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PubMed1984

Comprehension of nonverbal communication: a reexamination of the social competencies of learning-disabled children.

This study was designed to determine whether learning-disabled (LD) children differed from nondisabled (NLD) children in their ability to comprehend nonverbal communication when potential attentional differences between the groups were controlled. In addition, the relationship between nonverbal comprehension and social competence was assessed. Thirty LD and 30 NLD boys between 9 and 12 years of age were administered a short form of the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS) to assess nonverbal comprehension; social competence measures included teachers' ratings of aggressive and withdrawn behaviors using the Behavior Problem Checklist, and "blind" judges' ratings of performance on a role-play of friendship-making skills. Under attention-incentive conditions, no performance differences between LD and NLD children were found on the PONS; however, LD children were judged to be more withdrawn and less socially skilled. While PONS scores were not related to other social competence measures, they were associated with academic achievement and IQ. Results emphasize the importance of considering the presence of attentional problems in LD children that may interfere with an accurate assessment of their skills.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

The structure and function of social support networks in families with handicapped children.

Three structural characteristics of social support networks (size, density, and boundary density) and two relationship characteristics (reciprocity and dimensionality) were assessed in a sample of 56 families with a child with spina bifida and 53 matched comparison families. The results indicate that social networks of families with handicapped children tended to be smaller than the networks of comparison families, particularly with regard to mothers' total and friendship networks. The networks of families with handicapped children were more dense as well. As predicted, there was greater boundary density in spousal networks in families with handicapped children. Differences in network reciprocity were inconclusive while the results indicate that families with handicapped children tended to rely more heavily upon multidimensional network contacts than did comparison families. The results are discussed in light of our understanding of stress, social support, and the social ecological context of families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Towards an ecological understanding of mutual-help groups: the social ecology of "fit".

Adopted an ecological framework to view mutual-help groups, and illustrated its usefulness by examining aspects of the social ecology of "fit" among 163 members of Compassionate Friends (bereaved parents; CF), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Overeaters Anonymous (OA) groups. Concerning person-group fit, personal Spirituality was positively related to (a) Providing Support, and to (b) Group Satisfaction for members of a group whose helping ecology emphasized "reliance on a higher power" (OA). (Contrary to prediction, the relationship with Group Satisfaction was also manifest for members of MS). Furthermore, OA members reported higher levels of Spirituality than CF members. Concerning helping mechanism-focal problem fit, Friendship Development was positively related to Group Satisfaction only for individuals with a focal problem characterized by high levels of social network disruption (MS). In addition, Time in Group was inversely related to Depression for members of life stress (CF) and medical disorder (MS) groups, but not for members of a "behavioral control" type group (OA). The implications of the ecological perspective for future research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

Social support interventions and the third law of ecology.

Most of what we know about the effectiveness of social support is based on field studies of naturalistic relationships and transactions. Social support interventions, particularly those that attempt to create new support providers, stretch the limits of our knowledge base. The article by Heller et al. (1991) highlights gaps in our knowledge, suggests the importance of intimacy in support exchanges, and identifies possible limitations in trying to compensate for deficiencies in family support with new friendships.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Support interventions for older adults: confidante relationships, perceived family support, and meaningful role activity.

The rationale and problems encountered in implementing a peer-support telephone intervention are described. The research conducted by Heller, Thompson, Trueba, Hogg, and Vlachos-Weber (1991) was based on epidemiological literature documenting the moral enhancing value of confidante relationships. However, that literature may be insufficiently precise to form the basis for an intervention without prior ethnographic study of the local target population. Furthermore, the positive effects of peer friendships may refer to long established relationships rather than to newly formed social ties. It is concluded that future support intervention research with older adults should concentrate on reinforcing meaningful role activities, and that greater attention should be given to strengthening indigenous ties before attempting to create new ones. While prior process research and formative evaluation are of value, we also emphasize the importance of well-controlled field studies in the ultimate test of intervention hypotheses.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Toichiro Kuwabara on Dave Cogan. An interview. Interview by Sally Smith Hughes.

In this interview, Dr. Kuwabara recounts his first meeting with Dr. Cogan and describes his work at the Howe Laboratory, their pioneering research on diabetic retinopathy, histochemical and electronmicroscopical studies. This warm recollection exemplifies the mutual respect and deep friendship between Drs. Kuwabara and Cogan.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1977

Treatment dropouts in hindsight: a follow-up study.

In a comprehensive rehabilitation center serving the mentally ill 64 dropouts and 42 successful terminees were interviewed monthly for 18 months following termination. The interview schedules elicited information about employment, heterosexual adjustment, living conditions, rent payment, social preferences, intimate friendships, and rehospitalization episodes. Analysis revealed that dropouts and successful terminees typically differed significantly on these variables for at least part of the follow-up period, but that by the end of the follow-up period there were no significant differences between the two groups on any of the variables, whether or not rehospitalization was controlled for. This hindsight examination of dropouts in comparison with successful terminees shows the concept of "dropping out" to be a time-limited concept.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Prenatal exposure to virilizing progestins: an adult follow-up study of twelve women.

Psychological data were collected on 12 young women, aged 16 to 27 years, with a history of prenatal progestin exposure. In 11 cases, this exposure had induced virilization of the external genitalia. The 12th woman was an anatomically unaffected sister of one of the other women. The sample was composed of 10 women reported on as children by Ehrhardt and Money (1967), Money and Ehrhardt, (1972) as well as two others who were added to this group because they conformed to the original selection criteria for the Money and Ehrhardt studies. Of the 12 women, 10 had completed high school; of these, 7 were in college, 2 were in graduate school, and was raising a family full-time. None of the 12 had a history of difficulty in establishing friendships or dating relationships. Despite childhood characterizations as "tomboys" and avid interest in high school sports, none of the women pursued sports as a career or major pastime. Because of difficulties in personally contacting all 12 women, data on erotic behavior are available for only 6. Only one of these 6, the youngest, reported no erotic experience, and the remaining 5 reported exclusively heterosexual erotic experience and imagery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of diabetes-psychosomatic group education on metabolic control and coping with disease by insulin-dependent diabetic patients].

Even though cognitive education programs are essential for the treatment of diabetics, long term efficacy often seems to be poor. Problems of coping with illness could be the reason for a lack of transfer of knowledge into daily practice. Small discussion groups with the aim of modifying attitudes towards illness might be a good possibility to face this problem. 54 IDDM, HbA1 10.7 +/- 2.3% (median +/- SD) absolved our 5-day education program for outpatients, in which daily group sessions (90 min), supervised by a group-therapist, were integrated. Follow-up sessions took place after 1, 4 and 8 months. The efficacy was measured by HbA1 and different questionnaires on diabetologic knowledge, life satisfaction (FLZ) and complaints (BL). 4 months after the education program HbA1 had decreased to 9.0 (median +/- SD) and remained stable within small range during the rest of the study-period. Diabetologic knowledge increased from 70% (median +/- SD) to 87% (median +/- SD) 1 month after the education and remained stable during the rest of the study-period. Complaints decreased within one month from a level above average somatic illness to the normal level for healthy subjects. However, in regard to their life satisfaction our patients were significantly less satisfied concerning their health, whereas family life and friendship were declared to be more satisfying (after 8 months). We believe that more intensive communication in the family (encouraged by the group-therapy) and parallel more critical attitudes towards illness lead to this results. As basic elements for long term modification of illness behaviour these emotional aspects seem to be essential.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Successful adjustment to society by adults with phenylketonuria.

The study shows that most individuals between 16 and 25 years of age with PKU appear to function in a productive manner in society. Although they have not become professional men and women, they can acquire jobs of a skilled or semiskilled nature and perform them satisfactorily. The majority seemed content with their jobs and happy with the way their lives were progressing, although only 23% were financially independent. Of the patients interviewed, the majority had made friendships and appeared to keep them without much trouble. The majority of the patients would not tell their friends that they had PKU. The reason for this was that they felt uncomfortable acknowledging that they had this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

CT guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of biliopancreatic lesions: report of 30 cases.

CT guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed on 30 patients with pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms, in the Department of Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, between March 1985 and January 1986. We obtained positive cytodiagnosis from all cases of carcinoma of the pancreatic head (9 cases), body and tail (4 cases), and ampullary carcinomas (5 cases) (100 per cent). In 2 of 3 duodenal carcinomas (66.6 per cent), and 6 of 7 distal common duct carcinomas (86 per cent), a positive cytodiagnosis was also obtained. On the other hand, 2 cases of pancreatitis both gave a negative cytodiagnosis, i.e. no false positives were obtained. Out of the 30 cases who underwent CT guided biopsy, a correct diagnosis was obtained in 28, i.e. a diagnostic accuracy of 93.3 per cent. The cytodiagnosis of the other two cases was either suspicious or false negative. There have been no clinical complications noted.

Ampulla of Vater↗
PubMed1984

Establishment and characterization of a new human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line.

A human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (FOCUS--Friendship of China and United States) was derived from a patient with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. This cell line has been in continuous culture over an 18-mo period. The morphological and ultrastructural features of FOCUS are consistent with its neoplastic hepatocellular origin. FOCUS cells contain aspartate aminotransferase and glucose-6-phosphatase activity. In addition, alpha 1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen, alpha fetoprotein, and carcinoembryonic antigens were detectable in the cytoplasm of the cultured cells by immunochemical staining techniques. The karyotype of the FOCUS cell is human in origin and its contains human DNA sequences as detected by molecular hybridization analysis. The FOCUS cells do not show evidence of density-dependent inhibition of growth under confluent conditions. Repeated growth curves over an 18-mo period were identical, revealing a doubling time of 42 to 48 h. The malignant potential of FOCUS cells was further demonstrated by their ability to lead to gross tumor formation after subcutaneous injection into nude mice. From one of the solid tumors grown in nude mice, recultured cell lines have been established and found to have properties identical to the original FOCUS cell line. This FOCUS cell line represents an additional model for further investigation of tumor specific antigens and the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Preliminary molecular characterization has indicated the existence of integrated HBV sequences within the FOCUS genome.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Attitude and knowledge of high school pupils towards adolescents with special needs (Tourette's syndrome).

OBJECTIVE: To determine high school pupils' attitudes towards adolescents with special needs (for example: TS); to learn what they know about the symptomatology and the exceptional behavior of TS; and what they think about their social future. METHODS: Ninety-nine pupils participated in the study. Their mean age was 16.7 +/- 0.8 years. Forty-eight point five percent were boys, and the rest girls. They completed a questionnaire concerning knowledge and attitudes towards adolescents with special needs (diagnosed as TS). They had participated in lessons and class talks about handicapped children with psycho- behavioral symptoms. RESULTS: The scores for their knowledge were at a level of 68.9%. Half of the pupils knew and responded correctly that TS was of genetic origin; but the most important: they expressed a comprehensive and tolerant attitude towards impaired behavior in TS at a level of 55.3%. The tolerant attitude increased with advancing age and with school grades. The attitudes were more comprehensive in families suffering form their own emotional or other psychiatric difficulties. Forty-three point four percent of pupils understand and consider TS to be an emotional, behavioral and psychiatric entity. Sixty-two point six percent of pupils understand as well and believe that the disruptive behavior and outbursts in TS are involuntary and not under the adolescent's control. On the other hand, a quarter of the pupils see justification for repeated punishment of TS adolescents for their impaired behavior. Fifty-six point six percent of regular pupils were ready to develop friendship with TS classmates in spite of their unexpected and unruly behaviour. Eight-three point eight percent of pupils believe it is better to inform teachers and classmates about the impaired behavior of these TS adolescents. Concerning the future of these disabled adolescents, pupils scored a level of 44% for their optimistic beliefs about success in future life; 52% believe that in spite of all difficulties TS adolescents would be able to live an ordinary life, to raise a family and to work. CONCLUSIONS: It is crucial to improve pupils' attitudes in schools (as well as their teachers') towards adolescents with special needs (including TS). The authors recommend that TS be considered as a neuro-behavioral and psychiatric disorder; it should be considered as a disability, which calls for comprehension, (not punishment). It would also be of value to speak in classes about the handicaps and neurobehavioral limitations for example of these TS adolescents, as well as about other pupils in school with special needs, in order to behave socially correctly towards them. The final aim will be that pupils in school will learn to accept the different child and adolescent as they are.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Association between social relationships and survival of Swiss octogenarians. A five-year prospective, population-based study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Data from the literature reveal the contrasting influences of family members and friends on the survival of old adults. On one hand, numerous studies have reported a positive association between social relationships and survival. On the other, ties with children may be associated with an increased risk of disability, whereas ties with friends or other relatives tend to improve survival. A five-year prospective, population-based study of 295 Swiss octogenarians tested the hypothesis that having a spouse, siblings or close friends, and regular contacts with relatives or friends are associated with longer survival, even at a very old age. METHODS: Data were collected through individual interviews, and a Cox regression model was applied to assess the effects of kinship and friendship networks on survival, after adjusting for socio-demographic and health-related variables. RESULTS: Our analyses indicate that the presence of a spouse in the household is not significantly related to survival, whereas the presence of siblings at baseline improves the oldest old's chances of surviving five years later. Moreover, the existence of close friends is a central component in the patterns of social relationships of oldest adults, and one which is significantly associated with survival. Overall, the protective effect of social relationships on survival is more related to the quality of those relationships (close friends) than to the frequency of relationships (regular contacts). CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that the existence of siblings or close friends may beneficially affect survival, due to the potential influence on the attitudes of octogenarians regarding health practices and adaptive strategies.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMed2002

Does concurrent psychopathology at presentation influence response to treatment for bulimia nervosa?

Pub Med and Psych Lit were searched using the key terms 'outcome' and 'bulimia nervosa' for papers on outcome and bulimia nervosa (BN). The studies which examined any aspect of psychopathology are included and the findings reviewed. No robust findings emerged. This paper reviews the methodological problems that beset this area, and then examines in detail the relationship between other psychological dysfunctions and psychiatric co-morbidity and treatment outcome for BN. The psychological variables that most probably predict poorer outcome are low self-esteem, and low satisfaction with or perceived quality of friendships. With regard to psychiatric co-morbidity, there is no consistent relationship with any Axis I disorder. Most of the studies assessing Axis II dysfunction show that borderline symptom severity or cluster B personality disorder can impair outcome. The implications for clinical practice are discussed and directions for future research suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Features of frontotemporal dementia from the perspective of a special family support group].

Eight spouses of patients diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) participated in a special support group. Seven weekly sessions of 90-min duration were held. This pilot project provided the opportunity to learn more about FTD and the specific problems and needs of caregivers. Their problems are predominantly due to changes in the patients' personalities and behaviour, not to the cognitive impairment. Furthermore, in contrast to Alzheimer's disease, patients are relatively young, the current state of scientific knowledge about FTD is unsatisfactory, and the disease is almost unknown among physicians. As part of the group activity, caregivers received information on the typical symptoms of FTD. This enhanced their understanding of the alterations in the patients' personalities and behaviour and facilitated acceptance of the disease. During group meetings, participants were encouraged to express their own needs and to deal with painful emotions including aggression, anger, mourning, and guilt. The caregivers felt relieved by sharing their problems with others. They were able to learn from each other and to exchange suggestions and solutions. The group also helped to establish new contacts and friendships. Participants' evaluations of the novel intervention were very positive. We conclude from these initial observations that support groups are needed for caregivers of patients with FTD which are tailored to their specific needs.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Surgeons who contributed to the enlightenment of Japanese medicine.

Until the sixteenth century internal medicine, primarily Chinese medicine, had been predominant in Japan. From 1639, under the national seclusion policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan's doors were closed to the West; and Japan had no trade relations with any countries except China and Holland. Only in Nagasaki, where a Dutch settlement was located, were Japanese able to learn about Western culture and Western medicine. Through the medical education and services provided by Philipp Franz von Siebold, Western surgery was introduced to Japan. In 1854 Japan was opened to the world, and many German physicians were invited to provide medical education in Japan. The German medical education system continued until about 1950. After World War II, Japanese medical education was reformed, and several medical professors from U.S. universities were sent to Japan. One was Charles G. Johnston of Wayne State University. Thanks to the efforts of these visiting American professors, many young Japanese doctors were sent to the United States to study surgery, anesthesia, and the like. These doctors later became the leaders of medical education in Japan. The guidance and friendship of these foreign doctors had a profound effect on the progress and advancement of modern Japanese medicine.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1999

[German-Latvian cooperation in the pathology specialty].

In the field of pathology there have been very close connections since the beginning of this century and a regular exchange of ideas between the pathologists of Latvia and Germany. Pathologists of Latvia were members of the German Association of Pathology. The stages of political changes in Europe very much influenced the exchanges of ideas. The following presentation will outline the activities and personalities in the sector of pathology in the time period until 1918--time of the Russian Czar Empire--, during the National State of Latvia and the Second World War (1918-1940), then during the Russian occupation of Latvia (1944-1991) and also the new time period after the political changes. Evaluated in this presentation the yearly support of the Baltic/German Symposiums, assisted by the IAP, which in addition to the activities in pathology also promote and encourage many personal contacts and friendships.

Germany↗