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PubMed1984

Carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts in homosexuals.

A total of 83 male homosexuals were studied to ascertain the carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts. The homosexual group had a significantly (p less than 0.0005) higher prevalence than a control group. One or more types of protozoa were found in 33 homosexuals. The carriage of intestinal protozoal cysts was associated with particular sexual practices and promiscuity, but not with symptomatic bowel disorders. The possible implications of the carriage of these cysts are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Infection with cytomegalovirus in homosexual men.

The prevalence and incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections were studied in a group of homosexual men. Of the 710 participants, 501 (70.6%) had complement fixing antibodies to CMV on entry to the study. During the follow up (maximum 23 months) 69 CMV infections were found: 50 primary infections among the 209 seronegative men (attack rate 27.3%), and 19 recurrent infections among the 501 seropositive men (attack rate 6.2%). The prevalence of antibody to CMV was correlated with four characteristics of the participants' lifestyles: duration of homosexual activity, number of different sexual partners, history of syphilis, and anal sexual contact. Among the seronegative men, the incidence of primary infection with CMV correlated with a history of syphilis and anal sexual contact. We conclude that infections with CMV are highly prevalent among homosexual men, and that anal sexual contact plays an important part in the transmission of this virus.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Prevalence of urinary tract infection in homosexual and heterosexual men.

Homosexual practices might be expected to result in an increase in urinary tract infection in adult men. Midstream urine specimens were collected from 200 homosexual and 205 heterosexual men attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Three specimens from each group yielded more than 10(5) Escherichia coli per ml. The prevalence of urinary tract infection among homosexuals was therefore similar to that in the heterosexual population.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Sexual lifestyle and clinical findings related to HTLV-III/LAV status in homosexual men.

A study of 304 sexually active homosexual men, most of whom had multiple casual partners, showed that receptive anogenital intercourse, independent of anal bleeding, was the only risk factor for HTLV-III/LAV transmission. There was no evidence that HTLV-III/LAV infection, measured by seropositivity, was transmitted by oroanal or orogenital routes, or that insertive penile intercourse constituted a risk. The strongest predictor of seropositivity proved to be homosexual activity for more than five years, which may lead to enhanced susceptibility to infection. Sexual exposure to European men seemed to be even more hazardous than sexual exposure to men from the United States of America, and emphasised the epidemiological importance of the promiscuous homosexual abroad. Skin complaints were the most common presenting symptoms in men with antibody to HTLV-III/LAV. Extrainguinal lymphadenopathy was the commonest sign, which was present in just under half of those who were seropositive. More than one quarter of seropositive patients had had sexual intercourse with a woman in the five years before being tested.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1992

Bullous impetigo in homosexual men--a risk marker for HIV-1 infection?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of bullous impetigo in a group of homosexual men at high risk of HIV-1 infection. DESIGN: A longitudinal descriptive study (1984-9). SETTING: A private primary care and STD clinic in Sydney, Australia. SUBJECTS: 88 homosexual men documented to seroconvert to HIV-1, and 37 homosexual controls who had practised unprotected anal intercourse with another man known to be HIV-1 positive but who remained HIV-1 negative. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of bullous impetigo. RESULTS: The crude annual incidence of bullous impetigo was 0.015 in subjects while they remained HIV-1 negative (10 cases) and 0.045 in early HIV-1 positive subjects (2 cases). Overall, 9% of the HIV-1 seroconverters and 9% of the HIV-1 negative controls were documented as suffering bullous impetigo over a mean of 29.2 and 39.3 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bullous impetigo in an adult could prove to be a clinical indication that a person is either infected with HIV-1 or is in close (possibly sexual) contact with a person with HIV-1 infection. If true, the recognition of bullous impetigo could provide an opportunity for behavioural intervention to limit the spread of HIV-1.

Australia↗
PubMed1994

Rectal spirochaetosis in homosexual men: the association with sexual practices, HIV infection and enteric flora.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of rectal spirochaetosis in homosexual men attending a sexually transmissible diseases clinic and investigate the association between their presence and sexual practices, HIV infection and enteric flora. DESIGN: The study included 144 male homosexual subjects who each completed a questionnaire, underwent physical examination, proctoscopy and investigations for STD and HIV screening, rectal biopsies and collection of faecal samples. SETTING: The Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, Australia. RESULTS: Spirochaetes were detected in 39% of the rectal biopsies, using histological criteria. Logistic regression analysis showed that rectal spirochaetosis was significantly associated with: oral-anal contact. (P < 0.05, OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.48-8.05); detection of 3-5 different non-pathogenic protozoa in faeces (P < 0.01, OR 11.68, 95% C.I. 2.33-58) and a positive HIV antibody test (P < 0.01) OR 4.48, 95% C.I. 1.28-15.72). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that rectal spirochaetosis is relatively common in homosexual men. The association with non-pathogenic protozoa is most likely attributable to the common mode of transmission viz oral-anal contact. However it is difficult to determine whether the association with HIV infection is cause or effect because of the limitations in the study design. Further information is required to determine the clinical significance of infection with these organisms.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Hepatitis C virus infection in a male homosexual cohort: risk factor analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of morbidity throughout the world. Parenteral exposure to infected blood accounts for the majority of cases. Sexual transmission is suggested by the higher prevalence of infection in sex workers and homosexual men. Sexual practices which contribute to HCV infection need to be identified. METHODS: The social and medical history, and HCV serostatus of 1058 homosexual men in the Pittsburgh arm of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study were analysed. Multivariate analysis was used to determine risk factors for HCV seropositivity. RESULTS: 31 men were HCV seropositive by enzyme immunoassay and recombinant immunoblot assay (2.9%). They were more likely to be HIV seropositive (39%) than the HCV seronegative men (19%). Needle sharing and illegal drug use were the most important risk factors for HCV seropositivity. Statistically significant sexual factors (p < 0.05) included a history of syphilis, rectal gonorrhea, anal insertive intercourse with ejaculation, and douche or enema use before anal receptive intercourse. The number of sexual partners was not a significant risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: HCV infection is associated with specific sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and sexual practices in the male homosexual population. The evidence of high risk behavior should be incorporated into ongoing educational efforts to decrease the incidence of STDs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Reemergence of infectious syphilis among homosexual men and HIV coinfection in Barcelona, 2002-2003].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An increase in syphilis infections since the mid 1990s has been documented, especially in homosexual men, in different European and North American cities. We intended to describe the characteristics of newly diagnosed cases of syphilis at the Sexually Transmitted Infections Unit of Barcelona in 2002 and 2003. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Descriptive analysis of cases with infectious syphilis and multivariate analysis of factors associated with HIV coinfection. RESULTS: 102 cases were diagnosed with infectious syphilis, 98 males (88 homosexual men). HIV coinfection was present in 34% of cases. Predictive factors of HIV coinfection were age > 30 years (p = 0.003) and having a HIV positive partner (p = 0.044). Clinically, there were no differences between cases coinfected or not with HIV. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a recent increase of syphilis in Barcelona, especially among some core groups of homosexual men with high rates of HIV coinfection.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

T-cell colony formation in healthy homosexual men without anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody.

In order to study the abnormal differentiation and proliferation of precursor T cells in homosexual men, a study was made of T-cell colony formation in 15 healthy homosexual men without anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody. The colony forming method used was the one-step monolayer technique using phytohemagglutinin as an inducer. Our results revealed that colony formation was extremely reduced and 3 cases showed no colony growth. However, with the addition of recombinant interleukin 2 to the culture system, the number of colonies increased up to the same level as in heterosexual controls. In addition, the analysis of CD3+, 4+, and 8+ cells of colony component cells revealed a decrease in CD3+ and 4+ cells. However, with the addition of recombinant interleukin 2, the numbers of CD3+ cells distinctly increased. The above results suggest that a disorder in the differentiation and proliferation of precursor T cells in homosexual men might be one of the causes of immunodeficiency.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Immunological abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected asymptomatic homosexual men. HIV affects the immune system before CD4+ T helper cell depletion occurs.

To investigate the effect of persistent HIV infection on the immune system, we studied leukocyte functions in 14 asymptomatic homosexual men (CDC group II/III) who were at least two years seropositive, but who still had normal numbers of circulating CD4+ T cells. Compared with age-matched heterosexual men and HIV-negative homosexual men, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from seropositive men showed decreased proliferation to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and decreased CD4+ T-helper activity on PWM-driven differentiation of normal donor B cells. Monocytes of HIV-infected homosexual men showed decreased accessory function on normal T cell proliferation induced by CD3 monoclonal antibody. The most striking defect in leukocyte functional activities was observed in the B cells of HIV-infected men. B cells of 13 out of 14 seropositive men failed to produce Ig in response to PWM in the presence of adequate allogeneic T-helper activity. These findings suggest that HIV induces severe immunological abnormalities in T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells early in infection before CD4+ T cell numbers start to decline. Impaired immunological function in subclinically HIV-infected patients may have clinical implications for vaccination strategies, in particular the use of live vaccines in groups with a high prevalence of HIV seropositivity.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1975

Hormonal relationships in homosexual men.

The authors note that previous data on the role of biological factors in homosexuality have been suggestive rather than definitive. They investigated hormonal metabolism in heterosexual and homosexual men and found no indication of disturbed functioning in the homosexual subjects. The authors discuss problems with research in this area, suggesting the need for larger samples, attention to the factor of diurnal variations in hormonal secretion, and methodological refinements.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMed1977

Plasma testosterone in homosexual and heterosexual women.

The authors measured plasma testosterone levels in 21 homosexual women and 19 age-matched heterosexual women. Although values for the two groups overlapped considerably, testosterone concentrations averaged 38% higher in homosexual than in heterosexual subjects. A statistically significant inverse correlation between age and testosterone level was found for heterosexual but not for homosexual women.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Gonadotropin, estradiol, and testosterone profiles in homosexual men.

The authors evaluated the gonadotropin-testosterone-estradiol profiles of four homosexual men and four heterosexual men by a multiple-sampling technique. Although there was extensive overlap between the two groups, the homosexual subjects had higher estradiol levels than the heterosexuals (70.3 +/- 19.8 versus 56.8 +/- 10.7 pg/ml) and lower FSH values (5.1 +/- 1.0 versus 13.2 +/- 3.4 mIU/ml). Testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were comparable in the two groups. These observations suggest that there may be subtle differences in gonadotropin and estradiol secretion in homosexual subjects that can be detected only by repeated sampling.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

"Ex-Gays": Religiously mediated change in homosexuals.

The authors evaluated 11 white men who claimed to have changed sexual orientation from exclusive homosexuality to exclusive heterosexuality through participation in a pentecostal church fellowship. Religious ideology and a religious community offered the subjects "folk therapy" experience that was paramount in producing their change. On the average their self-identification as homosexual occurred at age 11, their change to heterosexual identification occurred at age 23, and their period of heterosexual identification at the time of this study was 4 years. The authors report 8 men became emotionally detached from homosexual identity in both behavior and intrapsychic process; 3 men were functionally heterosexual with some evidence of neurotic conflict. On the Kinsey 7-point sexual orientation scale all subjects manifested major before-after changes. Corollary evidence suggests that the phenomenon of substantiated changed in sexual orientation without explicit treatment and/or long-term psychotherapy may be more more common than previously thought.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and suicidal behavior in alcohol-dependent homosexual men.

Three alcohol-dependent homosexual men with suicidal ideation and behavior consciously attempted to contract the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) as a means of committing suicide. The authors briefly examine the interrelationship among alcoholism and substance abuse, homosexuality, suicidal behavior, and AIDS; implications for the substance abuse treatment setting are noted. Early diagnosis and treatment of depression and substance abuse in homosexual men or parenteral drug abusers may prevent the spread of AIDS and reduce hidden suicidal potential.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

Some problems encountered in the psychoanalytic treatment of overt male homosexuality.

This article describes certain theoretical and clinical problems commonly met with during the psychoanalytic treatment of adult homosexual patients. Difficulties discussed are selected out of extensive clinical experience and are described under several headings: general problems, such as selection of patients, motivation for seeking therapy, problems at the outset; the working alliance and its maintenance; transference problems and the issue of analyzability; problems secondary to deficiencies in the structure of the ego of the homosexual patient; the imperativeness of the homosexual impulse and the problem of acting out; extrinsic problems.

Acting Out↗
PubMed1984

Parents of homosexuals--not guilty? Interpretation of childhood psychological data.

Data obtained in a study of 200 Dutch male homosexuals in treatment contradict the idea that parents are not causing homosexuality in their sons. Notably, the combination of overconcernedness of the mother and detachment and hypercriticism of the father push the boy into avoidance of "masculine" behavior, which in turn is leading to a feeling of inferiority because the boy considers himself as lacking in manliness. The homosexual urge is an expression of an infantile longing for acceptance to counteract the loneliness and self-pity of not belonging and must be seen as a specific neurotic manifestation.

Attitude↗
PubMed2001

Psychoanalysis and homosexuality: do we need a new theory?

No need exists, it is argued, for a new psychoanalytic theory of homosexuality. Certainly psychoanalysis should not be expected to generate such a theory using its own methodology alone. The preoccupation with producing such a theory avoids more important questions about psychoanalytic theory building raised by an examination of the long relationship between psychoanalysis and homosexuality. These questions concern the problems related to using psychoanalytic methodology (1) to construct categories (including the categories normal and abnormal), (2) to construct causal theory (the problems include the limitations of psychoanalytic developmental theory and a long-standing confusion between psychoanalytic developmental theory, psychoanalytic genetic reconstruction, and psychodynamics), and (3) to identify "bedrock." Finally, the question is addressed of what might be needed that is new in the psychoanalytic approach to homosexuality.

Female↗