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PubMed2006

Effect of pectin and amidated pectin on cholesterol homeostasis and cecal metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet.

Two experiments were performed to compare the effect of pectin and its hydrophobic derivatives on homeostasis of cholesterol and cecal metabolism in male young rats. Control rats were fed a diet supplemented with palm fat and cholesterol (50 and 10 g/kg, respectively). Rats of other groups were fed the same diet containing citrus pectin or octadecylpectinamide (60 g/kg). Diets were fed for 4 weeks. In experiment I, pectinamide of lower degree of amidation (30 %) increased serum HDL cholesterol from 1.20 to 1.43 micromol/ml (p>0.05) at the expense of other cholesterol fractions. In experiment II, pectinamide of a higher degree of amidation (53 %) significantly decreased total serum cholesterol from 2.08 to 1.67 micromol/ml. Amidated pectins at both levels of substitution significantly decreased hepatic concentrations of cholesterol and fat. In both experiments the relative weight of cecum in the pectinamide group was significantly lower than in pectin group. The highest cecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were found in rats fed a diet with pectin (133.2 and 129.3 micromol/g in experiment I and II, respectively). In other groups, cecal SCFA was significantly (pectinamide groups) or non-significantly (controls) lower. In wet feces, SCFA concentrations were higher and butyrate molar proportions lower than in corresponding cecal contents. Pectinamide of a lower or higher degree of substitution significantly increased fecal content of cholesterol from 18.5 and 17.3 micromol/g in controls to 31.8 and 28.0 micromol/g, respectively. Corresponding concentrations of coprostanol were decreased. Effects of pectin on cholesterol homeostasis were absent or marginal. Histological examination revealed that hepatic tissue of control and pectin-fed rats was infiltrated with lipids. The Sudan black-positive material was absent in the liver of rats fed pectinamides. No pathological changes of liver tissue were apparent. In summary, hydrophobic amidated pectins significantly altered cholesterol homeostasis in rats and might be considered as a clinically effective hypocholesterolemic agent. Low cecal SCFA concentrations in rats fed pectinamides suggest that amidation of pectin had decreased its fermentability.

Amides↗

PubMed2006

The growth hormone 1 GH1:c.457C>G mutation is associated with intramuscular and rump fat distribution in a large sample of Australian feedlot cattle.

The GH1:c.457C>G exon 5 missense mutation in the bovine growth hormone 1 (GH1) gene that causes the replacement of leucine (L) with valine (V) was investigated in 1027 cattle with primarily Angus and Shorthorn breeding from Australian feedlots. The allele frequency of the GH1:c.457C allele was 0.77 in Angus and 0.76 in Shorthorn. The GH1:c.457C allele was associated with lower marbling (P = 0.0472), and the average effect of allele substitution was -0.22 of a phenotypic standard deviation. This allele was also associated with slightly higher rump fat (P = 0.0541) and the average effect of allele substitution was 0.11 SD. Marbling and rump fat were not strongly correlated (r = 0.097, P < 0.01) in this data set. This mutation had no significant effect on eye muscle area or hot dressed carcass weight (P > 0.1). Given these relationships, the differences between GH1 alleles could be the result of differential deposition of fat in fat depots.

Alleles↗

PubMed1988

Detection of pancreatic steatorrhea by oral pancreatic function tests.

Pancreolauryl and NBT-PABA tests were performed in urine of 54 patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and, additionally, in serum of 29 of these patients. All patients underwent a secretin-pancreozymin test and a 72-hr fecal fat analysis. Pancreatic steatorrhea occurred (with only three exceptions) when the pancreolauryl test revealed a T/C ratio [recovery of the fluorescein of the test (T) and the control (C) day] of less than 10, or when serum fluorescein concentrations were below 0.5 microgram/ml. The NBT-PABA test also showed a negative correlation between urinary PABA excretion or serum PABA concentration and fecal fat excretion, but there was no diagnostically useful cutoff limit indicating decompensation of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. These findings indicate that the pancreolauryl test may facilitate clinical evaluation of patients with chronic pancreatitis by simultaneously assessing exocrine pancreatic insufficiency as a cause and predicting pancreatic steatorrhea as a sequel of maldigestion. In clinical practice, the pancreolauryl test can be used as a parameter for deciding whether to initiate pancreatic enzyme substitution if direct pancreatic function tests and fecal fat analysis are not available.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗

PubMed1991

Body fat in lean and overweight women estimated by six methods.

Body fat content of seven lean women (body mass index (BMI) 20.6 (SD 1.8) kg/m2) and seven overweight women (BMI 31.1 (SD 3.3) kg/m2) was estimated by six different methods: underwater weighing (UWW), body-water dilution (BWD), whole-body counting (40K), skinfold thickness (SFT), bioelectrical impedance (BEI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using UWW as the reference method, the differences between percentage fat by each other method and the percentage fat by UWW were calculated for each subject. The mean difference was lowest for SFT and highest for BWD. MRI showed the lowest variability in individual results, and 40K the highest. 40K and BWD methods used in combination gave better agreement with UWW results than either 40K or BWD methods alone. There was a weak negative correlation between the difference from the UWW results and percentage fat in the SFT measurements, but not in the BWD, 40K, BEI or MRI measurements, suggesting that for these methods the assumptions involved produced no greater inaccuracy in the overweight women than in the lean women. In all subjects the BEI offered little improvement over the traditional SFT measurements. The agreement between MRI and UWW estimates in both lean and overweight women suggests that MRI may be a satisfactory substitute for the more established methods of body fat estimation in adult women.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1983

Effect of a high fat supplement in late gestation and lactation on piglet survival and performance.

The effect of 15% lipid addition to perinatal sow's diet on piglet survival and performance was investigated with 85 litters over four farrowing seasons. Sows received either control or fat supplemented diets from d 109 of gestation through d 21 of lactation. Substitution of a casein-encapsulated white grease product for corn (i.e., an increase in diet fat by 15%) increased (P less than .05) piglet weight gain (230 vs 214 g/d) and piglet survival 84.9 vs 79.1% of live born pigs to 21 d of age. Piglet survival data, analyzed by logistic regression, indicated that a 15% increase in dietary fat increased the odds of piglet survival at all birth weights. However, the probability of piglet survival was most enhanced at birth weights between 700 and 1,100 g. Over this weight range, the survival rate of piglets from sows receiving the supplement was increased by 10 percentage units. Feeding a high fat supplement increased piglet survival during the first 3 d of life and again at d 9. The results of this experiment suggest a unique effect of including a high fat supplement late in gestation on piglet survival during the first several days of life. Logistic regression was shown to be an appropriate and useful technique for analysis of factors affecting piglet survival.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Multiple quantitative trait locus analysis of bovine chromosome 6 in the Israeli Holstein population by a daughter design.

Nine Israeli Holstein sire families with 2978 daughters were analyzed for quantitative trait loci effects on chromosome 6 for five milk production traits by a daughter design. All animals were genotyped for 2 markers. The three families with significant effects were genotyped for up to 10 additional markers spanning positions 0-122 cM of BTA6. Two sires were segregating for a locus affecting protein and fat percentage near position 55 cM with an estimated substitution effect of 0.18% protein, which is equivalent to one phenotypic standard deviation. This locus was localized to a confidence interval of 4 cM. One of these sires was also heterozygous for a locus affecting milk, fat, and protein production near the centromere. The hypothesis of two segregating loci was verified by multiple regression analysis. A third sire was heterozygous for a locus affecting milk and protein percentage near the telomeric end of the chromosome. Possible candidates for the major quantitative gene near position 55 cM were determined by comparative mapping. IBSP and SSP1 were used as anchors for the orthologous region on human chromosome 4. Twelve genes were detected within a 2-Mbp sequence. None of these genes have been previously associated with lactogenesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Reversal of impaired GIP and insulin secretion in patients with pancreatogenic steatorrhea following enzyme substitution.

The influence of impaired digestion on nutrient induced release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and insulin have been investigated in patients with chronic pancreatitis. All patients had massive steatorrhea (> 25 g/24 h), and glucose intolerance. A standard liquid test meal comprising fat and glucose were ingested with or without pancreatic enzyme substitution (9.0 g pancreatin). In the presence of pancreatin the response of serum levels of GIP to the test meal was significantly enhanced (81.2 vs 194.5 microgram/l X 180 min). Concurrently, the insulin response was augmented (3.4 vs 6.4 U/l X 180 min), resulting in improved glucose tolerance. Addition of pancreatin also significantly augmented the GIP response to oral fat (100 g), but not to oral glucose (100 g). In patients with pancreatogenic steatorrhea the insulin response to an IV glucose infusion (0.7 g/kg/h for 90 min) was augmented by oral fat only after addition of 9.0 g pancreatin to the fat load (3.5 vs 7.3 U/l X 180 min). After restoration of the GIP response to fat by pancreatin, the inhibitory effect of IV glucose on fat-induced GIP increase was restored. These data indicate that the GIP response to a mixed meal or triglycerides is dependent on the absorption of nutrients. In patients with chronic pancreatitis improvement of pancreatogenic insufficiency reverses the impaired GIP response, restores the incretin effect of fat, and improves glucose tolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Assimilation of wheat starch in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Positive effect of enzyme replacement.

Pancreatic insufficiency due to chronic pancreatitis may lead to symptomatic malabsorption of both starch and fat. The absorption capacity of wheat starch has not been studied previously in patients with chronic pancreatitis, although this carbohydrate is a quantitatively important component of the Western diet. We studied the absorption of wheat starch and the effect of pancreatic enzyme substitution in seven patients with chronic pancreatitis and steathorrea. The malabsorption was determined from hydrogen breath tests with lactulose standards as reference. Without enzyme substitution, wheat starch (50 g) was absorbed to a lesser extent than in healthy controls (p less than 0.05). The mouth-to-cecum transit time was prolonged and correlated positively to the fat excretion before substitution with pancreatic enzymes (sigma = 1). The enzyme substitution increased the absorption of wheat starch to values seen in healthy controls (p less than 0.05) and reduced the mouth-to-cecum transit time by 19.8%.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Influence of dietary fat composition on development of insulin resistance in rats. Relationship to muscle triglyceride and omega-3 fatty acids in muscle phospholipid.

High levels of some but not all dietary fats lead to insulin resistance in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the important determinants underlying this observation. Insulin action was assessed with the euglycemic clamp. Diets high in saturated, monounsaturated (omega-9), or polyunsaturated (omega-6) fatty acids led to severe insulin resistance; glucose infusion rates [GIR] to maintain euglycemia at approximately 1000 pM insulin were 6.2 +/- 0.9, 8.9 +/- 0.9, and 9.7 +/- 0.4 mg.kg-1. min-1, respectively, versus 16.1 +/- 1.0 mg.kg-1.min-1 in chow-fed controls. Substituting 11% of fatty acids in the polyunsaturated fat diet with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish oils normalized insulin action (GIR 15.0 +/- 1.3 mg.kg-1.min-1). Similar replacement with short-chain omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid, 18:3 omega 3) was ineffective in the polyunsaturated diet (GIR 9.9 +/- 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) but completely prevented the insulin resistance induced by a saturated-fat diet (GIR 16.0 +/- 1.5 mg.kg-1.min-1) and did so in both the liver and peripheral tissues. Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle was inversely correlated with mean muscle triglyceride accumulation (r = 0.95 and 0.86 for soleus and red quadriceps, respectively; both P less than 0.01). Furthermore, percentage of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid in phospholipid measured in red quadriceps correlated highly with insulin action in that muscle (r = 0.97). We conclude that 1) the particular fatty acids and the lipid environment in which they are presented in high-fat diets determine insulin sensitivity in rats; 2) impaired insulin action in skeletal muscle relates to triglyceride accumulation, suggesting intracellular glucose-fatty acid cycle involvement; and 3) long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in phospholipid of skeletal muscle may be important for efficient insulin action.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Effects of castration and testosterone substitution on body composition and muscle metabolism in rats.

Male weanling Wistar rats were castrated or sham-operated and followed for 12 weeks without substitution or with large (2 mg . 14 days-1) or small (0.2 mg . 14 days-1) intramuscular dose of testosterone enantate. Castration without substitution was associated with lower body weight and smaller fat cell sizes in different adipose tissue depots. The epididymal and caudal subcutaneous depots were the most sensitive to castration. The percentage of fast-twitch high-oxidative (type II A) muscle fibers decreased in the non-substituted castrated animals. There was a decrease in phosphorylase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the white portion of the gastrocnemius muscle of the castrates. These changes were reversed by the large dose of testosterone. Removal of testosterone by castration thus seems to "feminize" male rats with respect to body composition and muscle metabolism.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1991

Enzyme activities associated with carcinogen metabolism in liver and nonhepatic tissues of rats maintained on high fat and food-restricted diets.

The influence of high fat or food-restricted diets on key enzymes associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism was assessed in liver, lung, kidney and stomach of rats. Animals had access ad libitum to the AIN-76A purified diet (control) or were given 65% of the intake of controls for 3 wk. The high fat diet was isoenergetic to the control diet by substituting corn oil for equal energy from carbohydrate and addition of cellulose to obtain equal energy density. Activities of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase were significantly increased in lungs of food-restricted rats and decreased by the high fat diet but were not altered in liver. Both diets increased arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase approximately twofold in kidney. Glucose 6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were lowered in lung, kidney and liver by the high fat diet. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase was increased by high fat feeding. Food restriction decreased activities of arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase about 40% in lung. Hepatic arylsulfatase was also decreased about 40% by this treatment. Changes in hydrolase activities in livers and lungs of animals maintained on restricted diets raises in the interesting possibility that net production of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of carcinogens by the liver and their hydrolysis in lung is altered by food restriction.

7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗

PubMed1997

Effect of degradability of dietary protein and fat on ruminal, blood, and milk components of Jersey and Holstein cows.

Twelve Holstein cows and 12 Jersey cows were used in six 4 x 4 Latin squares to investigate the effects of the degradability of dietary protein and supplemental dietary fat on milk components. Dietary dry matter contained 16% crude protein with two concentrations of ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) obtained by substituting blood meal for a portion of the soybean meal. Treatments were 1) 29% RUP, 0% added fat; 2) 29% RUP, 2.7% added fat (Ca soaps of fatty acids); 3) 41% RUP, 0% added fat; and 4) 41% RUP, 2.7% added fat. The dry matter of the total mixed ration fed at 1000 and 1400 h consisted of 30% corn silage, 29% alfalfa haylage, and 41% concentrate. Supplemental dietary fat depressed dry matter intake by 6.2%. Plasma urea N was greater at 0700 and 1600 h for Jerseys fed diets containing added fat and greater at 0700 h for Holsteins fed diets containing 41% RUP than for Holsteins fed 0% added fat and 29% RUP. When averaged across both breeds, milk production increased 7.1%, and production of 4% fat-corrected milk by Jerseys increased 8.4%, in response to added dietary fat. Milk protein was reduced when Holstein diets contained 41% RUP. Milk protein content was reduced 7.1 and 3.9%, and milk urea N was increased 4.9 and 8.5%, by added fat and 41% RUP in both breeds, respectively. Added fat reduced the concentration, but not the yield, of milk components. Substitution of blood meal decreased the concentration and yield of milk protein and casein N.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[Parenteral nutrition in liver diseases].

A total parenteral nutrition may particularly be used in patients with liver diseases, for comatous patients or postoperatively. By using central venous catheterization the practical application of high osmolar solutions, fat emulsions and amino acid mixtures is easy to be performed. Partial parenteral nutrition is needed mainly for decompensation of metabolic disturbances of amino acids in liver diseases. As carbohydrates particularly glucose is used, but because of the deranged glucose tolerance also fructose and glucose substitutes are given in mixed solutions. The infusion of fat emulsions partly covers the need of energy and on the other side prevents a lack of essential fatty acids. Recent investigations demonstrated that fat emulsions may be tolerated by patients with liver diseases and fat is utilized for energy metabolism. The changes of plasma amino acids in blood in patients with chronic liver diseases, especially in the stage with liver insufficiency, demands for a special amino acid solution. For the accomplishment of a total as well as for partial parenteral nutrition principles are given and relevant clinical problems are discussed.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Fat excretion in infants in the 1st months of life, fed milk mixtures with a varying fat composition].

Daily excretion of fats with feces was examined in 56 healthy children of the first months of life fed milk mixtures with varying quantitative and qualitative fat composition comparatively to that in children on natural feeding. During feeding children with adapted milk mixtures (acidophilic and "Detolact"), excretion of fats with feces did not differ substantially from that seen during natural feeding, which provides evidence in favour of these products. The results described indicate the informative value of the indicator tested (fat excretion with feces) and the necessity of its use while evaluating the efficacy of the newly developed breast milk substitutes.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Long-term result of vocal cord augmentation with autogenous fat.

The use of autogenous fat for augmentation of the paralyzed vocal fold is a promising substitute for alternate injectable material such as Teflon (polytef paste, polytetrafluoroethylene; Ethicon) and Gelfoam (absorbable gelatin sponge; Upjohn). Long-term histologic evaluation of fat grafts to the larynx has not previously been reported in the literature. We present a case report of autogenous fat augmentation of a paralyzed vocal fold with documentation of persistent fat graft present 5 months after transplant.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1981

[Fat embolism as a complication in shock. Clinical and therapeutic aspects (author's transl)].

In 36 patients the changes of the haemostasis in relation to hypovolaemic shock period were studied after polytrauma and or surgical operations. It was shown that a correlation between the hypovolaemic shock period and the degree of haemostatic disorder exists. The significance of this interaction for the manifestation of the fat embolism syndrome was demonstrated in two casuistics. It is concluded that the haemostatic disorder in shock enhances the development of the fat embolism syndrome. As a therapeutic consequence adequate volume substitution beside specific anticoagulation seems to be of utmost importance in the posttraumatic treatment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Total parenteral nutrition in the newborn infant: energy substrates and respiratory gas exchange.

The hypothesis that a high-fat parenteral regimen was beneficial for respiratory gas exchanges, in comparison with a high-glucose regimen, was tested in a paired crossover design. Ten parenterally fed newborn infants with no respiratory problems received two 5-day isoenergetic and isonitrogenous regimens that differed in their nonprotein source of energy; the level of fat intake (low fat (LF) 1 gm.kg-1.day-1; high fat (HF) 3 gm.kg-1.day-1) varied inversely with that of glucose. Continuous transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) and PCO2 (tcPCO2), respiratory gas exchange (indirect calorimetry), and plasma arachidonate metabolites were measured at the end of each regimen. Oxygen consumption and resting energy expenditure were not affected by modification of the source of energy. However, carbon dioxide production (VCO2) was higher during LF than during HF (6.9 +/- 0.2 vs 6.2 +/- 0.1 ml.kg-1.min-1; p less than 0.01), as was the respiratory quotient (1.08 +/- 0.02 vs 0.96 +/- 0.02; p less than 0.001). Despite the differences in VCO2, the tcPCO2 was not affected, suggesting adequate pulmonary compensation during LF, as documented by the higher minute ventilation (160 +/- 7 vs 142 +/- 5 ml.kg-1.min-1; p less than 0.01). The lower tcPO2 during the HF regimen (73.8 +/- 2.8 vs 68.8 +/- 2.6 mm Hg; p less than 0.015) indicated a disturbance at the alveolocapillary level induced by the lipid emulsion. No differences were found in circulating levels of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The substitution of glucose for lipid did not modify fat storage (2.1 +/- 0.3 vs 2.1 +/- 0.3 gm.kg-1.day-1). We conclude that the supposed beneficial effect of a fat emulsion on respiratory gas exchange is questionable.

Blood Gas Monitoring, Transcutaneous↗

PubMed2006

Differential cartilaginous tissue formation by human synovial membrane, fat pad, meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes.

OBJECTIVE: To identify an appropriate cell source for the generation of meniscus substitutes, among those which would be available by arthroscopy of injured knee joints. METHODS: Human inner meniscus cells, fat pad cells (FPC), synovial membrane cells (SMC) and articular chondrocytes (AC) were expanded with or without specific growth factors (Transforming growth factor-beta1, Fibroblast growth factor-2 and Platelet-derived growth factor bb, TFP) and then induced to form three-dimensional cartilaginous tissues in pellet cultures, or using a hyaluronan-based scaffold (Hyaff-11), in culture or in nude mice. Human native menisci were assessed as reference. RESULTS: Cell expansion with TFP enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) deposition by all cell types (up to 4.1-fold) and messenger RNA expression of collagen type II by FPC and SMC (up to 472-fold) following pellet culture. In all models, tissues generated by AC contained the highest fractions of GAG (up to 1.9% of wet weight) and were positively stained for collagen type II (specific of the inner avascular region of meniscus), type IV (mainly present in the outer vascularized region of meniscus) and types I, III and VI (common to both meniscus regions). Instead, inner meniscus, FPC and SMC developed tissues containing negligible GAG and no detectable collagen type II protein. Tissues generated by AC remained biochemically and phenotypically stable upon ectopic implantation. CONCLUSIONS: Under our experimental conditions, only AC generated tissues containing relevant amounts of GAG and with cell phenotypes compatible with those of the inner and outer meniscus regions. Instead, the other investigated cell sources formed tissues resembling only the outer region of meniscus. It remains to be determined whether grafts based on AC will have the ability to reach the complex structural and functional organization typical of meniscus tissue.

Adipose Tissue↗