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PubMedDate not supplied

How the number of living sons influences contraceptive use in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt.

Couples in rural areas of many Arab societies, including Egypt, have consistently reported strong preferences for having sons. However, these reported preferences are not always reflected in reproductive behavior. In 38 rural villages in Menoufia Governorate in Egypt, women's responses to a community-based contraceptive distribution program were examined, taking into consideration both the number of living children and the number of living sons each women reported having. Controlling for number of living children, women with more sons were more likely to be using contraception before the distribution program began. Among women not using contraception before the program, those with more sons were more likely to initiate contraceptive use and were more likely to continue use for a nine-month period following the distribution. These findings imply that in addition to obstacles related to contraceptive availability, there are several cultural, social, and economic factors that influence fertility behavior and exert considerable pressure on married couples to have large families, including several sons. Unless the pressure exerted by these factors is changed or reduced, the impact of family planning programs is likely to reach a plateau at a relatively low prevalence level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Application of social science theories to family planning health education in the People's Republic of China.

The transformation of the Chinese society was political and economic by revolution; it was also social and cultural through mass education. Group decisions have been used to induce social change in the Chinese society and applied extensively to the family planning program. The methods which Kurt Lewin developed to change food habits, have been perfected on a grand scale of myriad ways by the Chinese.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Analysis--of family-planning in urban low-income brackets based on Daejon and Daegu Cities].

Since the inception of the national family planning program in 1962, the main emphasis has been placed on the provision of contraceptive services and information, education, and communication (IEC) activities through home visits by family planning field workers and through government designated private physicians. This approach has been a powerful management system for the national program, particularly in the rural area. However, new issues in the national family planning program emerged with the subsequent socioeconomic changes since 1962. An increasing number of the rural population began to migrate to the urban area, and, therefore, beginning in the 1970s, more weight had to be given to the family planning service for the urban area; in particular, for those in the low-income brackets. In an effort to increase contraceptive acceptors among the urban low-income people, the government has implemented various special projects for them since 1974, through maximum utilization of community leaders including Tong and Ban Chiefs and mothers' clubs, and family planning workers in their areas. Thus, this paper analyzes the current status of family planning and fertility behavior of urban low-income wives as a part of program evaluation. Also, this paper is based on an analysis of the 1984 Family Planning Survey data, which was conducted in July 1984 and responded to by 600 married women aged 15-44 in the low-income areas of the Daejon and Daegu cities. The survey data revealed that the contraceptive practice rate was 77.0%, which was much higher than 70.3% of the national practice rate in the same year, and the approval rate for the 1 or 2 children of the low-income areas was much higher than that of other urban areas. Based on the results of the analysis, the following recommendations are suggested for the better program implementation: 1) improvement of program management system for recruiting new acceptors in their 20s for birth spacing; 2) development and inducement of innovative incentive schemes and IEC activities for increasing the proportion of the 1 child families; and 3) strengthening the utilization of community resources including mothers' clubs.

Asia↗
PubMed1991

New accounts of the rural population and our strategy.

Some new population issues and problems are emerging in the rural areas of China, of which the 6 major problems are: 1) family as both a production and consumption unit has strengthened its material production function, 1 of the 2 basic functions of the family, of which the other is human reproduction function; 2) new demands for labor force production emerging from production at household level and growth of the rural commodity economy have stimulated the rural population reproduction; 3) low level of the rural productive forces does not require high level of labor force; 4) masses of the rural population floating to 1st and 2nd industry has created a "Dead Corner" for family planning; 5) no coordination of the family planning; and 6) there is evidence that the fertility rate will "spring up". In order to control population growth and cope with these new population issues in the rural areas, some strategies and actions should be made or taken, including: 1) all communities should act together to create an atmosphere of family planning by all people; 2) strictly carry out the present family planning policy and arouse rural people's enthusiasm to participate in family planning programs by related policies; 3) set up effective social welfare systems and develop family planning and health at all levels should provide more services to people who need family planning; and 5) set up "Family Planning Regulations" as soon as possible in order to carry out family planning more effectively.

Asia↗
PubMed1990

The origins of the Chinese fertility decline.

Education and urbanization are shown to have been negatively correlated to marital fertility in both urban and rural China prior to the initiation of the substantial family planning programs. We maintain that early use of contraception by better educated and urban strata is a plausible cause of the observed fertility differentials because other proximate variables are unlikely. Coale's m, a presumed indicator of controlled fertility, suggests early fertility control in urban and better educated strata. The apparent preprogram beginnings of fertility control among educational and urban elites does not, however, minimize the awesome effects on fertility of the powerful Chinese family planning programs, once begun.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Male views of contraceptive methods in a rural community in Bahia State, Brazil].

Family planning programs have traditionally concentrated on women. This study aimed to determine men's knowledge of contraceptive methods in a rural community in Bahia State, Brazil. Mean age of interviewees was 40.0 (+/-17.6) years. Avoiding unwanted pregnancy was reported as a responsibility of the couple by 39.7% of the male interviewees (n = 71) and as the man's responsibility by 26.8% (n = 48). The most widely known methods were condoms (98.9%) and the pill (96.6%). Condoms (22.9%), female sterilization (21.2%), and the pill (12.8%) were the most widely used methods. The majority of the interviewees (56.4%) reported that they "always" use some method. The men chose the method in 45.6% of the couples. The results indicate that more options for contraceptive methods should be offered, thereby facilitating the best choice of methods by the couple. Still, since in this study men chose the method in nearly half of the cases, it is necessary to prioritize couples' participation in family planning programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

A randomized double blind study of two oral contraceptives.

To study the question of whether one brand of oral contraceptives may be as acceptable as another for use of publicly-assisted family planning programs, a double blind study of two well-known brands, Ovral and Norinyl, was undertaken in Costa Rica and Trinidad. The pills were randomly assigned to 1,200 women. Common side effects - nausea, dizziness, vomiting, headaches - were associated with both Norinyl and Ovral. Differences in event rates for these conditions were much more marked by country than by the pill used. Ovral was associated with increases in skin problems, notably chloasma, in Cost Rica. A higher percentage of women using Norinyl reported intermenstrual bleeding and spotting in both countries. In Costa Rica continuation rates for Norinyl were adversely affected by this. With these exceptions there appear to be no important differences between the brands that would affect their use in family planning programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Helping the news media cover family planning.

To make informed choices about family planning, women and men need accurate information in the media as well as in the clinic. The media are looking for news important to the millions of people they reach each day. Thus helping the news media cover family planning fully and accurately merits the efforts of every family planning program.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effectiveness of non-physicians as providers of family planning services.

Population growth and advances in contraceptive technology are discussed in relation to changes in birth control attitudes and practices and the expansion of public family planning programs. The literature describing training, utilization, and effectiveness of non-physicians in providing family planning services is reviewed. Studies comparing physician and non-physician provision of oral contraceptives and IUD insertions are discussed. On the basis of extensive supporting data, the author concludes that many functions which formerly were in the physician's province are as safely and perhaps more appropriately performed by persons with less medical sophistication. Recommendations are made regarding the present and future role of nurses as primary care providers in family planning.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive knowledge and practices in Ilorin, Nigeria: 1983-88.

This report describes changes in knowledge and use of contraceptives in Ilorin, Nigeria between 1983 and 1988, a period marked both by dramatic changes in Nigeria's economic climate, as a result of the decline in the value of oil exports, and by considerable increases in public programs aimed at promoting the use of family planning and reducing fertility. The report is based on the analysis of two surveys of married women aged 15-35 years who lived in the city of Ilorin. By 1988, knowledge of modern methods of contraception had become virtually universal in Ilorin, even among women with no education and among those living in the poorest areas of the city. Current use of contraceptives had also increased considerably since 1983, reaching prevalence rates of 15 percent among women with primary education, 20 percent among those with secondary education, and 40 percent among those with postsecondary education. Each of these groups of women experienced at least a doubling of contraceptive prevalence between 1983 and 1988. Although use among uneducated women was still low in absolute terms (prevalence of 4.5 percent), these women also experienced a substantial relative increase in use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[A study of contraceptive-failure pregnancy and induced abortion in Korea].

The author reviews South Korea's family planning program since its inception in 1962. The focus is on pregnancy due to contraceptive failure and the use of induced abortion as a remedy. It is found that "according to a logistic regression analysis, major factors which affect the outcome of pregnancy due to contraceptive failure were residence area, number of boys, educational level, duration of marriage, women's age and number of children." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Abortion, Induced↗