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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Tip-localized actin polymerization and remodeling, reflected by the localization of ADF, profilin and villin, are fundamental for gravity-sensing and polar growth in characean rhizoids.

Polar organization and gravity-oriented, polarized growth of characean rhizoids are dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. In this report, we demonstrate that the prominent center of the Spitzenkörper serves as the apical actin polymerization site in the extending tip. After cytochalasin D-induced disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, the regeneration of actin microfilaments (MFs) starts with the reappearance of a flat, brightly fluorescing actin array in the outermost tip. The actin array rounds up, produces actin MFs that radiate in all directions and is then relocated into its original central position in the center of the Spitzenkörper. The emerging actin MFs rearrange and cross-link to form the delicate, subapical meshwork, which then controls the statolith positioning, re-establishes the tip-high calcium gradient and mediates the reorganization of the Spitzenkörper with its central ER aggregate and the accumulation of secretory vesicles. Tip growth and gravitropic sensing, which includes control of statolith positioning and gravity-induced sedimentation, are not resumed until the original polar actin organization is completely restored. Immunolocalization of the actin-binding proteins, actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and profilin, which both accumulate in the center of the Spitzenkörper, indicates high actin turnover and gives additional support for the actin-polymerizing function of this central, apical area. Association of villin immunofluorescence with two populations of thick undulating actin cables with uniform polarity underlying rotational cytoplasmic streaming in the basal region suggests that villin is the major actin-bundling protein in rhizoids. Our results provide evidence that the precise coordination of apical actin polymerization and dynamic remodeling of actin MFs by actin-binding proteins play a fundamental role in cell polarization, gravity sensing and gravity-oriented polarized growth of characean rhizoids.

Actin Depolymerizing Factors↗
PubMed1997

Immunocytochemical localization of prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in the anuran pituitary gland: subcellular localization in corticotrope and melanotrope cells.

Specific antisera against mammalian prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 have been used to examine, light-immunocytochemically, the distribution of these enzymes in the pituitary gland of five different species of anuran amphibians (Rana catesbeiana, Bufo japonicus formosus, Xenopus laevis, Rana brevipoda porosa, and Buergeria japonica). A differential pattern of immunoreactivity of PC1 and PC2 was found among these species. Only PC1 was found in the corticotrope cells of the pars distalis in R. catesbeiana, B. japonicus formosus, and X. laevis. Only PC2 was observed in these cells in B. japonica, whereas both PC1 and PC2 were present in these cells in R. brevipoda porosa. PC2 immunoreactivity was always observed in melanotrope cells in the pars intermedia of all of the species, but it coexisted with PC1 immunoreactivity only in R. catesbeiana and X. laevis. The nerve fibers and terminals in the pars nervosa in all of the species were intensely immunopositive with both PC1 and PC2 antibodies. Immunoelectron microscopy on B. japonicus formosus and B. japonica, by means of double-labeling with gold particles of different sizes, revealed that almost all the adrenocorticotropin-positive secretory granules in the corticotrope cells and alpha-melanophore-stimulating-hormone-positive secretory granules in the melanotrope cells were also labeled with either PC1 or PC2 antibodies. This study suggests that PC1 and PC2 are involved in the intracellular proteolytic cleavage of proopiomelanocortin in amphibian pituitary glands, a situation similar to that proposed for mammals.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed2003

Adjuvant hormone therapy after radiation or surgery for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is being diagnosed at an earlier age and earlier disease stage than previously and increasing numbers of relatively young men are receiving potentially curative radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for early prostate cancer. Although many of these men have an excellent outcome, a significant proportion subsequently experience disease recurrence or cancer-related death. Men with unfavorable tumor characteristics at the time of radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy are particularly at high risk of experiencing disease recurrence. One strategy to improve outcome for these men is adjuvant hormone therapy (hormone therapy administered immediately after therapy of primary curative intent). Surgical castration (bilateral orchiectomy), medical castration using the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist goserelin, and antiandrogen monotherapy have been investigated as adjuvant hormone therapy to radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy, and each therapy has demonstrated clinical benefits because of a significant improvement in disease-free survival. Furthermore, data are available to indicate that adjuvant hormone therapy achieved by goserelin or bilateral orchiectomy improves overall survival, particularly in men at high risk of progression. Because the effects of LHRH agonists are reversible, they provide a more acceptable method of adjuvant therapy compared to bilateral orchiectomy, particularly in the adjuvant setting, and are preferred by patients. However, the adverse effects on quality of life, in particular on sexual interest and function and bone mineral density, may limit the use of LHRH agonists in some patients. However, these parameters are maintained with nonsteroidal antiandrogens. The first data from the Early Prostate Cancer program indicate that adjuvant bicalutamide 150 mg is associated with a significant improvement in progression-free survival after radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. Gynecomastia and breast pain are the most common side effects associated with bicalutamide therapy. Medical or surgical castration in combination with an antiandrogen (combined androgen blockade) is another option for use as an adjuvant hormone therapy. However, no study has reported on the use of combined androgen blockade in this setting. Adjuvant hormone therapy provides clinicians with another treatment option for patients with early prostate cancer and unfavorable tumor characteristics.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Terminal sprouting of motoneurones is a local response to a local stimulus.

Terminal sprouting was visualized in silver stained whole mounts of rat sternocostal muscles after resecting one segmental nerve. Sprouts were only found near denervated muscle fibres. The effective diffusion range of the sprout inducing factor released by denervated fibres was 50--100 micrometers. Individual terminals of the same motoneurone sprout independently of each other and only when they intercept the sprout inducing factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Immunocytochemical localization of the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor in the guinea pig cochlear nucleus: evidence for receptor localization heterogeneity.

Immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal antibody against the GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor showed labeled axo-dendritic synapses in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. In the dorsal cochlear nucleus, label was seen apposing both axo-somatic and axo-dendritic terminals. The results suggest a heterogeneous distribution of GABA receptors, together with a possible segregation of receptor subtypes between somata and dendrites in certain neurons. The presence of cytoplasmic labeling in some neurons might reflect a higher receptor turnover rate in these neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Local residual ridge augmentation with solid hydroxyapatite blocks: Part II--Correction of local resorption defects in 50 patients.

Replacement of anterior teeth with fixed or removable prostheses is often a compromise, because the resorbed residual ridge in the area of missing teeth cannot be ideally restored functionally and esthetically at the same time. To address this problem, 67 blocks of hydroxyapatite were placed subperiosteally to improve residual ridge resorption defects subsequent to loss of anterior teeth in 50 patients. The implants were evaluated clinically and radiographically for 6 months to 7 years after implantation. Results indicate that the suggested approach improves the esthetic results and the prognosis of fixed prostheses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Cell motility: an interplay between local and non-local measurement.

The bending motions of an ATP-activated actin filament and a flagellar axoneme of starfish spermatozoon exhibit a one-to-many correspondence between the displacement of the medium and the force actualized in the medium, demonstrating sharp contrast to the one-to-one correspondence in classical mechanics. Uniqueness of the actualized forces is lacking. Cell motility suggests the absence of a completely specifiable boundary condition that would unambiguously control the dynamics of generating mechanical forces in motile cells. The one-to-many relationship between the displacement of the medium and the force actualized in the medium necessitates a materialistic capacity for making choices on the part of molecules and cells in transforming future possibilities into actualized reality, the latter of which again serves as the source of the further future possibilities.

Animals↗