Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Gender Identity”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

The rise of essentialism and the medicalization of sexuality.

During the last decade of the 20th century, biological explanations of social behavior have been steadily growing in popularity, slowly replacing previously dominant sociocultural explanations. This trend is clearly visible in the field of sex research. The first part of the paper provides an overview of the theoretical foundations of the two confronted paradigms, evolutionary essentialism and social constructionism. Although the current dominance of essentialism is the outcome of various factors, social and scientific, a major role in its rise to prominence was played by mass media demand for simplistic, pop-scientific statements. In the second part of the paper, three currently propulsive areas in sexology are presented as case studies: (a) etiology of homosexuality, (b) gender identity of intersex children, and (c) re-conceptualization of sexual disorders. Two conclusions are offered: 1) the demise of the 'nurture monopoly' was necessary for the further development of sexology; and 2) the present trend toward a 'nature monopoly' represents a new and serious danger--as shown by the emerging medicalization of sexuality.

Culture↗
PubMed2001

[Male pseudo-hermaphroditism due to partial 5 alpha-reductase deficiency, a case report].

Male pseudo hermaphroditism caused by steroid 5 alpha reductase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. This enzyme catalyses the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in genital tissue. The potent androgen DHT is required for full masculinization of the external genitalia hence, masculinization defects of varying degree result from diminished DHT formation. We report a Tunisian patient who was raised as a girl, presented to us at the age of 15, because male phenotype had become predominant at puberty. Endocrinological investigations revealed an in crease in the ratio serum testosterone/DHT = 17. Treatment with dihydrotestosterone and surgical correction, after psychological evaluation permitted the change of gender identity to male.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2002

Sexual differentiation of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in humans may extend into adulthood.

Gonadal steroids have remarkable developmental effects on sex-dependent brain organization and behavior in animals. Presumably, fetal or neonatal gonadal steroids are also responsible for sexual differentiation of the human brain. A limbic structure of special interest in this regard is the sexually dimorphic central subdivision of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc), because its size has been related to the gender identity disorder transsexuality. To determine at what age the BSTc becomes sexually dimorphic, the BSTc volume in males and females was studied from midgestation into adulthood. Using vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin immunocytochemical staining as markers, we found that the BSTc was larger and contains more neurons in men than in women. However, this difference became significant only in adulthood, showing that sexual differentiation of the human brain may extend into the adulthood. The unexpectedly late sexual differentiation of the BSTc is discussed in relation to sex differences in developmental, adolescent, and adult gonadal steroid levels.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Panel recommends significant changes to federal law against discrimination.

In a report released on 23 June 2000, the Review Panel tasked by the federal Minister of Justice with reviewing the Canadian Human Rights Act made some welcome recommendations for improving the Act and the way the Canadian Human Rights Commission functions. Three are of particular significance: the recommendation that "social condition" be added to the prohibited grounds for discrimination listed in the Act; the recommendation that the Canadian Human Rights Commission should have, under its governing legislation, the duty to monitor and report to Parliament and the UN Human Rights Committee on the federal government's compliance with international human rights treaties regarding economic, social, and cultural rights; and the recommendation that "gender identity" should be expressly added to the Act as a prohibited ground of discrimination.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexuality in early childhood: pediatric nurses' attitudes, knowledge, and clinical practice.

This exploratory study assessed pediatric nurses' attitudes, knowledge, and patient care practices related to the sexuality of hospitalized preschool and early school-age children. Sexuality was defined as the sum of the physical, emotional, and psychologic attributes that are expressed in gender identity and behavior. For this study, a questionnaire containing 24 attitude, 20 knowledge, and 29 nursing practice Likert-scale items was used to survey 45 pediatric nurses in a southeastern tertiary care teaching hospital. Results indicated that, in general, the nurses surveyed had positive attitudes, sound knowledge, and appropriate practice with regard to the sexuality-related needs of their patients. However, there appeared to be some attitudinal biases and knowledge gaps that could adversely affect nursing practice. These findings were used to alter the content in pediatric nursing education at the study institution.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Migration and social gender relations: the anthropological perspective].

"This article reviews Mexican research of female migration. An analysis is made of socio-demographic and anthropological studies that cover the relations between inequality among the genders, the causes and features of migration, and the work performed by female migrants in their places of origin and destination. The paper responds to the growing interest shown in international literature [on] migration in order to determine the influence of gender identity in the motivations and features of the migration of women, as well as the consequences of spatial mobility on their social conditions and their autonomy." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed2003

What schools can do to help gay/lesbian/bisexual youth: a harm.

In recognition of the fact that heterosexism is one of the most significant realities of adolescents' day-to-day experiences in school, this paper examines the school environment in terms of disempowering and empowering aspects. It is argued that failure to take a proactive stance to help youth with gender identity issues is a major cause of psychological problems, leading in some cases to suicide, alcohol and other drug abuse, and homelessness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Culturally relevant HIV interventions: transcending ethnicity.

Over the last 2 years, the co-authors produced an HIV prevention film for teens in collaboration with four African American women living with HIV. However, there were initially concerns that the experiences and prevention messages in the film would not be relevant to women of other cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Pretesting of the film was completed with African American and Latina teen girls; adult women who were HIV providers of various ethnicities and cultures; and adult Latina, Cape Verdean, and White women as well as adult Haitian men and women. Findings indicated that cultural relevance was strong for individuals who shared gender identity and socioeconomic status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The image of smoking women in France].

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this work was to try to understand why the social image of the smoking woman remains positive and cannot be assimilated to that of the smoking man. We wanted to describe the typical status and function of smoking women in today's social imaginary in France. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified and interpreted selected images in which female smoking is presented as an ideological corpus. RESULTS: The cultural meaning of female and male smoking, as well as their pathological effects, are different and should not be apprehended symmetrically. The leading feministic culture deeply resists alarming discourses about the dangers of tobacco, considering them to have little importance. Female smoking is still encouraged and exalted for its emancipating power: tobacco liberates woman from an impracticable womanhood. CONCLUSION: There is a need for a political approach to female smoking, viewing it as a modern form of mutilation meant to compensate for the extension of women's rights. In order to fight against this imagery efficiently, it must be put into a critical perspective, eliminating taboos about certain feministic misunderstandings and dead-ends. A woman must be offered something more than smoking cessation: an improvement in her own being, a way to reappropriate her gendered identity.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The legal rights of LGBT youth in state custody: what child welfare and juvenile justice professionals need to know.

Youth in state custody, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity, have federal and state constitutional and statutory rights. These rights guarantee a young person safety in their placement as well as freedom from deprivation of their liberty interest. Many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth have these rights violated on a regular basis. Many cases in both the child welfare and juvenile justice contexts have resulted in extensive and time-consuming consent decrees as well as sizable damages awards. Knowledge of a youth's legal rights can help providers avoid legal liability while creating a safer and healthier environment for LGBT youth. This article provides a general overview of the successful federal legal claims that youth in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems have made, discussion of the rights generated as a result, particle application of these rights to the experiences of LGBT youth with hypothetical scenarios, a focus on specific rights that emanate from certain state laws, and a focus on specific concerns of transgender youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Female gender reconstruction surgery for ambiguous genitalia in children and adolescents.

This review summarizes the principles of diagnosis in patients with ambiguous genitalia and surgical reconstruction for a female gender assignment. Common goals of corrective surgery are to reduce clitoral size, to create or reshape labia majora, to exteriorize or create a vagina, and to remove potentially malignant gonads. A one-stage clitorovaginoplasty was performed on four children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Passerini-Glazel et al., J Urol 1989, 142:565-568). The technique preserved the clitoral glans, used the skin of the urogenital sinus to line the introitus and form the distal vagina, and reshaped the labioscrotum. Early follow-up found minimal vaginal stenosis. A postpubertal vaginoplasty for undermasculinized genetic males or for patients with a flat perineum is described. All 15 patients had functional success, and 93% had anatomic success (Rock and Jones, Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989, 160:845-853). Early gender assignment helps stabilize gender identity, and neonatal reconstructive surgery of the external genitalia appears to be safe. Neovaginal construction is often performed postpubertally but should be individualized to the anomaly and the patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Diagnosis of ambiguous genitalia].

Diagnosis in patients with ambiguous genitalia is based on various investigations. Simple genital examination is not sufficient to attribute sex. Scarce androgenization in a male patient or marked androgenization in a female may both lead to the same stages of genital ambiguity according to Prader. It is important to get information about genital ambiguity in the family, drug consumption during gestation and signs of virilization in pregnant mothers. External genital findings must be integrated by visualization of urogenital sinus by X-rays, ultrasounds and endoscopy. Furthermore, hormonal evaluations on plasma and 24 hours urines allow diagnosis of some disorders of adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. To define genetic sex, chromosomal examination is required to integrate X chromatine investigation and fluorescent staining of Y chromosome. Evaluation of psychosexuality in patients who have already got gender identity is mandatory.

Disorders of Sex Development↗
PubMed1988

Transsexual surgery in the genetic female.

The increasing acceptance of the transsexual patient by society as well as a willingness of insurance companies to compensate for associated surgical procedures will result in an increase in patients presenting for sex reassignment. Data from gender identity centers suggest that the multidisciplinary approach leads to the best therapeutic results. Significant advances in phalloplasty techniques are yielding genitalia with more normal function and appearance.

Breast↗
PubMed1987

[Contraception with steroids in the male. Clinical possibilities].

Spermatogenesis is predominantly regulated by pituitary gonadotropins. LH influences gamete production via stimulation of Leydig cells, resulting in high intratesticular testosterone concentrations, while FSH exerts its effects on Sertoli cells. Theoretically azoospermia can be achieved by suppression of gonadotropins, whereby, however, a severe decrease in androgen production would also occur. Since testosterone is required for normal male sexual function, maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, bone and protein metabolism as well as for gender identity, androgens must be an integral part of any male contraceptive method acting via suppression of gonadotropins. Although testosterone esters alone (testosterone-propionate, oenanthate, or cypionate) lead to azoospermia in a certain proportion of men, effectiveness is increased when they are combined with other antigonadotropic substances such as gestagens. Among different combinations tested testosterone oenanthate and depot medroxy-progesterone acetate were used most frequently. Instead of gestagens other steroids such as danazol and cyproterone acetate have been tested but azoospermia, the final goal of these investigations, has never been achieved in all participants. Results from non-human primates indicate that substitution with available testosterone esters may by itself maintain spermatogenesis due to high serum levels after injection. Better results with 19-nortestosterone-hexyl-oxyphenyl-propionate seem to support this hypothesis. In the future, it is likely that testosterone ester with smooth pharmacokinetic profiles or microencapsulated testosterone in combination with gestagens or with GnRH analogues will lead to a male contraceptive method based on endocrine means.

Contraceptive Agents, Male↗
PubMed1985

Adolescent pregnancy: contributing factors, consequences, treatment, and plausible solutions.

Adolescence, although not always necessarily a period of extreme stress, is a time of profound physical changes which increase the adolescent's awareness of and interest in sexual behavior. This issue of sexuality, which begins in early adolescence, creates new challenges to personal and gender identity formation as the person matures. Sexual maturation is a three-fold process, requiring growth in understanding of oneself as a sexual being, in the ability to handle interpersonal relationships effectively, and in the capacity to plan behavior in view of future outcomes and present problems. A current concern is that today's adolescents, including early adolescents, may be making important life choices such as parenthood before they are developmentally ready for such roles (Chilman, 1980). This paper deals with pregnancy in adolescents and modes of responding to this phenomenon by those in the counseling and other helping professions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Some psychobiological aspects of adolescent growth and their relevance for the fat/thin syndrome (anorexia nervosa).

Adolescent attitudes to body shape and weight are radically different between the sexes. Females, within a very short time of crossing their pubertal "threshold", usually wish to minimise their shape and often construe themselves as "fat" when it is evident that they are not in fact obese. The majority attempt to "diet" and often succeed, at least intermittently, in substantially reducing the amount of carbohydrate in their daily food intake. This "fatness" of females has important biological and social functions, being closely related to sexual reproductive tasks and being also an important aspect of their appearance and "attractiveness". In contrast, males rarely have such concern about their shape unless they are massively obese or have major gender identity problems. Fatness in both sexes is also associated with growth rate, being greater in those who reach puberty early. Such "puppy fat" together with the commonplace adolescent female's attitude to her own shape are, in the face of adolescent psychosocial stress, contributory factors to the development of anorexia nervosa (the thin/fat syndrome) in many such women who would otherwise tend to obesity. The relevance of body weight and fatness for the pubertal "threshold" process and the mobilisation of this as a central mechanism within the disorder is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

True hermaphroditism. A case report with observations on its bizarre presentation.

A true XX hermaphrodite presenting in adulthood with male sex gender identity was found to have separate vaginal and urethral openings in the perineum. A total vaginectomy was performed at the same time as total abdominal hysterectomy and gonadectomy because the vaginal opening would interfere with a urethroplasty to repair the hypospadias and chordee phallus. During this procedure prostatic tissue was excised in the area of the anterior vaginal wall adjacent to the urethra. Recommendations regarding this rare XX true hermaphroditism are put toward and observations on some bizarre features of the entity are made. The authors plead for the formation of a national register to study this interesting condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Transsexualism and the H-Y antigen].

First reports about incongruous H-Y antigen status in male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals have been published by us in 1979. Meanwhile H-Y antigen expression was analyzed with the cytotoxicity assay of Goldberg et al. in 61 transsexuals. In 55 cases H-Y antigen status was found discordant with the anatomical, chromosomal and hormonal sex and corresponded to the gender identity of transsexuals. The relative frequency was 0,91. In 33 male-to-female transsexuals 29 were H-Y negative, one was intermediate, three were H-Y positive. In 28 female-to-male transsexuals 25 were H-Y positive, one was intermediate, two were H-Y negative. The new findings of an incongruous H-Y antigen status in genuine transsexuals may lead to new considerations about the pathogenesis of the disease and about the function of H-Y antigen.

Female↗