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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Usefulness of gallium imaging in the evaluation of lung cancer.

The current enthusiasm for gallium (Ga) citrate as a tumor imaging agent reflects the need of clinical medicine for a good tumor imaging agent. To date, Ga-67 is probably the best tumor imaging agent available for clinical use. Initially, Ga-67 was investigated for its bone scanning potential. In this process, in 1969, Edwards and Hayes accidentally found that Ga-67 concentrated in soft tissue tumors, mainly lymphomas, in patients. Later studies reported the clinical experience with Ga-67 concentration in many different tumor types. Great variation was noted in the ability of different tumors to concentrate Ga-67. However, Ga-67 was most consistently and reliably taken up in lung tumors, with sensitivities of Ga imaging positivity in lung cancer ranging from 85 to 95%. Within the lung cancer group, squamous cell carcinoma consistently has been much more reliably positive than adenocarcinoma or alveolar cell carcinoma. Subsequent studies on Ga-67 led to the recognition of its preferential concentration in inflammatory lesions and abscess. These reports resulted in the clinical application of Ga-67 imaging as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with suspected abscesses. Mechanisms of Ga localization in tumor and inflammatory lesions are not currently well understood. Electron microscopic studies have revealed some information regarding the intracellular localization of Ga, but the mechanism by which it is taken up by the cell remains unproven, although several explanations have been suggested. The biodistribution of Ga-67 is responsible for the great difficulty experienced in interpreting Ga images of the abdomen, mainly because of the normal of the normal excretion in the bowel. Clinical studies have shown that the Ga scan can be used in the workup of patients with lung cancer as a sensitive tool in excluding the presence of mediastinal metastases. In some institutions, a negative Ga mediastinal scan in the presence of positive Ga uptake in the presumed primary tumor in patients with lung cancers has been used in lieu of a staging mediastinoscopy. Data regarding the thresholds of various factors which determine visibility of a lung tumor by Ga-67 imaging have been described in some detail. The factors include lesion size, depth in tissue, gallium concentration in tumor relative to background, type of film and instrumentation used, and count rates obtained. The data suggest the need for very high radiopharmaceutical concentrations in small tumors relative to background activity for identification of the tumor on an image.

Gallium Radioisotopes↗
PubMed1982

Pulmonary disposition of gallium-67 in humans: concise communication.

Pulmonary gallium-67 imaging for inflammatory and neoplastic diseases has become an important diagnostic tool in respiratory medicine. However, the extent to which Ga-67 is delivered to normal lungs has not been fully evaluated. Accordingly, we measured the disposition of Ga-67 using scintiscanning, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and blood analysis in healthy subjects. Following an intravenous dose of 6 mCi Ga-67 citrate, the gallium scan showed no pulmonary uptake at 48 hr. In all subjects, radioactivity was detected in both blood and recovered BAL fluid at 72 hr, being predominantly in the cellular component of the BAL washings. We conclude that despite negative pulmonary imaging, Ga-67 accumulates in the cells that line the alveolar acini of normal nonsmoking individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Gallium citrate Ga 67 imaging in noninfectious interstitial nephritis.

Gallium citrate Ga 67 has been reported to be of value in the diagnosis of both malignant and infectious intra-abdominal diseases. The drug may also be taken up by mononuclear phagocytes in noninfectious tubulo-interstitial disease of the kidney. Positive renal scans from patients with these diseases either become negative or show decreased uptake following treatment. With further support of these findings, gallium citrate Ga 67 may become a valuable tool in both diagnosis and follow-up of noninfectious interstitial nephritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Are oral cathartics of value in optimizing the gallium scan? Concise communication.

The normal intestinal secretion of 9-15% of an administered dose of gallium-67 may prevent early detection of intra-abdominal disease. We randomized 50 patients to receive either no bowel preparation or 30 cc of milk of magnesia plus 5 cc of cascara. No significant difference was found between the two groups in frequency with which gallium interfered with readings or time to complete the study.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1980

Gallium-67 citrate imaging in head and neck tumors: report of Cooperative Group.

This report summarizes the experiences of the Oak Ridge Associated Universities Cooperative Group with the scanning of head and neck cancer using carrier-free gallium-67 citrate. Central nervous system and thyroid tumors and lymphomas were excluded. Fifty-six percent of primary head and neck tumors and their metastases were detected in 65 patients. The detection rates for primary and metastatic lesions were similar. Results of 1306 scans on patients with many types of cancer and suspicion of head and neck involvement indicate that a positive gallium scan was associated with tumor involvement five to nine times as often as no tumor, but a negative scan cannot reliably rule out involvement. In head and neck tumors, both primary and metastatic, lesions over 3 cm in diameter had a significantly higher detection rate than smaller lesions. Previous radiation or surgery did not affect accuracy.

False Negative Reactions↗
PubMed1980

Siderophore-mediated mechanism of gallium uptake demonstrated in the microorganism Ustilago sphaerogena.

The radioactive gallium analog of ferrichrome, Ga-67 deferriferrichrome, has been prepared and compared with ferrichrome in the specific siderophore-transport system of Ustilago sphaerogena. The gallium analog is taken up by the cells in an active transport process indistinguishable from that of ferrichrome. Ga(III) effectively competes with Fe(III) for siderophore ligands both in vitro and in vivo at a rate that is highly dependent upon the chemical nature of the ligand. The findings may explain how Ga(III) mimics Fe(III) in clinical use.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1980

Unexpected gallium 67 citrate accumulation in a hernia.

Gallium 67 citrate scanning has recently been introduced in the detection and localization of neoplastic and inflammatory processes. It has proved to be accurate when used properly, but occasionally problems in interpretation of the scans may occur due to false-positive or false-negative results. The unexpected accumulation of the radionuclide within a large benign umbilical hernia from a patient with endometrial adenocarcinoma in situ is presented. Careful clinical evaluation and the need of complementary diagnostic acids when unusual accumulations of gallium 67 citrate are found, especially in areas that could represent intestines, is emphasized.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dose optimization of gallium chloride, orally administered, in combination with platinum compounds.

An individual dose adaptation for cisplatin (CDDP), etoposide and gallium chloride (GaCl3) was proposed to improve the efficacy of this combination chemotherapy and avoid its toxicity. A clinical study was performed in 28 non small cell lung cancer patients, to verify this hypothesis. CDDP and etoposide were administered as continuous infusions every 3 weeks and GaCl3 orally during and between the CDDP-etoposide sequential infusions. CDDP doses were adjusted to achieve, during each 5 day infusion, an area under the total plasma platinum concentrations versus time curve (AUC Pt 0-120) ranging between 80,000 and 100,000 micrograms/l.h. Etoposide dosages were 120 mg/24 h during days 1-3 of the CDDP infusion. GaCl3 dosages were adjusted to obtain plasma gallium (Ga) concentrations ranging between 200 and 400 micrograms/l. The proposed methods of adaptation were successful from a pharmacokinetic point of view as AUC Pt 0-120 were respectively 81351 +/- 4788, 88268 +/- 8451 and 88331 +/- 8778 micrograms/l.h during the first 3 courses, and plasma Ga concentrations, determined during the 2nd and 3rd CDDP courses, 16 hours after the beginning of the CDDP infusion, were respectively 264 +/- 127 and 313 +/- 186 micrograms/l. However, these results were not pharmacodynamically successful and the therapeutic window was not confirmed. Past clinical trials with GaCl3 will be reviewed, as well as the factors which modify the pharmacokinetics or the pharmacodynamic effects of CDDP and GaCl3. From this review, an optimal dosage of 400 mg GaCl3 could be proposed to potentiate a combination chemotherapy with a platinum compound. The target AUC of the platinum compound should be the AUC avoiding its cumulative toxicity.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

The role of gallium scintigraphy, computerized tomogram scan, and magnetic resonance imaging angiography in the diagnosis of Takayasu's disease.

A 25-year-old Japanese woman had fever and general fatigue for 3 months. Examination revealed no abnormalities in her pulse or blood pressure. Gallium 67 scintigraphy demonstrated an abnormal uptake in the right supraclavicular and anterior chest regions. A plain computerized tomogram (CT) scan revealed ringed high densities in the ascending and descending aorta and the left common carotid artery, however, an enhanced CT scan showed only irregular aortic walls. Angiography gave a final diagnosis of Takayasu's disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) angiography also demonstrated complete occlusive stenosis of the left common carotid artery and right subclavian artery. Our case suggests the usefulness of gallium 67 scintigraphy, plain CT scan and MRI angiography in the active phase or early diagnosis of Takayasu's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Gallium-67-citrate imaging in extragonadal and gonadal seminomas: relationship to radiologic findings.

METHODS: The results and analysis of baseline and follow-up 67Ga imaging in three patients with extragonadal seminoma were compared to those of nine patients with primary and metastatic gonadal seminomas. Gallium-67 tumor avidity was scored (0-6) relative to accumulation in the sternum and the liver. Response time to systemic therapy for 67Ga imaging compared to other radiological examinations was also measured. RESULTS: Prior to therapy, 67Ga scan sensitivity was 100%, (3/3) in patients with extragonadal seminomas and 90%, (9/10) for primary and radiologically evident metastatic sites in patients with gonadal seminomas. The combined sensitivity was 92%, (12/13) with the smallest 67Ga scan detecting a mass 1.5 cm in diameter. There was no significant difference in 67Ga avidity or sensitivity between extragonadal and gonadal sites. Following chemotherapy, CT scanning demonstrated residual radiologic abnormalities in all three extragonadal seminoma tumor sites and 5/8 metastatic gonadal seminoma tumor sites. However, the 67Ga scan was normal in 10/11 sites at the first radionuclide examination after systemic therapy, indicating no active tumor, an observation supported by clinical follow-up from 6 to 72 mo. CONCLUSION: Gallium-67 scanning appears useful in the management of patients with both extragonadal and gonadal seminoma and may be useful in differentiating active disease from fibrosis in the treated patient with a post-therapy residual radiologic mass.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Gallium citrate Ga 67 scanning: clinical usefulness in lymphoma patients.

Gallium citrate Ga 67 (67Ga) scans were performed in 50 consecutive lymphoma patients who underwent routine staging. The overall accuracy of 67Ga scans was greater than 80% for all nodal sites except the spleen (68%). Sensitivity was greater than 88% in the neck and mediastinum, 67% in the abdomen-pelvis, and 33% for the spleen. Specificity was greater than 85% for all nodal sites except for the mediastinum (67%). The accuracy of pedal lymphangiograms was 75%, sensitivity 87%, and specificity 68%. Gallium 67 scans complemented the lymphogram in the abdomen-pelvis but, due to limited sensitivity and high number of equivocal studies (16%), did not replace it. Infraclavicular, pectoral, and mediastinal lesions were detected by 67Ga scans when missed by other means. In 20% to 25% of patients, 67Ga scans provided information not afforded by other diagnostic studies and are therefore considered an important staging procedure for lymphoma patients.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1993

Early detection of lymphoma recurrence with gallium-67 scintigraphy.

Early detection of tumor relapse in lymphoma patients is often a difficult diagnostic problem. CT, which detects a mass, often cannot differentiate between fibrosis or relapsed tumor. For this reason, we have studied the value of 67Ga scintigraphy in the diagnosis of tumor recurrence. The sensitivity of 67Ga scintigraphy in the detection of lymphoma recurrence was studied at an average interval of 8.7 mo following treatment in 32 patients who developed recurrent lymphoma. Its specificity was studied in 36 patients with no recurrence who were in continuous clinical remission. At the time of appearance of relapse, the sensitivity of whole-body 67Ga imaging was 95% and the specificity 89%. In 12 events of recurrence in 10 patients, 67Ga scintigraphy was abnormal at sites that later proved to be regions of relapse. In these patients, scintigraphy demonstrated recurrence an average of 6.8 mo before the appearance of clinical symptoms, findings on clinical examination or abnormality on CT or chest x-rays. Gallium-67 scintigraphy, which permits screening of the whole body for recurrence in a single study, was of particular value in evaluating lymphoma recurrence, since 27% of the recurrences were located exclusively in sites different from the original sites of disease. Gallium-67 scintigraphy appears to be a sensitive and specific test for restaging patients with lymphoma recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Prevention of experimental adjuvant polyarthritis by a gallium salt in rats].

On the basis of experiences proving inhibition of some immunological reactions with the ion gallium, we have demonstrated a protecting effect on adjuvant experimental arthritis of the Rat. Consequently, gallium and some metals of the same group should be proposed to treat human arthritis with immunological dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A gallium-68 radiopharmaceutical that is retained in myocardium: 68Ga[(4,6-MeO2sal)2BAPEN]+.

The cationic gallium(III) complex formed with the bis(4,6-dimethoxy)salicylaldimine of N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine has been investigated as a potential 68Ga radiopharmaceutical for imaging the heart with PET. The 67Ga complex of this ligand was prepared by ligand exchange from 67Ga-acetylacetonate and its biodistribution determined in ether anesthetized rats following intravenous injection. At 1 min postinjection, 1% of the injected dose was found in the heart with heart-to-blood and heart-to-lung ratios of 2.3:1 and 1.9:1, respectively. No clearance of 67Ga radioactivity from the heart was observed over the 1-min to 2-hr time frame studied. The 68Ga complex of this ligand was also prepared and the tracer further evaluated in a PET imaging study with a normal dog. Beyond 20 min postinjection, the heart was clearly delineated in the 68Ga PET images with good heart-to-blood and heart-to-lung contrast. No clearance of myocardial 68Ga radioactivity was observed over the 90-min imaging period, which is consistent with the results obtained in the rat. Gallium-68 complexes of this type may be useful as radiopharmaceuticals for imaging the heart with PET.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Thallium-201 scintigraphy for assessment of a gallium-67-avid mediastinal mass following therapy for Hodgkin's disease.

Differentiating thymic rebound from recurrent tumor may be difficult in pediatric patients following chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. We present a patient who had both a negative 67Ga scan and computed tomography (CT) of the chest at diagnosis and demonstrated gallium avidity and CT evidence of a new mediastinal mass at the completion of chemotherapy. There was, however, no other clinical or laboratory evidence of disease recurrence. Thallium-201 imaging was subsequently performed and demonstrated no significant radionuclide accumulation within this anterior mediastinal mass. CT shows only the presence of a mass, but not it's nature. Gallium-67 scintigraphy, while used widely as an indicator of tumor viability, may demonstrate increased uptake in cases of thymic rebound. Thallium-201 imaging has previously been shown to demonstrate increased uptake in mediastinal malignancy. Conversely, no significant mediastinal uptake of 201Tl, as in this case, provides additional supportive evidence for a benign mediastinal entity such as thymic rebound.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed1977

Gallium-67 scanning in the evaluation of therapy of malignant tumors of the head and neck.

Gallium-67 scintigraphy was performed on 25 patients with a variety of malignant tumors of the head and neck in order to evaluate the susceptibility of the tumors to irradiation and chemotherapy before treatment and to monitor the effectiveness of therapy. If certain limitations are borne in mind, gallium scanning may prove a valuable tool in planning and evaluating therapy of malignant tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The gallium melting-point standard: its application and evaluation for temperature measurements in the clinical laboratory.

We are impressed with the ease and certainty of calibration electronic thermometers with thermistor probes to +/- 0.01 degree C at the gallium melting point, 29.771(4) degrees C. The IFCC reference method for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity in serum was run at the reaction temperature of 29.771(4) degrees C. By constantly referencing to gallium as an integral part of the assay procedure, we determined the absolute reaction temperature to IPTS-68 (International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968) to +/- 0.02 degrees C. This unique temperature calibration standard near the center of the range of temperatures commonly used in the clinical laboratory is a valuable addition and can be expected to improve the accuracy of measurements, especially in clinical enzymology.

Aspartate Aminotransferases↗
PubMed1976

Gallium-67 citrate scintiscanning in testicular neoplasia.

Gallium-67 citrate has been used to evaluate 19 patients with malignant tumors of the testes. Five patients with abnormal uptake of the radiotracer in the abdomen proved to have other evidence confirming metastatic spread to this site. Eight patients, with normal scan findings, surgery and lymphangiorgraphy, provided no conflicting evidence of disease although one of these patients has subsequently developed increased urinary gonadotrophin concentrations. Surgery caused an abnormal scan and such patients were excluded from the analysis pointing to the need for preoperative evaluation. The technique of 67-gallium scintigraphy appears of value in assessing the intra-abdominal spread of malignant tumors of the testes.

Adolescent↗