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PubMed2000

[Physical activity in children and adolescents in relation to growth and development].

BACKGROUND: Physical activity may influence the performance and health of children and adolescents. The purpose of this article is to give a review of present knowledge in this field. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature was searched using Medline and the Norwegian University of Sports library. RESULTS: Related to body mass, boys have an aerobic capacity like young adults. Girls show a reduction from prepuberty until adulthood. Their trainability seems to be lower than in adults. Anaerobic capacity and muscle strength are lower than in adults, but increase during puberty, especially in boys. The trainability is good at all ages. There are small differences in performance between boys and girls before puberty. Physical activity has favourable metabolic effects and influences the development of fat tissue, skeleton and probably tendons, ligaments and cartilage. INTERPRETATION: Physical activity is important for performance and health during the growing years and later. It is a factor in the prevention of artheriosclerotic disease, hypertension, obesity, diabetes type 2, some types of cancers, osteoporosis, and muscular problems. Specialisation in sports should normally be postponed until late puberty, even by those who aim at high performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Can we reduce the episotomy rate?].

OBJECTIVES: Determine whether scientific evidence supports an "appropriate" episiotomy rate - and whether this rate can be reduced via medical intervention and or preventive actions during pregnancy or at the time of delivery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey of the literature available on Medline and the Cochrane Library between 1980 and 2005 and dealing with the objectives of the present study was undertaken. RESULTS: In France, the national episiotomy rate should not reach 30%. A program aiming at continuous improvement in quality-of-care after episiotomy and including various actions - training courses, audits, presence of a staff leader, episiotomy rate feedback per midwife or obstetrician - could help reduce the use of episiotomies (grade B). There is insufficient scientific data available to recommend perineal massaging or pre-birth perineal physiotherapy (grade B), and the benefits of a pre-birth training course on the perineum are still to be assessed (grade C). A pregnancy-long support provided to a woman by the same professional could reduce the use of episiotomies but not resorting to perineum repair (grade B). The effects of various types of pre-birth training courses on the perineum are unknown (grade C). We lack scientific data to promote perineal massaging during labor (grade B). Some studies show that an upright position during the second stage of labor is less harmful to the perineum than the classical dorsal reclining position, however it can increase the possibility of post-partum hemorrhage (grade B). Scientific proof is not sufficient to advise favoring a particular type of pushing or a specific manner to release the baby's head (grade B). CONCLUSION: More randomized studies are necessary to assess the relevance of all these preventive measures as regards the use of episiotomies.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

A film program in a teaching hospital.

The Martland Hospital Medical Library has for more than a year been conducting a 16mm film program for interns, residents, attending physicians, and nurses as an adjunct to continuing education. It was possible to run this project on a minimal budget because many films are available at little or no cost from governmental agencies, pharmaceutical companies, medical associations, and universities. The program is run on a departmental basis. Films for a department are selected by the chief resident in that department from a list which the librarian has prepared of available films in the specialty involved. The library orders and publicizes the films and transacts all business in connection with them. Films pertinent to clinical practice are preferred. The administration of this program is described in this paper, and a number of film catalogs are evaluated. Criteria for film selection are discussed.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1984

[The role of support elements in medical education].

There is a definite and inexorable trend in medical schools toward changes in the training of physicians. This transformation of medical education is being seen in the most traditional schemes, which predominate in the medical schools of Latin America, and the most modern and complex approaches, even though they are relatively a minority phenomenon in many countries. This article examines the support facilities needed at each stage of this evolution: libraries, communication media, teaching and physical resources and technologies, and hospital and laboratory facilities. It also describes the influence of each of them on the physician's training. The author is of the view that the common denominator among all aspects of medical education, from the student's physical environment to the sophisticated resources embodied in computers, must be the interpersonal relationship. The ideal situation in which the healthy professions can profit fully from the rationalization and management of knowledge in the medical school setting is one of rapprochement between the transmitters (teachers) and receivers (students) of information, whether medical or in any other subject.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1966

Medical libraries and the assessment of user needs.

Users of information in science and technology have been studied in great detail with respect to material read, amount of time spent in reading and searching the literature, categories of questions asked, and so on. Probing for this information has been undertaken by means of structured and unstructured interviews, diaries, surveys, and questionnaires.Although a large amount of data has emerged on information usage and flow, the subjective response of scientists furnishes comment only on the satisfaction produced by present information services and does not yield insight into the extent to which needs remain unsatisfied. Relevance figures based upon the response of systems to questions cannot be equated with satisfaction of needs, since questions constitute, in most cases, inadequate representations of underlying information needs. Assessment of the needs of users of medical libraries and information systems must, in fact, be made in relation to the observed behavior and experience of biomedical scientists. There is room for well-designed experimentation which can explore the interaction of both psychological and environmental factors. Significant differences in information needs exist among and between individuals such as researchers and clinicians in the same environment. With respect to environment, it is hypothesized that the information needs of medical practitioners in remote areas might differ significantly from those of their colleagues working in large metropolitan centers in close proximity to medical schools, research institutions, and other rich sources of information fallout. It is anticipated that experimentation will eventually result in a methodology which will permit the determination and prediction of the information needs of any identified groups of users in a specific environment.

Libraries, Medical↗
PubMed2003

Brachytherapy dosimetry of 125I and 103Pd sources using an updated cross section library for the MCNP Monte Carlo transport code.

Permanent implantation of low energy (20-40 keV) photon emitting radioactive seeds to treat prostate cancer is an important treatment option for patients. In order to produce accurate implant brachytherapy treatment plans, the dosimetry of a single source must be well characterized. Monte Carlo based transport calculations can be used for source characterization, but must have up to date cross section libraries to produce accurate dosimetry results. This work benchmarks the MCNP code and its photon cross section library for low energy photon brachytherapy applications. In particular, we calculate the emitted photon spectrum, air kerma, depth dose in water, and radial dose function for both 125I and 103Pd based seeds and compare to other published results. Our results show that MCNP's cross section library differs from recent data primarily in the photoelectric cross section for low energies and low atomic number materials. In water, differences as large as 10% in the photoelectric cross section and 6% in the total cross section occur at 125I and 103Pd photon energies. This leads to differences in the dose rate constant of 3% and 5%, and differences as large as 18% and 20% in the radial dose function for the 125I and 103Pd based seeds, respectively. Using a partially updated photon library, calculations of the dose rate constant and radial dose function agree with other published results. Further, the use of the updated photon library allows us to verify air kerma and depth dose in water calculations performed using MCNP's perturbation feature to simulate updated cross sections. We conclude that in order to most effectively use MCNP for low energy photon brachytherapy applications, we must update its cross section library. Following this update, the MCNP code system will be a very effective tool for low energy photon brachytherapy dosimetry applications.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed2000

Selection of peptides with semiconductor binding specificity for directed nanocrystal assembly.

In biological systems, organic molecules exert a remarkable level of control over the nucleation and mineral phase of inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate and silica, and over the assembly of crystallites and other nanoscale building blocks into complex structures required for biological function. This ability to direct the assembly of nanoscale components into controlled and sophisticated structures has motivated intense efforts to develop assembly methods that mimic or exploit the recognition capabilities and interactions found in biological systems. Of particular value would be methods that could be applied to materials with interesting electronic or optical properties, but natural evolution has not selected for interactions between biomolecules and such materials. However, peptides with limited selectivity for binding to metal surfaces and metal oxide surfaces have been successfully selected. Here we extend this approach and show that combinatorial phage-display libraries can be used to evolve peptides that bind to a range of semiconductor surfaces with high specificity, depending on the crystallographic orientation and composition of the structurally similar materials we have used. As electronic devices contain structurally related materials in close proximity, such peptides may find use for the controlled placement and assembly of a variety of practically important materials, thus broadening the scope for 'bottom-up' fabrication approaches.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Integrated web service for improving alignment quality based on segments comparison.

BACKGROUND: Defining blocks forming the global protein structure on the basis of local structural regularity is a very fruitful idea, extensively used in description, and prediction of structure from only sequence information. Over many years the secondary structure elements were used as available building blocks with great success. Specially prepared sets of possible structural motifs can be used to describe similarity between very distant, non-homologous proteins. The reason for utilizing the structural information in the description of proteins is straightforward. Structural comparison is able to detect approximately twice as many distant relationships as sequence comparison at the same error rate. RESULTS: Here we provide a new fragment library for Local Structure Segment (LSS) prediction called FRAGlib which is integrated with a previously described segment alignment algorithm SEA. A joined FRAGlib/SEA server provides easy access to both algorithms, allowing a one stop alignment service using a novel approach to protein sequence alignment based on a network matching approach. The FRAGlib used as secondary structure prediction achieves only 73% accuracy in Q3 measure, but when combined with the SEA alignment, it achieves a significant improvement in pairwise sequence alignment quality, as compared to previous SEA implementation and other public alignment algorithms. The FRAGlib algorithm takes approximately 2 min. to search over FRAGlib database for a typical query protein with 500 residues. The SEA service align two typical proteins within circa approximately 5 min. All supplementary materials (detailed results of all the benchmarks, the list of test proteins and the whole fragments library) are available for download on-line at http://ffas.ljcrf.edu/darman/results/. CONCLUSIONS: The joined FRAGlib/SEA server will be a valuable tool both for molecular biologists working on protein sequence analysis and for bioinformaticians developing computational methods of structure prediction and alignment of proteins.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1975

Medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971.

Twenty-four medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971 were surveyed by means of questionnaires and visits. Results indicated that half of these libraries will have reached maximum functional capacity approximately six years after they moved into their new quarters. Space for technical processing is generally much less than required. Special features and examples of effective planning are described, and problems in arrangement, traffic patterns for people and materials, and the lack of logical expansion space are discussed. Comparisons are made with a similar survey of twenty medical school libraries made in 1961.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1993

Use of peptide libraries to map the substrate specificity of a peptide-modifying enzyme: a 13 residue consensus peptide specifies biotinylation in Escherichia coli.

I describe a technique for screening peptide libraries of over 10(9) independent clones for substrates of peptide-modifying enzymes. The peptides, linked to their genetic material by the lac repressor, are exposed to the enzyme and then screened by affinity purification on a receptor specific for the modified product. The enzyme characterized, E. coli biotin holoenzyme synthetase, normally adds biotin to a specific lysine residue in complex protein domains. The 13 residue substrate identified by this library screening approach is much smaller than the 75 amino acid required sequence of the natural substrate, and can function at either end of a fusion protein. The sequence is quite distinct at some positions from that region of the natural substrates, presumably because the peptides have to mimic the folded structure formed by the natural substrate. This technique should be useful for mapping the substrate specificity of a variety of peptide-modifying enzymes. In addition, small peptide substrates that are enzymatically biotinylated at a single site should be useful for a variety of purposes in labeling, purification, detection, and immobilization of proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

The amino acid sequence of the human RNA polymerase II 33-kDa subunit hRPB 33 is highly conserved among eukaryotes.

We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA of 1766 base pairs in length encoding the 275 amino acids of hRPB 33, the third largest subunit of human RNA polymerase II. The DNA was isolated by screening of a human lambda gt11 cDNA library with oligonucleotides designed on the basis of the amino acid residue analysis of the bovine material. The hRPB 33 amino acid sequence is highly conserved between Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human. Overall, 45% of the amino acid residues are identical with the yeast homologue RPB 3, and 65% of the amino acids are identical in the two major conserved regions at residues 0-103 and 151-197. hRPB 33 is also homologous to yeast RPC 5. The amino acid sequence of hRPB 33 showed no obvious homology with bacterial RNA polymerase or with any of its sigma factors.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

Medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971.

Twenty-four medical school libraries in the United States and Canada build between 1961 and 1971 were surveyed by means of questionnaires and visits. Results indicated that half of these libraries will have reached maximum functional capacity approximately six years after they were moved into their new quarters. Space for technical processing is generally much less than is required. Special features and examples of effective planning are described, and problems in arrangement, traffic patterns for people and materials, and the lack of logical expansion space are discussed. Comparisons are made with a similar survey of twenty medical school libraries made in 1961.

Canada↗
PubMed1970

Collecting for the history of medicine.

Value of books depends on their place in the collection, and it is not suggested that the librarian become an expert in the prices of rare books. The dealer should be trusted as an adviser. The same is true about disposal of rare books. An account is given of earlier practice at the New York Academy of Medicine Library in the acquisition of rare books, and some notable items are listed. The importance of pamphlets, reprints, and annual reports is discussed. Building a collection of the institution's own records is commended, and various examples given of how an unbalanced or inappropriate collection loses its value. Good examples of special subject collections are quoted. Care and preservation of rare material are discussed.

Book Collecting↗
PubMed1997

Molecular temporal bone pathology: I. Historical foundation.

The application of molecular biology techniques to temporal bone research is resulting in rapid changes in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of auditory, facial nerve, and vestibular function. The use of the polymerase chain reaction, cDNA libraries, and in situ hybridization histochemistry, the determination of genetic defects, and the manipulation of transgenic animals are the molecular biology tools that are available to approach these research problems. Knowledge of the molecular pathology that results in the otologic and neuro-otologic dysfunction many of our patients experience is currently in its infancy. A review of the historical foundation of temporal bone pathology and the evolution of the application of cell and molecular biology methods to archival celloidin-embedded human temporal bone material is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERLIBRARY LOAN SERVICE IN JAPANESE MEDICAL LIBRARIES.

An interlibrary loan system in Japan was established by the Japanese Medical Library Association in 1927. Since then the members of the Association have increased from five to forty-eight-all forty-six medical school libraries and two dental school libraries. The Association's service has been enlarged, particularly since World War II. The number of interlibrary loans among member libraries has increased greatly, especially since 1954, thanks to the development of union lists and photoduplication service. Today, more than 80 percent of the requests are filled with photocopied materials. On the other hand, the growth of medical literature has made interlibrary cooperation very necessary, especially internationally. An agreement was made in 1948 concerning photoduplication service between the Japanese Medical Library Association and the National Library of Medicine.

Computer Systems↗