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PubMed1987

H2 excretion after ingestion of complex carbohydrates.

Malabsorption of fermentable material in a variety of foods was assessed by measurement of breath H2 excretion. Breath H2 increased well above that observed in fasting subjects after ingestion of 100 g of carbohydrate in oats, whole wheat, potatoes, corn, and baked beans. Rice caused only a minimal increase in H2 excretion and hamburger was associated with no increase. We estimated the malabsorption of fermentable material by comparing the H2 excretion for 9 h after ingestion of various complex carbohydrates with that after 10 g of lactulose. The mean malabsorption of fermented material after 100-g carbohydrate meals was 20 g for baked beans; 7-10 g for wheat, oats, potatoes, and corn; and 0.9 g for rice. Whole oats or whole wheat resulted in 2-5 times more H2 than did the refined flours. As purified fiber appeared to be a poor substrate for H2 production by fecal homogenates, we conclude that most complex carbohydrates, with the exception of rice, contain a good deal of fermentable material that escapes small bowel absorption and it seems likely that this fermentable material is malabsorbed starch.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 have differential effects on food intake and gastric emptying in fasted rats.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are thought to mediate the onset of anorexia with infection. Animal studies suggest that gastric stasis accompanies IL-1-induced anorexia, and that food intake and gastric emptying of IL-1-injected rats are improved by pretreatment with ibuprofen (ibu), an inhibitor of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. The purpose of the present study was to determine if gastric stasis accompanies the reduced food intake induced by intraperitoneal injection of TNFa or IL-6 and whether these effects are mediated by PG. Injection of TNFa reduced food intake of fasted rats, but did not affect gastric emptying; injection of IL-6 reduced both food intake and gastric emptying. Pretreatment with 10 mg/kg ibu improved food intake of TNFa-injected animals, but did not affect food intake or gastric emptying of IL-6-injected animals. These data indicate that although IL-6 and TNFa have overlapping effects on food intake, the mechanisms of action are not identical. Delayed gastric emptying does not play a major role in the anorexigenic effects of TNFa, and PG synthesis does not play a major role in the anorexigenic effects of IL-6. These findings may be helpful in the development of interventions to improve nutritional intake during infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Feeding patterns of S. crassicaudata (Marsupialia:Dasyuridae): role of gender, photoperiod, and fat stores.

Little is known about feeding regulation in marsupials. Sminthopsis crassicaudata is a small nocturnal marsupial, whose tail contains approximately 25% total body fat. We have characterized the effect of gender, photoperiod, food deprivation, and tail removal (lipectomy) on food intake in S. crassicaudata. Males and females maintained in captivity on long-day (LD, 16:8-h light-dark cycle) and short-day (SD, 9:15-h light-dark cycle) light regimens were studied. Feeding patterns under LD and SD photoperiods were initially measured under conditions of ad libitum food supply and then in groups of animals exposed to 24- and 36-h periods of food deprivation. Feeding occurred predominantly in the dark. Females maintained on SD photoperiods for 5 wk ate less (P < 0.005) than females on LD or males on either SD or LD, but this reduction in food intake was not associated with a decrease either in body weight or tail width. After both 24- and 36-h fasts, total food intake in the subsequent 24 h increased (P < 0.001) up to 100% in all groups, with no gender or photoperiod effect. SD females, however, ate less (P < 0.05) than LD females in the first 6 h after refeeding. Tail width decreased (P < 0.05) in all groups of animals after the 36-h fast but only in LD animals after the 24-h fast (P < 0.05). Body weight decreased similarly in all groups of animals after fasting. The effect of tail removal was studied in LD males. The procedure, which was well tolerated, resulted in an initial decrease in body weight (P < 0.005), which recovered within 3 wk. On day 45 in the animals whose tails were removed, body fat was approximately 30% greater than body fat of controls (P < 0.02). No significant increase in food intake occurred after tail removal. These data demonstrate in Sminthopsis crassicaudata 1) a photoperiod and gender-dependent effect on food intake, 2) the ability to regulate the amount and distribution of total body fat, and 3) a dissociation between the regulation of food intake and changes in body fat stores, which suggest alterations in energy expenditure.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

The growth hormone secretagogue KP-102-induced stimulation of food intake is modified by fasting, restraint stress, and somatostatin in rats.

The effects of fasting, restraint stress, and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of somatostatin on the growth hormone secretagogue, KP-102-induced stimulation of food intake were examined in rats. KP-102-induced stimulation of food intake was observed in freely-fed rats but not in 24-h starved rats. A 90 min period of restraint stress decreased food intake, and i.c.v. administration of KP-102 counteracted the suppressive effect of restraint on food intake. I.c.v. administration of somatostatin partially attenuated the KP-102-induced stimulation of food intake in freely-fed rats, while somatostatin itself did not change food intake. These results suggest that the stimulatory effect of KP-102 on feeding behavior is evident in freely-fed rats but not in starved rats, and that the effect of KP-102 is counteracted or attenuated by stress or somatostatin.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Postprandial gastric blood flow in conscious dogs.

Left gastric arterial blood flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter in conscious dogs. Immediately after the ingestion of 300 g of meat or milk, gastric blood flow increased to 250-270% of the control but declined to preprandial levels in 10 min despite the presence of milk in the stomach. Gastric distension with a 300-ml balloon evoked a response of approximately 50% of that of milk, but continuous distension failed to maintain gastric hyperemia. The initial peak response to milk and distension was reduced by hexamethonium (-58 and -62%, respectively) and oxethazaine (-43 and -29%, respectively) but not by phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, or atropine. Thus the initial response was induced by both the contact of food with the mucosa and the distension of the stomach partly via the activation of neural reflexes. Gastric blood flow after the peak was dependent on the type of food and its route of administration; it was elevated by 30% after a meat meal, remained close to fasting levels after oral administration of milk, and fell below fasting levels (-17%) after intragastric administration of milk. An intraduodenal infusion of milk, but not water, reduced gastric blood flow below the control (-26%). Pentagastrin, which caused approximately 50% of the maximal acid secretion, increased gastric blood flow by only 10%.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Influence of food deprivation and adrenal steroids on DNA synthesis in various mammalian tissues.

The DNA content of skeletal muscle increases as young rats grow. Food deprivation prevented this increase: total DNA remained constant, while muscle weight and RNA decreased. Diaphragms isolated from fasted rats incorporated [3H]thymidine into DNA far more slowly than tissues from fed rats. Incorporation returned to control levels on refeeding. Fasting for 24 or 48 h also markedly reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation by slices of liver, kidney, and brain. The factors responsible for this inhibition of DNA synthesis were investigated. Amino acids, insulin, or serum from fed or fasted rats failed to alter thymidine incorporation by muscle. Injection of hydrocortisone into normal rats reduced incorporation into kidneys, liver, and muscle within 4h. Incubation of hemidiaphragms with hydrocortisone suppressed [3H]thymidine incorporation within 2-3h. Adrenalectomy enhanced incorporation into DNA by diaphragm, liver, kidney, and brain. When fasted, adrenalectomized rats showed little or no suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation and lost less weight than fasted controls. These data suggest that adrenal steroids are important in inhibiting DNA synthesis during normal growth and during fasting.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1999

Gastrectomy in the rat using two modifications of esophagojejunal anastomosis. general status, local histological changes and relationships to bone density.

Gastrectomy (GX) was carried out in the male rat according to the Longmire and the Roux-en-Y procedure. The focus of the postoperative investigations was to evaluate the influence of post-GX morphological changes occurring at the site of two types of end-to-end esophagojejunal anastomosis (with and without invagination), in particular food intake, body weight gain, food efficiency, hematocrit and bone density. GX failed to alter food intake, fasting blood glucose, alpha-amino nitrogen, or free fatty acids, but led to uniformly decreased body weight, food efficiency and serum gastrin, and increased serum osteocalcin, indicating high turnover osteopenia. However, irrespective of the type of (digestive tract) reconstruction (Longmire or Roux-en-Y), the invagination anastomosis was associated with lower mortality, fewer complications, less early postoperative weight loss, less intensive tissue changes at the anastomotic site, and improvement of bone density and hematocrit. Bivariate and multivariate regression analysis revealed that bone density was negatively influenced by epithelial hyperplasia of the anastomotic tissue, while hematocrit was positively influenced by bone density. In contrast, food intake appeared to have no influence. It was concluded that (1) the histological status of the esophagointestinal anastomosis varies depending on the surgical technique applied and (2) the type of anatomical reconstruction of the digestive tract (Longmire vs. Roux-en-Y) and food intake may be of minor importance for the bone and hematological status of GX rats. Future investigations are justified to clarify whether esophagojejunal proinflammatory tissue factors may contribute to the GX-mediated damage of bone mineral and bone marrow, thereby leading to low body weight.

Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y↗
PubMed2006

Difference in dietary intake between women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy controls.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the dietary intake and dietary composition of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with indices of glycemic status. We hypothesized that women with PCOS would consume a diet higher in total energy, fat, and specific foods with a high glycemic index than would healthy, control-group women and that dietary composition would be associated with indices of insulin resistance and secretion among women with PCOS. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: Research center on a university campus. PATIENT(S): Thirty women with PCOS and 27 healthy, age-, race-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched control women. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Nutrient intake data were collected from a food questionnaire and a 4-day food record. Fasting sera were analyzed for concentrations of insulin and glucose; estimates of insulin resistance were calculated. RESULT(S): Consumption of total energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and high glycemic index foods was similar between the groups. However, the PCOS group consumed significantly more white bread (7.9 +/- 4.4 vs. 5.5 +/- 2.9 servings over 4 days) and tended to consume more fried potatoes than did the control group (1.0 +/- 1.5 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.7 servings over 4 days). The PCOS group had a significantly greater fasting insulin concentration (22.5 +/- 14.9 vs. 15.1 +/- 8.3 muIU/mL) and a significantly lower glucose-to-insulin ratio (4.7 +/- 2.1 vs. 7.6 +/- 5.2) than the control group. Within the PCOS group, HOMA-IR and HOMA-%beta-cell function were significantly associated with BMI. The HOMA-IR, HOMA-%beta-cell, fasting insulin, and glucose-to-insulin ratio were not positively associated with measures of diet composition. CONCLUSION(S): Compared with matched control women, women with PCOS exhibited a dietary pattern that was marked by consumption of a greater amount of specific foods with a high glycemic index; however, diet composition was not associated with the greater fasting insulin concentration or with lower glucose-to-insulin ratio that was observed in the PCOS group.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Effects of formulation and food on the absorption of hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene or amiloride from combination diuretic products.

The absorption of three combination formulations of hydrochlorothiazide and either triamterene or amiloride was studied over a 5-year period in seven separate investigations under varying conditions of food and fasting. The most widely prescribed combination, containing 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide and 50 mg of triamterene, demonstrated impaired absorption in the fasting state that was partially corrected by the addition of a breakfast high in fat. The increase in the fat content of the food appeared to correlate directly with the amount of both drugs absorbed from this formulation. The second formulation studied, a new combination formulation of 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide and 75 mg of triamterene, demonstrated acceptable absorption in the fasting state that was not altered by the concurrent administration of a high-fat breakfast. The absorption of the third formulation, a combination of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide and 5 mg amiloride, was acceptable in the fasting state and demonstrated a slight reduction in the absorption of the amiloride component when administered concurrently with a high-fat meal. The clinical and biopharmaceutic implications of these observations are discussed.

Amiloride↗
PubMed1984

Prostaglandin biosynthesis by gastric mucosa. I. Studies in rat.

A technique for determination of the prostaglandin E2 biosynthetic capacity ( PGBC ) of gastric mucosa is described. The effects of food deprivation and indomethacin pretreatment on PGBC were studied. Indomethacin (1 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced the PGBC of fundal and antral tissue. This effect was more marked in the fundal tissue. Food deprivation for up to 22 h had no effect on fundal PGBC . In the antrum, a 12-hour fast caused a significant reduction in PGBC while a 22-hour fast had no effect. These changes in PGBC may relate to the increase in susceptibility to gastric ulceration caused by fasting or indomethacin pretreatment. This technique may be applicable to clinical studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Patterns of gene expression in atrophying skeletal muscles: response to food deprivation.

During fasting and many systemic diseases, muscle undergoes rapid loss of protein and functional capacity. To define the transcriptional changes triggering muscle atrophy and energy conservation in fasting, we used cDNA microarrays to compare mRNAs from muscles of control and food-deprived mice. Expression of >94% of genes did not change, but interesting patterns emerged among genes that were differentially expressed: 1) mRNAs encoding polyubiquitin, ubiquitin extension proteins, and many (but not all) proteasome subunits increased, which presumably contributes to accelerated protein breakdown; 2) a dramatic increase in mRNA for the ubiquitin ligase, atrogin-1, but not most E3s; 3) a significant suppression of mRNA for myosin binding protein H (but not other myofibrillar proteins) and IGF binding protein 5, which may favor cell protein loss; 4) decreases in mRNAs for several glycolytic enzymes and phosphorylase kinase subunits, and dramatic increases in mRNAs for pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and glutamine synthase, which should promote glucose sparing and gluconeogenesis. During fasting, metallothionein mRNA increased dramatically, mRNAs for extracellular matrix components fell, and mRNAs that may favor cap-independent mRNA translation rose. Significant changes occurred in mRNAs for many growth-related proteins and transcriptional regulators. These transcriptional changes indicate a complex adaptive program that should favor protein degradation and suppress glucose oxidation in muscle. Similar analysis of muscles atrophying for other causes is allowing us to identify a set of atrophy-specific changes in gene expression.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Sleep patterns of the laboratory cat.

The effects of feeding schedule and external stimuli on sleep patterns were investigated in cats fed to maintain their mean body weight. The ECoG, EOG and EMG wer recorded from 3 male cats fed once daily and under a 12:12 light--dark schedule. The results for 15 working days were compared with those obtained at week-ends and under continuous lighting, fasting, reduced food intake or overfeeding. Feeding was also divided into 3 meals per day. Despite some differences in their responsiveness. All cats exhibited the usual values for the critical variables of SWS: diurnal placement, intermittency and total amount. A low percentage of PS per 24 h was recorded. This was related both to the restricted amount of food eaten and to the feeding schedule. Reduced external stimuli at week-ends resulted in concentration of sleep during daytime, whereas sleep was reduced during continuous lighting in conjunction with an increased percentage of drowsinessess. The most marked effect of fasting (pig fat) was fragmentation of sleep episodes. Divided meals and an increased food intake both increased the total sleep duration. It is suggested that the restricted amount of food and relatively enriched environment used, accompanied by a reduced sleep duration, may be comparable to that seen in free animals. Sleep patterns in the cat are very responsive to light--dark schedule, reduced external stimuli and fasting.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Neuropeptide Y Y(5) receptor antagonist CGP71683A: the effects on food intake and anxiety-related behavior in the rat.

The effects of neuropeptide Y Y(5) receptor antagonist (trans-naphtalene-1-sulphonic acid [4-[(4-amino-quinazolin-2-ylamino)-methyl]-cyclohexylmethyl]-amide hydrochloride; CGP71683A), on food intake, anxiety and locomotor activity were studied. CGP71683A (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently decreased nocturnal and fasting-induced food intake. CGP71683A did not have an anxiogenic-like effect in the rat social interaction test. In the elevated plus-maze test, where novel neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist (2R)-5-([amino(imino)methyl)amino)-2-[(2.2-diphenylacetyl)-amino]-N-[(1R)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl-pentanamide (H 409/22) had anxiogenic-like effect, CGP71683A was inactive. In the open-field test, carried out immediately after the elevated plus-maze test, CGP71683A inhibited horizontal and vertical activity. CGP71683A did modify the habituation of locomotor response in novel environment. These data show that the inhibition of food intake induced by CGP71683A could not be explained by increased fearfulness, a state that is induced by neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonists. Thus, our data, obtained with first neuropeptide Y Y(5) receptor antagonist CGP71683A, suggest that in contrast to the neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor, Y(5) receptor is not involved in tonic neuropeptide Y-induced anxiolysis.

Amides↗
PubMed1993

Short-term fasting is a mechanism for the development of euglycemic ketoacidosis during periods of insulin deficiency.

To determine the etiology of euglycemic ketoacidosis, the effect of a 32-h fast on the rate of metabolic deterioration was examined in a group of 10 healthy subjects with type I diabetes mellitus. Patients were studied during 5 h of insulin withdrawal after 8 h (postprandial) and 32 h (fasted) of food deprivation. Study parameters included substrate levels, electrolytes, counterregulatory hormone levels, and rates of glucose and glycerol turnover. In the fasted state, mean peak plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower than those in the 8-h postprandial state (13.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 17.4 +/- 1.4 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05), and mean rates of glucose production were also significantly lower at all time points in the fasting state. The rate of development of ketosis was significantly more rapid during insulin deficiency after a fast (8.82 +/- 0.63 vs. 6.23 +/- 0.30 micro/L.min; P < 0.05), while plasma nonesterified fatty acids and glycerol turnover showed a biphasic response to insulin withdrawal, which was also more robust after a fast. Metabolic acidosis, as reflected in the rate of decrease in serum bicarbonate concentration, was more severe after 32 h of fasting than in the postprandial state (mean nadir, 15.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 18.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/L; P < 0.001). In contrast to values in the postprandial state, serum glucagon levels rose during insulin withdrawal in the fasting state, and plasma norepinephrine levels also correlated positively with the ongoing metabolic decompensation. Other counterregulatory hormones did not differ significantly in the fasted vs. postprandial states in these short term metabolic studies. We conclude that a fast of moderate duration, such as might be expected to occur during the development of diabetic ketoacidosis, predisposes patients with type I diabetes to euglycemic ketoacidosis during periods of insulin deficiency. Furthermore, decreased rates of hepatic glucose production are responsible for the lower plasma glucose values observed during a fast. The development of ketosis continued progressively in both conditions, but the rate of rise of plasma ketones was increased in the fasted state. This accelerated development of ketosis may be attributable to the effects of elevated levels of glucagon and/or catecholamines on lipolysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Stress-induced secretion of human growth hormone in transgenic mice.

The effect of stress on human growth hormone (hGH) secretion was studied in transgenic mice. Experiments were conducted on fourth, fifth, and sixth generation male mice carrying a fusion gene, consisting of the promoter sequence of the mouse metallothionein I gene ligated to the hGH structural gene (mMT-I/hGH). In animals adapted to a controlled photoperiod, basal (unstimulated) levels of plasma hGH exhibited a diurnal cycling, with peak values occurring during the later half of the light period (15.5 +/- 1.0 vs 10.7 +/- 0.9 ng/ml, mean +/- SE, light versus dark, respectively). Food deprivation (5 days) led to elevated levels of plasma hGH (11.0 +/- 0.7 vs 32.0 +/- 4.2 ng/ml, preversus post-fast, respectively) accompanied by weight loss (49.5 +/- 0.8 vs 34.3 +/- 0.7 g), and hypoglycemia (7.8 +/- 0.2 vs 5.0 +/- 0.3 mM); glucose administration (5% drinking solution ad libitum) blocked the changes in levels of plasma hGH (12.2 +/- 1.1 vs 13.8 +/- 0.8 ng/ml) and plasma glucose (7.4 +/- 0.3 vs 7.9 +/- 0.5 mM), although the animals still sustained significant weight loss (44.9 +/- 1.6 vs 35.2 +/- 1.1 g). Vigorous exercise (swimming, 4 hr) produced a small but significant increase in plasma hGH, 12.1 +/- 1.1 ng/ml (1 hr pre-swim) vs 16.7 +/- 0.6 ng/ml (immediately post-swim). These findings indicate that the mMT-I/hGH transgene is responsive to the physiologic status of the host animal. Taken together with information regarding the heterologous components of the fusion gene, these data are consistent with the view that the hGH (structural) sequence may play a role in the response to stress.

Animals↗