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PubMed1997

Comparison of gelatin particle agglutination and hemagglutination inhibition tests for measles seroepidemiology studies.

The prevalence of measles antibody in Japan was surveyed with a newly developed gelatin particle agglutination (PA) test, and the results compared with those of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The two age-distribution curves of the PA antibody-positive rates at > or = 1:8 and > or = 1:32 were almost the same in all the age groups, except the less-than-1-year-old group for which the rate at > or = 1:8 was higher than that at > or = 1:32 (p < 0.05, chi 2 test). In the vaccinated children, all groups older-than-1-year of age had antibody-positive levels of 96% or more. In contrast, in the unvaccinated children, there was a sharp increase in antibody-positive rates between the 1- and 4-year-old groups, indicative that about 80% of the children were infected by wild measles virus at these ages. A significant number of PA antibody-positive specimens were antibody-negative (< 1:8) by HI. The percentage of specimens in this category, PA (+) but HI (-), was greatest in infants less than one year old, and least in young children, but it increased with age to 97% of the HI (-) specimens from adults of more than 20 years of age. The PA test therefore detected some measles antibodies that HI could not. This test is simple and useful for making serosurveys in both developed and developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Detection of cold hemagglutination in a blood cardioplegia unit before systemic cooling of a patient with unsuspected cold agglutinin disease.

A case is described in which hemagglutination occurred intraoperatively in cold blood flushed through the blood cardioplegia delivery system from a patient with unsuspected cold agglutinin disease. On initiating cardiopulmonary bypass and then selectively cooling the perfusate in the blood cardioplegia delivery system before inducing systemic cooling, it is possible to check for cold agglutination. Routine use of this technique may be worthwhile to detect cold agglutination in vitro before systemic cooling is begun in the rare patient with unsuspected cold agglutinins.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

Calcium-mediated hemagglutination by serum amyloid P component and the inhibition by specific glycosaminoglycans.

Human serum amyloid P component (SAP) was found to agglutinate erythrocytes in the presence of calcium ion. The hemagglutination was strongly inhibited by hyaluronic acid as well as by heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate, but not by chondroitin 4-sulfate and keratan sulfate. A specific binding of SAP to hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, and dermatan sulfate was also confirmed by the fact that these glycosaminoglycans blocked the binding of SAP to agarose, a specific ligand of SAP.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Preparation of conjugated erythrocytes for long term use in hemolytic plaque assays, complement fixation studies, or passive hemagglutinations: a comparative study of several methods.

A variety of conjugation procedures, with and without glutaraldehyde stabilized erythrocytes, was employed to couple human IgG to sheep erythrocytes. The efficiency of conjugation, the recovery of cells, and the extent of labeling are noted. These conjugated erythrocytes were then tested for suitability in the hemolytic plaque assay, in a passive hemagglutination test, in a complement assay, and in the detection of rheumatoid factor. Although several methods were useful in a variety of situations, it was found that conjugation using a water soluble carbodiimide (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide) at low temperature (4 degrees C) produced a uniformly acceptable product that was stable and reproducible over a seven week period. The use of this method for a diversity of antigens or haptens is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Passive hemagglutination and hemolysis tests for the detection of anti-DNA antibody.

Passive hemagglutination (PHA) and hemolysis (PHL) tests using chromium chloride-treated sheep red blood cells were developed to detect and measure the anti-DNA antibodies. Sonication of native DNA was found to prevent the incidence of non-specific agglutination. Sheep red cells were coated with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which had been sonicated and treated with nuclease S1 to digest the single-stranded regions in the DNA. The specificities for dsDNA-coated cells were checked by inhibition studies in PHA test and plaque assay. In clinical studies fairly close correlations were found between the antibodies to DNA and the activity of the disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Complement-fixing antibodies were detected in most of SLE patients with active lupus nephritis, but rarely in those in remission. Anticomplementary activity seemed to be negligible in PHL test. These tests are simple and may be useful to the diagnosis and the management of SLE.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A method using toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and glutaraldehyde to stabilize and conjugate antigens to erythrocytes for use in passive hemagglutination tests.

Erythrocytes were stabilized and activated for conjugation by simultaneous treatment with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and glutaraldehyde. Following conjugation with an antigen, these cells were suitable for use in passive hemagglutination tests and could be stored in either hypo- or hyper-tonic solutions at 4 degrees C for at least 3 months without hemolysis or loss of agglutinating properties. Furthermore, these cells can be lyophilized and reconstituted with minimal loss of conjugation ability or of agglutination titer.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1979

Preparation of functionalized derivatives of inulin: conjugation of erythrocytes for hemagglutination and plaque-forming cell assays.

A method is described for preparing derivatives of alkali-stable polysaccharides for coupling to immunogen carriers or to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) for use in hemagglutination (HA) and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assays. Inulin, a beta (2 leads to 1)-linked polyfructosan was partially derivatized with carboxyl, aminoethyl or (p-aminophenyl)butyryl groups; the latter derivative was coupled to SRBC following diazotization. Optimal conditions for the sensitization of SRBC with inulin were given. The immunological reactivity of the inulin molecule was unaffected by the derivatization reactions, and high, reproducible anti-inulin HA titers for inulin-binding myeloma proteins were found using these specifically sensitized SRBC. The sensitized SRBC were stable for assays for over 2 weeks. Problems with spontaneous agglutination or distortion of sensitized SRBC, normally seen in other procedures, e.g., methods using stearoyl-inulin, were not encountered.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

A passive hemagglutination test for the detection of Brucella infection.

An improved method of coupling a soluble complex, ABS, isolated from B, abortus to sheep red blood cells by chromic chloride in the presence of barbital buffer resulted in a highly specific and reliable passive hemagglutination test for the diagnosis of human and animal brucellosis. No false positive results have been found so far in more than 2000 control sera from known brucellosis-free patients or animals. On the other hand, with over 1800 test sera from patients or animals with Brucella infections, there were no false negative results, in contrast with tube agglutination or complement fixation tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Quantitation of proteins in the femtomole range by hemagglutination using an electronic particle counter.

By using an electronic particle counter equipped with two counting channels, it is possible to simultaneously count total particles and agglutinated particles in an erythrocyte population. Using these two parameters, an empirically useful measure of the degree of agglutination in a sample (the agglutination index) can be generated. This method has been used to accurately and precisely determine human serum IgG concentrations in an inhibition of hemagglutination assay. As little as 1 microgram/ml of IgG could be measured in this way. Agglutination and inhibition of agglutination assays with other systems indicate that this method will be widely applicable.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Reactivity of sera from patients with liver disease with glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes: role for false positive results in hemagglutination tests.

The use of glutaraldehyde as a coupling reagent in the passive hemagglutination test (HA) has gained wide application, especially for the coating of red blood cells (RBC) with glutaraldehyde-polymerized human serum albumin (pHSA), for studies of the albumin receptor on hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or for the detection of anti-albumin antibodies (AAA). Here we report a previously unrecognized reactivity with glutaraldehyde-treated RBC mainly with sera from patients with liver disease. The highest incidences of this reaction were found in patients with acute viral hepatitis A and B, namely 44 of 50 (88%) and 31 of 50 (62%) respectively. In 234 HBsAg carriers the frequency was low (3%). This reactivity was also observed in 19 of 50 sera from patients with chronic liver disease documented by biopsy, but not in sera from 68 healthy subjects. By immunofluorescence on glutaraldehyde-treated RBC it was shown that the corresponding antibodies belonged mainly to the IgM class. In all HBsAg-negative patients studied the HA titer against glutaraldehyde-treated RBC was in agreement with the titer against RBC coated with pHSA or pBSA (polymerized bovine serum albumin). Absorption with pHSA abolished the reaction with glutaraldehyde-treated RBC in 7 of 8 sera, suggesting a common reactivity between glutaraldehyde-polymerized HSA and glutaraldehyde-treated RBC. Apart from the possible clinical importance of these antibodies, their existence is a possible source of false positive results when glutaraldehyde is used as a coupling reagent for immunological assays, in particular with sera from patients with liver diseases.

Actins↗
PubMed1984

Serological specificity of the liposome lysis test for measurement of anti-ganglioside antibodies. A comparison with hemagglutination inhibition.

A simple and reliable complement-dependent liposome lysis test for the detection of anti-ganglioside antibodies is described. For sera raised in rabbits against the monosialoganglioside NG-GM3, the sensitivity and specificity of antibody detection was compared with that of the HRBC hemagglutination-inhibition test: the liposome lysis test appears more sensitive. A difference in antigen presentation was also demonstrated.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Covalent coupling of proteins to erythrocytes by isocyanide. A new, sensitive and mild technique for identification and estimation of antibodies by passive hemagglutination.

A mild method for covalent coupling of protein-antigens to the surface of red blood cells (RBC) is described. The method is based on the formation of covalent bonds between aldehyde groups of oxidized RBC and amino or carboxyl groups of proteins in the presence of isocyanide. Very low concentrations of antibodies (8-30 ng/ml) could be detected in antisera with the specifically sensitized RBC as reagents in passive hemagglutination with no or very low non-specific agglutination.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1989

A simple rapid method for prolactin assay by reversed passive hemagglutination: evaluation of its clinical application.

Measurement of the serum prolactin (PRL) level is essential in diagnosis and treatment of infertile women. At present, the serum PRL level is generally measured routinely by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique, but this assay requires a qualified technician and special equipment. Here we report a semi-quantitative method for PRL assay (MS-8701 kit) by reversed passive hemagglutination (R-PHA) using monoclonal PRL antibody. This assay with the MS-8701 kit is specific, and its sensitivity is 1 ng/ml. The serum PRL levels determined with the MS-8701 kit were significantly correlated with those determined by RIA (correlation coefficient 0.932). Furthermore, the effect of bromocriptine on the serum PRL level in patients with prolactinoma, and the change in the serum PRL level after metoclopramide loading could be determined using this kit. These results suggest that the MS-8701 kit should be useful in an out-patient clinic to screen for hyperprolactinemia, to check the effect of bromocriptine, and to follow up patients after operation for prolactinoma.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1983

Monoclonal antibodies distinguish between wild and vaccine strains of yellow fever virus by neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition, and immune precipitation of the virus envelope protein.

Nineteen monoclonal antibodies were produced to the 17D strain of yellow fever virus (17D YF). Virus-specific structural and nonstructural proteins were identified for 17D YF and for the parent wild Asibi YF by radioimmunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fourteen of the monoclonal antibodies were directed against the envelope glycoprotein, E, and five against the nonstructural protein gp 48. The E protein of 17D YF was resolved as a double complex whereas the E protein of Asibi YF appeared as a single band of slightly lower molecular weight. The only IgM anti-E antibody obtained precipitated and neutralized 17D YF specifically with no activity against Asibi YF. This antibody also distinguished clearly by neutralization (N) between the 17D-204 derived vaccine strain to which the animal had been immunized and 17D YF strains of different origin. All 13 IgG anti-E monoclonal antibodies had hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity to 17D YF and all but one neutralized Asibi YF; however, only 3 of the 13 neutralized 17D YF. Four anti-E antibodies cross-reacted with other flaviviruses by HI or HI and N. Three of the five anti-gp 48 antibodies had complement-fixation (CF) titers against 17D YF and Asibi YF but none had N or HI activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Location of immunodominant antigenic determinants on fragments of the tick-borne encephalitis virus glycoprotein: evidence for two different mechanisms by which antibodies mediate neutralization and hemagglutination inhibition.

A model showing the topological distribution, functions, and serological specificities of eight distinct, monoclonal antibody-defined epitopes on the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus glycoprotein has been presented in a previous publication (F. X. Heinz, R. Berger, W. Tuma, and Ch. Kunz (1983). Virology 126, 525-537.) In the present report the influence of conformational change, chemical modification, and fragmentation on the antigenic reactivity of each epitope has been analyzed by the use of blocking enzyme immunoassays and "Western blotting." One of the two major antigenic domains (A), composed of three different epitopes, completely lost its antigenicity upon incubation at pH 5.0 or by treatment with guanidine-HCl/urea, SDS, reduction and carboxymethylation, as well as by proteolytic (trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, thermolysin) and chemical (CNBr) fragmentation. The second major antigenic domain (B), however, defined by four distinct monoclonal antibodies, three of which are hemagglutination (HA)-inhibiting, neutralizing, and protective, was shown to be resistant to low pH, guanidine-HCl/urea treatment, and proteolytic cleavage of the native protein. Also, polyclonal immune sera from mice and rabbits contained antibody populations reactive with antigenic determinants which are resistant and others which are sensitive to conformational change and fragmentation. Glycoprotein fragments with molecular weights of about 9000, generated by proteolysis of the native protein, were immunoreactive with neutralizing and protective monoclonal antibodies (defining domain B) as well as with a polyclonal mouse immune serum. Thus, these fragments appear to contain antigenic determinants which are immunodominant on the native protein and play an important role in the induction of a protective immune response against TBE virus. In addition, these results show that antibody binding to antigenic domains which are topologically and structurally completely unrelated may result in neutralization and/or HA inhibition. As the presence of two receptor-binding sites is unlikely, different effector mechanisms may account for the effects of these antibodies. The antigenic reactivity of domain A is sensitive to the same treatments which also inactivate HA activity of TBE virus, whereas domain B is resistant. These treatments include a change of domain A induced by incubation at slightly acidic pH which also results in inactivation of virus infectivity. Antibodies to domain A therefore presumably block viral activities by direct binding at or near the putative receptor-binding site whereas antibodies to domain B may cause loss of biological activities by inducing a conformational change of the receptor-binding site.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1985

Correlation between epitopes on hemagglutinin of measles virus and biological activities: passive protection by monoclonal antibodies is related to their hemagglutination inhibiting activity.

Measles virus monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were used to investigate the structure of the hemagglutinin (H) antigen, in order to study the regions of the molecule implicated in protection. Using a competition binding assay, three overlapping domains were defined, and these have been correlated with the biological activities of their corresponding MoAb. All of the anti-H MoAbs, with a single exception, neutralized virus infectivity in vitro. We investigated their capacity in passive protection using a measles virus-mouse model, in which inoculated newborn mice died of an acute encephalitis. The course of the disease was monitored after passive administration of the MoAbs, and from their activity, these MoAbs could be divided in three groups: I--protective, II--inducer of a retarded disease, III--nonprotective. The isotype of the antibody did not play a direct role in determining the course of the disease. Moreover, we were able to correlate protection with biological activity of the MoAbs. Only the MoAbs which inhibit hemagglutination activity (HI) protected against the acute disease. Measles MoAbs which neutralize canine distemper virus (CDV) in vitro failed to passively protect CDV-infected mice against disease. These results suggest an immune mechanism for in vivo protection different from that implicated in in vitro neutralization. Administration of one MoAb (55) led to a retarded neurological disease. Mice receiving lower quantities of other protective MoAbs did not display such disease. These results are discussed in relationship to immunization and protection.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Standardization of U.S. Reference Rh0 (D) Immune Globulin by quantitative automated hemagglutination.

An automated hemagglutination procedure was used to assess the relative potency of US Reference Rh0 (D) Immune Globulin, Lot 3, with respect to the International Reference Preparation, WHO Anti-D immunoglobulin, Lot 68/419. A value of 300 international units (IU) of anti-D per ampoule has been assigned to Lot 68/419. In 25 assays, the mean value for Lot 3 was 820 IU anti-D per milliliter when tested in parallel with Lot 68/419.

Automation↗
PubMed1983

A method for coupling cytomegalovirus antigens to aldehyde-fixed erythrocytes for use in passive hemagglutination.

A method for coupling cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens to aldehyde-fixed erythrocytes for use in a passive hemagglutination assay for antibody to CMV is described. This method uses acid buffer instead of tannic acid for coupling CMV-complement fixation (CF) antigen to the stabilized cells. The coated cells are stable for at least 6 mth at -70 degrees C and for 5 days at 4 degrees C. This provides an inexpensive reagent having a sensitivity for anti-CMV detection which compares favorably with that of the CF test and enzyme immunoassay.

Antibodies, Viral↗