at 29 days and testosterone concentrations rose after 27 days. Concentrations were depressed compared to those of controls. Cloacal gland hypertrophy occurred after 37 days; initial sexual activity began at 35 days. The B treatment animals began showing evidence of sexual maturation significantly later with increasing testes weight by 36 days, testosterone concentrations by 37 days, cloacal gland area by 37 days, and initial sexual activity at 35 days. This experiment indicates that exposure to aflatoxin at an early age results in a delay in physiological and behavioral sexual maturation. Animals exposed between 7 and 21 days recovered slightly earlier than those treated between 14 and 28 days.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1982

Effects of feeding vomitoxin contaminated wheat on the performance of broiler chickens.

Two experiments were conducted to ascertain the effect of feeding vomitoxin to meat-type chickens. In each experiment 360 day-old commercial chickens of the Shaver strain were housed in Petersime batteries for 28 days and fed diets containing 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60% of wheat containing 3.00 ppm of vomitoxin. Analysis indicated that the vomitoxin levels in the diets ranged from less than .02 (control) to 1.87 ppm. Each diet was fed in either the all-mash or the crumbled form. There was no evidence of feed refusal or emesis nor were there any significant effects on mortality, body weight gain, live body weight, feed consumption, or feed conversion when these diets were fed. Subjecting the feeds to the pelleting crumbling process had no effect on the level of vomitoxin found in the finished feed. No organ damage from feeding vomitoxin was evident.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of dietary cholesterol and genotype on cholesterol metabolism in roosters.

An experiment, involving 32 roosters, was designed to study the interaction of dietary cholesterol and genotype on cholesterol metabolism in roosters. The two lines of birds used in this study had been divergently selected for high and low oxygen consumption and had been shown to differ significantly (P less than .01) in body weight gain and carcass lipid deposition from hatch to 4 weeks of age. The dietary treatments, administered for a 2-week period, were 0 and 1% dietary cholesterol added to a basal mash diet. Two separate trials were run, each with 16 roosters, resulting in four replicates of each treatment per line for each trial (block). After the trial period, the birds were injected with 1-(14)C-acetate and livers were removed; hepatic cholesterol synthesis was measured by the uptake of labeled acetate into liver digitonin precipitable sterols. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels were also measured. The data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. Added dietary cholesterol significantly (P less than .01) increased both plasma and liver cholesterol levels over the control while significantly (P less than .01) decreasing the uptake of acetate into hepatic cholesterol in both lines by about 7-fold. Plasma cholesterol was significantly (P less than .05) greater in the high than low oxygen-consuming birds, and liver cholesterol was higher (P less than .10) in the low than high oxygen-consuming line.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Heating by microwave, hot air, and flowing steam to eliminate inoculated Salmonella from poultry feed.

Poultry feed samples (mash) obtained from a commercial mill were inoculated with either 100 or 5,000 cells/g of a marker strain of Salmonella montevideo. Samples (125 g) were then placed in a microwave oven at power settings of 1.5 or 2.0 kW for 60, 90, or 120 sec; a hot air oven at 99 C (210 F) or 110 C (230 F) for 15, 30, 45, or 60 min; or a flowing steam chamber for 1, 5, 10, or 20 min. Temperature, moisture, and presence of the inoculated S. montevideo were determined in all samples before and after treatment. Feed samples placed in the microwave oven reached a maximum temperature of 186 C (367 F) and had a final moisture content as low as .8%. About 25% of the samples inoculated with 100 cells/g and about 40% of those inoculated with 5,000 cells/g remained positive after treatment. In the hot air oven, feed reached a maximum temperature of 93 C (200 F) with a moisture level after heating of about 4%. Salmonellae were recovered from 35 and 60% of the low and high inoculum level samples, respectively. In flowing steam, maximum feed temperature was 90 C (194 F) with a final moisture level of 15%. After 1, 5, 10, and 20 min of flowing steam, 100, 90, 60, and 0% of the samples were found to contain salmonellae, respectively. All treatments occasionally eliminated salmonellae from the samples, but results were inconsistent and unpredictable.

Air↗
PubMed1984

The effect of feeding di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and related compounds on lipids in the laying hen.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and three structurally related side-chain analogs were fed to laying hens to determine relationships of structure to effects on lipid metabolism. Hubbard broiler breeder hens were fed either a standard laying mash control diet or the control diet containing DEHP, 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH), 2-ethylhexanal (2-EHALD), or 2-ethylhexanoic acid (2-EHA). Experimental treatments lowered feed consumption, body weight, and egg production. The DEHP and side-chain analog diets lowered plasma total lipids. DEHP, 2% 2-EH, and 1% 2-EHA diets lowered plasma free cholesterol. Liver weights were not significantly changed, but liver fat was reduced. Lipid classes were measured by quantitative thin layer chromatography densitometry. The decreases observed in plasma lipids occurred primarily in the triglyceride fraction. Liver lipid decreases occurred mainly in triglyceride and free fatty acid classes. Hen egg yolk percent fat, lipid classes, and free and total cholesterol were unaffected by any DEHP or side-chain analog diets. Plasma and liver hypolipidemic effects were observed with all of the oxidation state structural analogs of DEHP's side chain, but 2% 2-EH was the most effective treatment. These results suggest that the active portion of DEHP may be the metabolite, 2-EH, formed in vivo by hydrolysis of DEHP's ester bond.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1984

Use of plasma and egg yolk biotin of white Leghorn hens to assess biotin availability from feedstuffs.

A linear relationship (r greater than .98) was found between the level of dietary biotin and plasma and egg-yolk biotin in White Leghorn hens after feeding the experimental diets for 2 weeks. This shows high reliability of these parameters as indicators of biotin availability. When plasma and egg yolk biotin were used to assess biotin availability in feedstuffs, they indicated low values for wheat (0%) and sorghum (10 to 20%) and high values for corn (75 to 100%), soybean meal (100%), and meat and bone meal (85%). When these parameters were used to assess commercial poultry diets, they indicated values for a "layer" diet of 75 to 100% and for a "broiler" diet of 81 to 92%. Pelleting gave an increase in biotin availability of 10% over the mash diet. This method for assessing biotin availability promises to be simple, economic, rapid, and reliable.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

The effects of feed form, protein profile, energy level, and gender on broiler performance in warm (26.7 C) environments.

Two dietary energy levels, 3032 and 3109 kcal ME/kg, and four protein levels of approximately 17, 18, 19 and 20%, were used to formulate eight grower-finisher rations used in four feeding regimens used in both mass and crumble form fed to broilers in a warm (26.7 C) environment. The protein levels were established by specific lysine: energy ratios with methionine plus cystine at a constant percentage of lysine. Best overall broiler performance was obtained with a feeding regimen using the higher energy level with high-protein profile in crumble form; feed conversion for this regimen was improved 5.4% and body weight 3.2% over the poorest performing diet, which was the lower energy diet with low-protein profile in mash form. Overall, crumbling improved feed conversion 1.5% and increased body weight 2.2%, the high-protein profile improved feed conversion 2.0%, and increasing metabolizable energy from 3032 to 3109 kcal/kg improved feed conversion 2.2%. Feed conversion for males was 3.3% better than for females.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1985

Delay of onset of oviposition in pullets promoted by 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone.

Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were used to determine the effects of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone (6-MBOA) and photoperiod on sexual maturity and egg production. Pullets were maintained on a constant 11L:13D photoperiod until 18 weeks of age and then were divided into two light-controlled chambers. Half the pullets in each chamber received a standard layer mash and the other half received the same diet supplemented with 6-MBOA (MB). Over the ensuing 21 days, the photoperiods were increased to 15L:9D in one chamber and 12L:12D in the other. Consumption of MB resulted in delayed sexual maturity and lower average egg production of those pullets when compared with pullets in the 15L:9D chamber. No significant difference between MB and C pullets was noted in the 12L:12D chamber. These results are similar to those obtained with pinealectomized quail and chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effect of pelleting the layer ration on egg size in early-housed brown-egg-type layers.

Harco Sex-Link pullets (n = 360) were reared in cages and given a 15% protein grower ration. At 17 weeks of age, half the birds were transferred to laying cages and the photoperiod was increased to 13 hr for the first week and to 15 hr thereafter. The remaining birds were continued in the growing facility on 8 hr of light until 19 weeks when lights were increased to 13 hr daily. These birds were transferred to the laying cages at 20 weeks of age where they received 15 hr of light. At 2% production, all birds were fed a 17% protein layer diet in either a mash or pelleted form. Neither egg production nor feed efficiency was affected by age at housing or the physical form of the ration. Early-lighted pullets produced a greater percentage of small and medium-sized eggs. Egg size distribution was not affected by the physical form of the ration

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Methionine requirement of male white Pekin ducklings.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the methionine (Met) requirement of male White Pekin ducklings. In each study, day-old ducklings were raised in electrically heated battery brooders and fed a corn-peanut meal basal diet (dry mash) supplemented with either 0, .06, .12, .18, .24, or .30% L-Met. Based on the analysis of corn and peanut meal, the basal diet contained 22% crude protein .268% Met, and .284% cystine (Cys). The energy content of the basal diet was calculated to be 2914 kcal ME/kg. Regression analysis of 12- day weight gain data pooled across experiments indicated a quadratic trend. When the quadratic model was solved for 95% of maximum growth, a Met requirement of .422% was predicted (r2 = .49). Analysis of the pooled weight gain data by the broken-line method yielded a requirement estimate of .382% (r2 = .50). Therefore, the duckling's calculated Met requirement most likely lies between .382 and .422% (.666 and .706% total sulfur amino acids, respectively). This .04% discrepancy between models for predicting the duckling's Met requirement is probably of minor practical significance, considering the variability of Met and Cys contents of feedstuffs and the fact that corn-soy diets are usually supplemented with a source of Met activity that includes a margin of safety.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Tissue lipid fatty acid composition of biotin-adequate and biotin-deficient chicks.

Male broiler chicks were fed a purified ingredient diet containing various levels of added biotin to study dietary biotin effects on polyunsaturated fatty acids in selected tissues. Chicks were fed a basal diet containing adequate or deficient levels of added biotin and an additional group was fed a natural ingredient practical diet as a control. No significant differences in average body weights were found in chicks at 21 days fed 200 micrograms or more of biotin or the stock mash diet. Liver and heart biotin levels were lower in chicks fed less than 200 micrograms of biotin (P less than .01). At 21 days of age, the liver fatty acids of biotin-deficient chicks contained greatly (P less than .05) elevated c16:l, 18:ln9, 18:2n6, 18:3n6, and 18:3n3, whereas 20:3n6 and 20:4n6 were significantly lowered (P less than .05). Heart fatty acids c16:l and 18:2n6 of 21-day-old biotin-deficient chicks were elevated (P less than .05) and 18:3n3, 20:3n6, and 20:5n3 were lowered (P less than .05). It appears that the impaired conversion of 18:2n6 to 20:4n6 in liver tissue from biotin-deficient chicks at 3 weeks can result in lowered prostaglandin precursors not only in the liver but in the heart and muscle lipids as well. Changes in the brain and lung lipids are less marked.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of the addition of vegetable oil or animal tallow to broiler diets containing cassava root meal.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects on broiler performance of increasing by 5% the metabolizable energy level of diets containing cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal (CRM: 0, 20, and 30%) by adding either vegetable oil (Experiment 1) or animal tallow (Experiment 2). The CRM used was detoxified by sun-drying whole root chips of a high cyanide-containing (bitter) cultivar (CMC-84) on a concrete floor. All experimental diets were supplied in mash form. Supplementary vegetable oil or animal tallow did not affect (P greater than .05) growth rate. Feed conversion (feed/gain) was improved (P less than .05) during the starter (0 to 28 days) period as well as at the end of the experiments (56 days). Body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion were not affected (P greater than .05) by any of the dietary treatments during the finishing (28 to 56 days) period of both experiments. Diets containing 20% CRM produced somewhat higher (P greater than .05; Experiment 1) or significantly higher (P less than .05, Experiment 2) final body weights.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

Use of peat as a bedding material and dietary component for tom turkeys.

In a study of turkeys over the period 0 to 3 wk of age, body weights of birds fed 5 or 15% dietary peat or carrier-type feed byproducts (rice hulls, sunflower hulls, peanut hulls, soybean mill feed. wood flour, and corn cobs) were compared to those of turkeys fed a diet composed primarily of corn and soybean meal. Turkeys fed 15% dietary peat or carriers showed a greater growth depression than those fed the diluents at the 5% dietary level. At the 5% peat or carrier level, growth was not significantly (P greater than .05) depressed when birds were fed rice hulls (body weight was 98.5% of control), peat (97.1%), sunflower hulls (96.9%), and peanut hulls (95.8%); growth was significantly depressed (P less than .05) when birds were fed corn cobs (93.1%), soybean mill feed (92.9%), and wood flour (92.8%). Peat, when used as a drying agent for liquid agricultural byproducts, would account for 2 to 4% of the diet. Results of this study suggest that peat as a carrier fed at the 5% level would minimally affect growth. In a market study male turkeys were raised on floor pens containing peat or wood shavings and fed 0, 5, or 10% reed-sedge peat as a diluent of a typical corn-soybean meal mash diet. Body weights of turkeys fed 5 or 10% dietary peat showed a slight growth depression on both litter materials, compared with control. Higher body weights (nonsignificant) were observed for turkeys on wood shavings compared with those on peat litter after 12 wk of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1988

Use of sunflower seeds in grower diets for pullets and subsequent performance as affected by aureomycin and pelleting.

In two experiments the effects of unhulled sunflower seeds (USFS) were evaluated at levels of 19 and 38% in corn-based diets for pullets between 10 and 19 wk of age. As an additional treatment a .09%-lysine monohydrochloride supplement was added to the 38% USFS-containing diet in Experiment 2. Isonitrogenous grower diets made up of corn and soybean meal or largely oats served as control diets. During the productive phase, layers were fed a high oats diet as mash (both experiments) or in pelleted form (Experiment 2). One half of the hens in each study were fed layer diets containing Aureomycin at 100 g per ton for 1 wk during each 28-day period to monitor the effect on egg production. Treatments during the laying phase were superimposed on the previous growing phase treatments. Pullets fed the 38% USFS diet in Experiment 1 were significantly lighter (P less than .01) at 19 wk of age and reached 50% egg production 2 days later than those on the control corn-soy diet. However, subsequent overall laying performance for 14 28-day periods was not significantly affected by the growing treatments. Neither growth nor laying performance was influenced by the treatments imposed during the rearing period of the second experiment. The two supplies of USFS varied considerably in crude fiber (14.6 vs 25.8%) and ether extract components (42.4 vs. 29.0%, respectively). The discrepancy in growth response to USFS of the two experiments was possibly related to the difference in the ether extract portions of the oil seeds. Egg production rate was significantly increased by Aureomycin only when the diet was pelleted.

Animals↗