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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Selective "semantic amnesia" after closed-head injury. A case report.

An 18-year-old girl with a left parietal lesion caused by a closed-head injury exhibited a peculiar memory impairment. The patient showed selective "semantic amnesia" (severe loss of the stock of notions acquired prior to the disease), while autobiographic memory and spatial learning ability were preserved. The semantic/episodic distinction is discussed in the light of the patient's performance on neuropsychological tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Replication of a premenstrual decrease in right-ear advantage on language-related dichotic listening tests of cerebral laterality.

Five fused dichotic word tasks measured perceptual asymmetry in 30 women at 4 weekly intervals. The five tasks varied according to whether the stimuli presented were word-word pairs or nonsense word-pairs, or whether they consisted of neutral words paired with positive emotion-evoking words (e.g. hug-tug), neutral words paired with negative emotion-evoking words (e.g. till-kill), or neutral words paired with neutral words (e.g. bean-dean). Overall right-ear advantage (REA) decreased in the premenstrual week relative to the postmenstrual week, replicating previous results using identical measures. In addition, REA scores were similar at menstrual, postmenstrual and midcycle weeks. Additional data from 12 men suggests sex differences in task performance were small or non-existent. In both women and men, there were no effects of repeated testing on REA, but emotional proclivity indices, defined as the tendency to recall words of positive or negative affective tone, increased across the four test sessions. As found previously, there was a trend for women to hear fewer positive words during the premenstrual week. These data are consistent with other research suggesting that a progesterone-mediated decrease in functional asymmetry occurs in the luteal phase. Future research manipulating task demands (e.g. memory load) or the affective valence of the stimuli may be useful in understanding the observed changes in hemispheric advantage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

When writing 0 (zero) is easier than writing O (o): a neuropsychological case study of agraphia.

Though a few case studies reported a dissociation between intact writing of Arabic and impaired writing of alphabetical script, a detailed experimental analysis of such a dissociation is still lacking. We report a follow-up study of a patient with a parieto-occipital lesion who is affected by severe peripheral agraphia for letters, but not for Arabic digits. While letters in writing to dictation are frequently illegible, distorted, or consist in meaningless strokes, Arabic digits are well-formed and fluently produced. In a series of tasks, including copying of letters with tachistoscopic presentation and handwriting on a digitizing tablet, several processing levels are assessed in order to localize JS' functional writing impairment and to determine different processing routes for letters and for numbers. Overall, the results of the experimental investigation suggest a notation specific deficit in the activation of graphomotor patterns for letters, but not for digits. The study thus adds evidence to the so far reported dissociations between Arabic and alphabetical scripts.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of language achievement in children with cochlear implants and children using hearing aids.

English language achievement of 29 prelingually deaf children with 3 or more years of cochlear implant (CI) experience was compared to the achievement levels of prelingually deaf children who did not have such CI experience. Language achievement was measured by the Rhode Island Test of Language Structure (RITLS), a measure of signed and spoken sentence comprehension, and the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn), a measure of expressive (signed and spoken) English grammar. When the CI users were compared with their deaf age mates who contributed to the norms of the RITLS, it was found that CI users achieved significantly better scores. Likewise, we found that CI users performed better than 29 deaf children who used hearing aids (HAs) with respect to English grammar achievement as indexed by the IPSyn. Additionally, we found that chronological age highly correlated with IPSyn levels only among the non-CI users, whereas length of CI experience was significantly correlated with IPSyn scores for CI users. Finally, clear differences between those with and without CI experience were found by 2 years of post-implant experience. These data provide evidence that children who receive CIs benefit in the form of improved English language comprehension and production.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Impaired grammar with normal fluency and phonology. Implications for Broca's aphasia.

Extensive testing of grammatical function, including assessment of spontaneous language, inflectional morphology, ability to produce grammatical structures, syntactic comprehension and grammatical judgement, was carried out in 2 patients with large dominant frontal lobe lesions, including but not confined to, the third frontal convolution. Both patients were fluent and had normal articulation and phonological production and neither was agrammatic, suggesting that even very large frontal lesions do not produce Broca's aphasia and that language cortex proper is confined to the postcentral perisylvian region. Both patients were impaired in the use of more complex syntactic structures and one, who in addition had severe generalized impairment in frontal lobe function, also had impaired judgement regarding the use and placement of functors. These data provide further support for the dissociability of syntactic and morphological aspects of grammar in aphasic patients and, together with other studies, link these functions with the frontal lobe and the postcentral perisylvian cortex, respectively. The sparing of grammatical judgement in 1 patient, despite a very extensive lesion, suggests that very large portions of the frontal lobe are involved in grammatical function. The nature of frontal lobe function in syntax appears to be congruent with the role of the frontal lobes in other aspects of behaviour.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Reciprocal neurological developments of twins discordant for hydrocephalus.

Studies of 10 sets of twins discordant for hydrocephalus in early life revealed striking differences in degree and nature of development of verbal vs. non-verbal cognitive functions, birth order, and hand and eye preference. Despite similar (four dizygotic pairs) or identical (six monozygotic pairs) genetic endowment and grossly similar intra- and extra-uterine environmental and socio-economic influences, the consistency of the differences between the hydrocephalic children and their seemingly normal twins indicate systematic differences in pre-, peri- and/or early postnatal organization and development of hemispheric function. Follow-up studies also documented development of above-average intelligence, despite drastically reduced cerebral mantle size in hydrocephalus of early onset. The atypical patterns of development of the non-hydrocephalic twins also confirm previously described qualifications reported in studies of the significance of genetic vs. environmental factors in twins.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Single photon emission computed tomography in dementia: relationship of perfusion to cognitive deficits.

Sixteen patients with dementia (nine with Alzheimer's disease and seven with multi-infarct dementia) were studied with xenon-133 and hexamethyl-propyleneamine-oxime single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Quantification of cerebral blood flow was determined in 16 hemispheric regions of interest. Neuropsychological deficits were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Neurobehavior Cognitive Status Examination. Alzheimer's disease patients had symmetric reduction of parietal lobe perfusion; multi-infarct dementia patients had multifocal perfusion deficits. Correlations were demonstrated between cerebral blood flow in the posterior brain regions and performance on tests of language, memory, attention, figure copying, judgment, and similarities. Alzheimer's disease patients exhibited more language impairment than multi-infarct dementia patients. SPECT promises to provide diagnostic information and data relevant to interpretation of neuropsychological deficits.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Deficits of higher cortical functioning in two patients with posterior parietal arteriovenous malformations. Use of the standardized Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for pre- and postoperative assessment.

The Standardized Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Test Battery was used for pre- and postoperative evaluation of two patients, each of whom had a large posterior parietal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the left cerebral hemisphere. In both cases the AVMs, which were fed by the left anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries, were resected completely. These cortical lesions, which were almost identical in anatomical location and pathophysiology, produced deficits in higher cortical functioning that were remarkably similar in the two patients studied. Disorganization of spatially based complex speech and confusion with arithmetic and writing functions were the most prominent pre- and postoperative problem areas. Other functions that had been mildly abnormal preoperatively had improved at the last testing session 6 months postoperatively. The test battery is easy to administer, has standardized scoring, requires only 2.5 hours of testing time, and produces reliable, reproducible results. Our initial experience with this test battery suggests that it is readily applicable to patients with neurosurgical disease and may be of benefit in planning appropriate rehabilitation and in obtaining knowledge that will increase our understanding of complex brain functions.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Letter and category fluency in children with fetal alcohol syndrome from a community in South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether there were differential effects of substantial prenatal alcohol exposure on letter and category fluency in children. Given that children with prenatal alcohol exposure are often impaired in executive functioning and that letter fluency taxes executive processes more than category fluency, it was expected that children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) would be more impaired in letter than in category fluency. A second objective of the study was to examine the developmental trends in the two types of fluency in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. It was hypothesized that between the ages of 6 and 9 years, these FAS children would show age-related changes in category fluency but not in letter fluency. METHOD: As part of a neuropsychological test battery designed for an international collaborative study of FAS in South Africa, tests of letter and category fluency were administered in Afrikaans. The participants were 62 children with FAS and 61 controls matched with respect to age, gender (58 boys and 65 girls), ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Results showed that the FAS group had relatively greater difficulty with letter fluency than with category fluency and that the FAS group generated fewer words in both fluency conditions. Contrary to the expectation, however, alcohol-affected children demonstrated age-related linear trends in both letter and category fluency. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study of verbal fluency involving a large sample of well-diagnosed children with FAS conducted in a nonwestern environment. The results are nonetheless consistent with those obtained in western countries in studies of children with various levels of prenatal alcohol exposure and various levels of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. This study suggests that at least some aspects of the cognitive profile associated with prenatal alcohol exposure may be generalizable across cultural and ethnic boundaries.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Comprehension and production of gestures by children with normal and impaired language at ages 4, 5, and 6.

12 children with normal verbal language, ages 4, 5, and 6, were matched with 12 children with impaired verbal language. When the two groups were compared for comprehension and production of nonverbal gestures as well as verbal language, the latter group scored more poorly in both areas. Implications for speech-language pathologists and other professionals in the assessment and remediation of language in language-impaired children are mentioned.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Eight-year school performance, neurodevelopmental, and growth outcome of neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a comparative study.

Eight-year outcome is reported for three groups of preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia--group 1 with a birth gestation of less than or equal to 31 weeks receiving supplemental oxygen until the equivalent of 36 weeks' gestation, group 2 of the same gestation receiving supplemental oxygen to 28 days postnatal age but not to 36 weeks gestational age, and group 3 with a gestation of greater than or equal to 32 weeks requiring supplemental oxygen for greater than 28 days--and for an individually matched preterm neonatal comparison group and a term peer comparison group for each bronchopulmonary dysplasia group. The subjects all had parents whose mother tongue was English and were matched for gender, mother's education, and father's socioeconomic status, and in the case of the neonatal comparison groups they also were matched for birth gestation and birth weight. Physical growth and psychoeducational and school performance test scores were similar for the three bronchopulmonary dysplasia study groups with the exception of lower intelligence quotient for those receiving supplemental oxygen for the longest time. Children in groups 1 and 2 had outcome scores similar to those of the neonatal comparison group and significantly below those of their peer comparison groups. On multivariate analysis for group 1 children, 61% of the variance of academic achievement was related to lowest recorded pH, father's socioeconomic status, and lowest recorded PaO2. Compared with the peer groups, the study groups continued to show academic delay when the disabled children were excluded from analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗