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PubMed2006

[Migration of plastic material components into food].

Despite constant improvement in the control of interactions between packaging materials and food, the problem remains worrisome. The theoretical study of various type of reactions (absorption, migration, permeation) as well as influential factors are described. The analysis of the French regulation is detailed with a special focus on the January 2003 order. After the description of assay protocols using simulated fluids, the main issues are studied and the future of manufacturing processes and materials is presented.

Absorption↗
PubMed1999

Study of diffusion through LDPE film of Di-n-butyl phthalate.

The apparent diffusion coefficients (D) across a PE-LD film of Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) dissolved in isooctane and ethanol, were calculated in different ways and compared. DnBP, a common plasticizer of plastics and printing inks, may be a possible contaminant of flexible packaging and PE-LD is the most common food-contacting polymer. To perform diffusion measurements, small plastic sachets filled with solutions of the contaminant were used at three different temperatures. The D coefficients of the two solvents and dissolved DnBP were calculated using the lag time method, a formula taking into account the molar weight and absolute temperature, and an equation based on the initial concentration and the amounts migrated after subsequent times. The results demonstrated great solvent interference in the plasticizer diffusion across polyethylene; in particular as far as isooctane is concerned, a remarkable co-diffusion of both the plasticizer and the non-polar solvent must be assumed. Isooctane quickly penetrates PE-LD but ethanol also diffuses across PE-LD, although at a greatly reduced speed. These facts must be considered for realistic prediction of migration or effectiveness of the functional barrier.

Dibutyl Phthalate↗
PubMed2002

Creation of on-line solutions in support of the dissemination of legislative and analytical information on food-contact materials.

To facilitate access to European Commission (EC) documentation and provide a public service resource of relevant information an Internet site dedicated to food-contact materials was created (http://cpf.jrc.it/webpack/) in 1998. The site contains legislative information in downloadable format, information on contacts for authorities and organizations in the field of food-contact materials, as well as information on methods for overall and specific migration. A satellite site (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) is dedicated to physicochemical and spectral information (FT-IR, GC-MS, NMR) as well as analytical methods on an increasing number of regulated substances. Many of these, as well as substances submitted for evaluation, are held in a centralized databank at the JRC in Ispra and aliquots can be made available to the public upon request. The site also recently expanded to provide an incentive for analytical networking between institutions by including information pages on current EC-funded and national projects and conference announcements.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2002

Food-contact paper and board based on recycled fibres: regulatory aspects--new rules and guidelines.

The question of recycled papers in contact with foods is discussed in detail with respect to regulatory and technical aspects. The legal context is given, and major existing regulations are reviewed. The safety of recycled fibre use is examined with respect to chemical, microbiological and organoleptic contamination. Toxicological testing possibilities on finished paper products are discussed. The harmonization work in progress at the Council of Europe level is presented in detail, and the authors give their personal view on future evolution.

Equipment Reuse↗
PubMed1995

Estrogens in unexpected places: possible implications for researchers and consumers.

Estrogenic activity originating in unexpected places was encountered on three occasions during an investigation of whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesized estrogens. In each instance, estradiol found in the conditioned yeast culture medium originated from an exogenous source and was not synthesized by the yeast. In the first instance, yeast grown in the laboratory showed a time-dependent increase in estradiol in the conditioned medium. However, the culture medium supplement Bacto-peptone was found to contain large amounts of estrone. When added to yeast cultures in the form of YPD medium (yeast extract, Bacto-peptone, and dextrose), S. cerevisiae converted the estrone to estradiol leading to the accumulation of estradiol over time. In the second instance, commercially purchased S. cerevisiae grown in a molasses medium exhibited substantial amounts of estradiol. However, corn and beet molasses contained sufficient estrone and estradiol to account for the findings. As in the first instance, the yeast converted the estrone into estradiol. In the third instance, autoclaving culture medium in polycarbonate plastic flasks was found to cause an estrogenic substance to be added to the medium, whether yeast were present or not. It was determined that the autoclaving process leached bisphenol-A (BPA) out of the polycarbonate plastic. BPA was shown to bind to estrogen receptors and to induce estrogenic activity, including stimulation of MCF-7 breast cancer-cell proliferation and induction of the expression of progesterone receptors. The three instances highlight potential problems for investigators who might inadvertently add estrogens to experimental systems confounding their results. The BPA findings raise concerns about the possible addition of this estrogenic molecule to the food supply since polycarbonate plastic is used in myriad applications in the packaging of food and beverages. Although we are unaware of the substantial contamination of food products with BPA, we believe this possibility should be carefully investigated.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗
PubMed2000

Technical report: irradiation of food. Committee on Environmental Health.

Recent well-publicized outbreaks of foodborne illness have heightened general interest in food safety. Food irradiation is a technology that has been approved for use in selected foods in the United States since 1963. Widespread use of irradiation remains controversial, however, because of public concern regarding the safety of the technology and the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. In this report, we describe the technology, review safety and wholesomeness issues, and give a historical perspective of the public controversy regarding food irradiation.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed1992

Styrene migration from general-purpose and high-impact polystyrene into food-simulating solvents.

General-purpose and high-impact polystyrenes (GPPS and HIPS, respectively) are used in many food-contact applications for the packaging of aqueous-based, fatty and dry foods. The correlation of residual styrene concentrations in polystyrene with styrene migration into food-stimulating solvents is of interest in order to predict the potential exposure of consumers to styrene from food-packaging applications. Studies of the migration of styrene into 8% ethanol and cooking oil from a GPPS and a HIPS polymer, each containing three different residual styrene levels, have been completed at temperatures ranging from 70 to 180 degrees F (21 to 82 degrees C). The results showed that the amount of styrene migrating from both polymers into cooking oil was proportional to the square root of the time of exposure, and the total amount of styrene migrating was proportional to the residual levels of styrene in the polymers. The calculated diffusion coefficients were found to be independent of the residual levels of styrene in a given polymer at a given temperature. While the partition equilibrium was not approached when the polymers were exposed to cooking oil, it was observed in the 8%-ethanol exposure studies. The calculated partition coefficients between the polymers and 8% ethanol appeared to be independent of the residual levels of styrene in the polymers at a given temperature. Linear relationships were observed between the logs of the diffusion and partition coefficients and the inverse of the absolute temperature of exposure.

Diffusion↗
PubMed2003

Identification of extractable substances from rubber nettings used to package meat products.

Ten meat nettings were sampled from four different suppliers in the Netherlands. These meat nettings consisted both of natural rubber and of vegetable fibres. Nitrosamines were extractable up to 2 mg x kg(-1) netting, the nitrosamine being N-nitrosodibenzylamine. The nitrosatable substances found were precursors of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodibenzylamine and were extracted up to 0.4 mg x kg(-1) nettings. Considering the ratio of meat netting and foodstuff, the extractable amount of nitrosamines and nitrosatable substances does not raise concern for public health. The meat nettings were also screened for other potential migrants. Extractable amounts of several alkanes, alkenes, acids, antioxidants, plasticizers and sterols were found. Several of these extracted substances are not allowed in the Netherlands, although some are authorized in other countries. Several substances, however, have not been evaluated for use in food-contact materials and therefore the possible risk to public health is unknown.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A decision tree for selecting the most cost-effective waste disposal strategy in foodservice operations.

The purposes of this study were to determine costs of disposal strategies for wastes generated in foodservice operations and to develop a decision tree to determine the most cost-effective disposal strategy for foodservice operations. Four cases, including the central food processing center (CFPC) in a school district, a continuing-care retirement center (CCRC), a university dining center (UDC), and a commercial chain restaurant (CCR), were studied to determine the most cost-effective disposal strategy. Annual costs for the current and projected strategies were determined for each case. Results of waste characterization studies and stopwatch studies, interviews with foodservice directors, and water flow and electrical requirements from manufacturers' specifications were used to determine cost incurred. The annual percentage increases for labor, fees, and services were used to reflect an inflated economic condition for the ensuing 10 years of the study period. The Net Present Worth method was used to compare costs of strategies, and the multiparameter sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the tolerance of the chosen strategy. The most cost-effective strategy differed among foodservice operations because of the composition of food and packaging wastes, the quantity of recyclable materials, the waste-hauling charges, labor costs, start-up costs, and inflation rate. For example, the use of a garbage disposal for food waste and landfills and recycling for packaging waste were the most cost-effective strategies for the CCRC. A decision tree was developed to illustrate the decision-making process that occurs when conducting cost analysis and subsequent decisions. Dietetics practitioners can use the decision tree when evaluating the results of the cost analysis.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1995

Aluminum content of infant formulas used in Turkey.

In the past few years, there has been an upsurge of interest in aluminum (Al) and human health. The well-recognized manifestations of systemic Al toxicity include fracturing osteomalacia, dialysis encephalopathy, and microcytic hypochromic anemia. The role of Al in causing childhood diseases is also becoming clearer, but the safe plasma level still remains to be determined in newborns, especially in premature newborns, implying that it should be kept low. Premature infants receiving iv fluid therapy show evidence of Al loading. Additionally, the infant-feeding mixtures, especially the soy-based infant formulas, tested may be a significant additional source of Al in the diet of infants with low birthweights, and in infants and in young children with impaired renal function. Careful clinical and biochemical monitoring is warranted to determine whether it will be necessary to eliminate Al contamination of both oral and parenteral preparations used in infants and children who may be at risk for Al intoxication. In this present study, the Al content of infant feeds was measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and also compared with those of breast milk, cow's milk, milk powder, and some starches that are commonly used for preparation of infant feed in Turkey. Our results show that Al content of commercially available powdered infant formulas, most of which are imported from Europe, ranged from 1.211 to 10.925 micrograms/g. The mean value was higher than that of breast milk. It was also found that the Al content of cow's milk in various containers was higher than that of breast milk. The highest Al level among cow's milk samples was in the aluminized carton box.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2006

Some factors affecting the formation of furan in heated foods.

Levels of furan in various foods were measured before and after heating under heating and laboratory conditions. The effect of contact with can coatings, sealing gaskets and the epoxidized oils used in gasket manufacture on furan formation was studied. The objective was to identify factors affecting furan formation. Furan present in heat-processed food samples persisted during cooking. Furan was shown to form in foods on heating, although it did not accumulate to a significant degree on heating in an open vessel. There were no interactions between foods and cans, can coatings or gaskets that had a significant influence on furan formation. Furan accumulated particularly in heat-processed canned and jarred foods because they are sealed containers that receive a considerable thermal load. Heating epoxidized oils used in sealing gaskets formed furan. At the levels used in gaskets, however, epoxidized oils should not affect the formation of furan in foods.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lead-contaminated imported tamarind candy and children's blood lead levels.

In 1999, an investigation implicated tamarind candy as the potential source of lead exposure for a child with a significantly elevated blood lead level (BLL). The Oklahoma City-County Health Department tested two types of tamarind suckers and their packaging for lead content. More than 50% of the tested suckers exceeded the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Level of Concern for lead in this type of product. The authors calculated that a child consuming one-quarter to one-half of either of the two types of suckers in a day would exceed the maximum FDA Provis onal Tolerable Intake for lead. High lead concentrations in the two types of wrappers suggested leaching as a potential source of contamination. The authors used the Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IEUBK) model to predict the effects of consumption of contaminated tamarind suckers on populat on BLLs. The IEUBK model predicted that consumption of either type of sucker at a rate of one per day would result in dramatic increases in mean BLLs for children ages 6-84 months in Oklahoma and in the percentage of children wth elevated BLLs (> or =10 micrograms per deciliter [microg/dL]). The authors conclude that consumption of these products represents a potential public health threat. In addition, a history of lead contamination in imported tamarind products suggests that import control measures may not be completely effective in preventing additional lead exposure.

Candy↗
PubMed2026

Cationic porphyrin covalent organic framework reinforced hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films for photodynamic-photothermal sterilization and food preservation.

Microbial contamination in food necessitates effective antimicrobial packaging. While cellulose-based packaging materials suffer from limited antimicrobial efficacy, lack of active functionality, and susceptibility to inducing microbial resistance. To address these challenges, this study synthesized a cationic porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (Por-ICOF) as a multimodal photosensitizer. Por-ICOF was uniformly dispersed via non-covalent interaction within hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), creating an HPMC/Por-ICOF composite film. This integration enhanced mechanical strength (increased by 26%), hydrophobicity (WCA 71°), and gas barrier properties (OP reduced by 42%, WVP reduced by 36%). Under visible light, the HPMC/Por ICOF film superior absorption generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photothermal effects, inactivating 99.2% of Escherichia coli and 99.95% of Staphylococcus aureus within 20 min. The composite film exhibited excellent biocompatibility and effectively extended the shelf life of strawberries. This cationic modification strategy for cellulose-based films offers a novel avenue for the design of high-performance antimicrobial food packaging materials.

Food Preservation↗