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PubMed1995

Understanding ageism: lessons from feminism and postmodernism.

I argue that ageism is a set of oppressive social relations directed at and constructed in images of the aged body. Drawing from feminist and postmodern theorists I suggest that we must avoid essentialism, be sensitive to historical and geographical variations in the form of ageism, focus on the contested nature of the aged body and associated identities, and reject attempts at universalizing scholarship. I suggest that our work focus on five sites of struggle around ageist identities: the labor force, the household, popular culture, the state, and the built environment, each of which is involved in the construction and reconstruction of the aged body.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

To be or not be a woman: anorexia nervosa, normative gender roles, and feminism.

This paper reviews the characteristics of anorexia nervosa described in the DSM-III-R, relates them to normative gender roles and adolescent development, and critiques those roles on feminist grounds. Two apparently contradictory explanations for the irrational pursuit of thinness are considered: a) the anorexic thus attempts to conform to a socially defined feminine ideal; b) the anorexic thus attempts to avoid the appearance and consequences of mature womanhood. I propose that both explanations are applicable, together emplifying the ambiguity that Simone de Beauvoir considers characteristic of female experience. Because both explanations suggest a gender identity disorder, I question the fact that the DSM-III-R fails to indicate this linkage. I argue further that therapeutic considerations require efforts to alter the socialization factors that are implicative in anorexia nervosa.

Anorexia Nervosa↗
PubMed2003

Feminization of the HIV epidemic in the United States: major research findings and future research needs.

This article describes several HIV prevention interventions that have demonstrated efficacy in reducing women's risk of HIV and identifies key research questions to be addressed in the area of HIV prevention for women. The article is organized in a question-and-answer format for clarity of presentation. This format is particularly useful in the latter half, which focuses on specific questions that have emerged from past and ongoing research among women. Some of these research questions include the following: (a) How can researchers develop effective strategies that can prevent women from relapsing to risky sexual practices? (b) What are effective HIV prevention approaches for Latina women? (c) How can interventions be tailored to the needs of women living with HIV? (d) How can we improve the efficacy and cost effectiveness of comprehensive HIV prevention strategies for reducing HIV and other blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections among women?

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed2001

Morality is not a curable disease: probing the history of venereal diseases, morality and prostitution. [Review of: Spongberg, M. Feminizing venereal disease: the body of the prostitute in nineteenth-century discourse, 1997; Fisher, T. Prostitution and the Victorians, 1997; Mooij, A. Out of otherness: characters and narrators in the Dutch venereal disease debates 1850-1990, 1998; Merians, LE. The secret malady: venereal disease in eighteenth century Britain and France, 1996; Brandt, A; Rozin P. Morality and health, 1997; Lewis, M. Thorns on the rose: the history of sexually transmitted diseases in Australia in international perspective, 1998; Lundberg, A. Care and coercion: medical knowledge, social policy and patients with venereal disease in Sweden, 1999].

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Historiography↗
PubMed2000

A systematic approach to faculty development in Women's health: lessons from education, feminism, and conflict theory.

The authors present a strategy for residency faculty development in women's health, the reasons that such a strategy is necessary (e.g., women's health encompasses much more than reproductive and disease issues, and is cross-disciplinary and intrinsic to all of family practice), and their residency program's experience with its development and implementation from 1994 to the present. In creating the program, the residency program's faculty used as a context some lessons learned from family medicine, since the rapid growth of family medicine provides a historical example of dealing with a critical shortage of faculty for new residency programs and the need for a new way to train educators. Also, the faculty reviewed the literature about faculty development in medicine, models of teaching and learning from women's studies, and group theory, specifically the skills concerning conflict and diversity. They used the salient elements from each (which the authors outline) in fashioning their new faculty development program. The resulting program also grew out of focus groups with patients, input from staff, residents, and faculty, and meetings and workshops, including some intense and highly charged discussions in which the faculty participants, both men and women, confronted their own views and biases and worked hard to successfully forge a common and relevant vision of women's health. The program has fostered faculty who are knowledgeable about the diverse educational skills required to teach women's health. They use these skills in all curricular content, thus demonstrating a new way to educate residents as well as faculty.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1982

Diffuse nonlobular ovarian androblastoma usually associated with feminization.

The unusual pleomorphism of ovarian androblastoma calls for the definition of further subgroups and fuller use of the available interpretative ideas. A set of six cases forming a possible subgroup is presented. Functionally these were mainly estrogenic. Structurally they showed a diffuse fibrothecomatous or thecogranulosal background with foci of limited and sexually equivocal differentiation. Lutein cell clusters were present in all cases and tubules were present in five. The ideas developed for interpreting the androblastoma family are reviewed historically and related to the foregoing. The criteria of testicular differentiation, and the relation of endocrine function to morphology and age, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The androgen insensitivity syndrome (testicular feminization): a clinicopathologic study of 43 cases.

Forty-three patients with the androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), ages 14 to 83 (average 27) years, were studied. Forty patients had complete AIS and three patients had incomplete AIS. Microscopic examination of the testes revealed immature tubules, which contained rare spermatogonia in 28% of the cases. Prominent Leydig cells and a spindle-cell stroma resembling ovarian stroma were found in a majority of cases. The organization of the testicular parenchyma could be classified into one of four patterns: diffuse tubulostromal, lobular tubulostromal, mixed tubulostromal, or stromal-predominant. Hamartomas were present in 63% and Sertoli cell adenomas in 23% of the cases. Malignant tumors developed in 9% of the patients and comprised two seminomas, one intratubular germ cell neoplasm with early stromal invasion, and a malignant sex cord tumor. At least one fallopian tube was present in 35% of the cases.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1996

Lack of feminization of the cremaster nucleus by prenatal flutamide administration in the rat and pig.

PURPOSE: The sexually dimorphic cremaster nucleus contains motoneurons that project via the genitofemoral nerve and theoretically direct androgen dependent testicular descent. The effects of flutamide on descent and masculinization of the cremaster nucleus were studied in the rat and pig. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flutamide was given to pregnant rats and pigs on days 16 to 22 and 65 to 113 of gestation, respectively. Tissues were perfused and examined at birth (pigs) or at age 30 days (rats). Spinal cords were removed, sectioned and immunohistochemically stained for serotonin (rats) or substance P (pigs) to demarcate the position of the cremaster nucleus and allow the determination of cremaster motoneuron number. RESULTS: After exposure to flutamide testes were undescended in 6 of 9 rats and 7 of 10 pigs. Cremaster motoneuron number per nucleus were 288 +/- 22 in control versus 250 +/- 27 in flutamide treated rats, and 165 +/- 28 in control versus 148 +/- 24 in flutamide treated pigs. The decrease in motoneuron number by flutamide was significant in both species (p < 0.02) but it did not approach the levels in female rats (93 +/- 11) and pigs (57 +/- 12). Cremaster motoneuron number did not correlate with testicular position. Porcine undescended testes were associated with a significant increase in mean gubernacular volume. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike other sexually dimorphic spinal cord nuclei masculinization of the cremaster nucleus appears to be largely androgen independent and it does not correlate with ipsilateral testicular descent. These data suggest that androgens do not mediate descent of the testes via the efferent limb of the genitofemoral nerve.

Androgen Antagonists↗