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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Morphogenesis of the laminated, tripartite cytoarchitectural design of the blood-gas barrier of the avian lung: a systematic electron microscopic study on the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus.

Formation of a thin blood-gas barrier in the respiratory (gas exchange) tissue of the lung of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus commences on day 18 of embryogenesis. Developing from infundibulae, air capillaries radiate outwards into the surrounding mesenchymal (periparabronchial) tissue, progressively separating and interdigitating with the blood capillaries. Thinning of the blood-gas barrier occurs by growth and extension of the air capillaries and by extensive disintegration of mesenchymal cells that constitute transient septa that divide the lengthening and anastomosing air capillaries. After they contact, the epithelial and endothelial cells deposit intercellular matrix that cements them back-to-back. At hatching (day 21), with a thin blood-gas barrier and a large respiratory surface area, the lung is well prepared for gas exchange. In sites where air capillaries lie adjacent to each other, epithelial cells contact directly: intercellular matrix is lacking.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Vaccination against fowl cholera with acapsular Pasteurella multocida A:1.

We have previously constructed an acapsular Pasteurella multocida X-73 (serogroup A) mutant strain which was attenuated in virulence for chickens (Chung JY, Wilkie IW, Boyce JD, Townsend KM, Frost AJ, Ghodussi M, Adler B. Role of capsule in the pathogenesis of fowl cholera caused by Pasteurella multocida serogroup A. Infect. Immun. 2001;69:2487-2492). In this study, we have assessed the ability of this acapsular strain (PBA930) to induce protection against wild-type challenge in mice and the natural host chickens. Intramuscular administration of PBA930 to mice stimulated significant protection against X-73 and the heterologous strain P-1059 (A:3), but not against challenge with P-1662 (A:4). No protection was observed when PBA930 was introduced by the intraperitoneal or subcutaneous routes in mice. Significantly, the acapsular strain PBA930 was able to induce protection against challenge with wild type X-73 in chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Sensitivity to odours in the embryo of the domestic fowl.

Sensitivity to odours in the embryo of the domestic fowl was investigated on the day before hatching. Embryos were tested with four odorants: dichloroethane, cineole, amyl acetate and formic acid. Three odorants (dichloroethane, formic acid and cineole) produced an increase in the heart rate and a rise in the rates of beak-clapping and the first two increased the amount of head-shaking. Odorants had little effect on other types of activity. The response to amyl acetate varied between experiments. Blocking the nostrils with wax abolished the response. Some implications of these results are discussed briefly.

Acetates↗
PubMed1984

Development of preferred orientation in the eggshell of the domestic fowl.

Preferred orientation in the shell of the domestic fowl is shown by x-ray diffractometry to develop gradually throughout the shell, beginning immediately after the start of shell deposition and reaching a maximum at the exterior surface. Only 2 out of 20 shells examined exhibited a single preferred orientation: This was one in which the pole of the (001) plane lies parallel to the shell surface normal. The remaining shells had two preferred orientations present simultaneously, one in which the (001) pole is parallel and the other in which the (104) pole is parallel to the surface normal. Previous work has resulted in conclusions that are in conflict with these; they are discussed in relation to the present work.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electroencephalographic study of odor responses in the domestic fowl.

Although avian olfaction has been studied behaviorally and anatomically, few electrophysiological (EEG) studies exist. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of the olfactory function of the fowl with EEG recording. We found that slow waves decreased and the rapid waves increased in response to a variety of odors.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Immunopathogenesis and physical maps of fowl adenovirus serotype 9.

Restriction endonuclease maps of the genome of fowl adenovirus (FAV) serotype 9 have been constructed for the restriction endonucleases NdeI, NotI and XbaI. The total size of the FAV-9 genome was estimated to be 44.5 kb pairs, consistent with previous reports that FAV genomes are approximately 10 kb larger than human adenovirus (HAV). The pathogenicity of this virus in day-old chickens was intermediate between the pathogenicity of the non-pathogenic and the highly pathogenic FAVs.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2003

A systematic study of the development of the airway (bronchial) system of the avian lung from days 3 to 26 of embryogenesis: a transmission electron microscopic study on the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus.

In the embryo of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus variant domesticus, the lung buds become evident on day 3 of development. After fusing on the ventral midline, the single entity divides into left and right primordial lungs that elongate caudally while diverging and shifting towards the dorsolateral aspects of the coelomic cavity. On reaching their definitive topographical locations, the lungs rotate along a longitudinal axis, attach, and begin to slide into the ribs. First appearing as a solid cord of epithelial cells that runs in the proximal-distal axis of the developing lung, progressively, the intrapulmonary primary bronchus begins to canalize. In quick succession, secondary bronchi sprout from it in a craniocaudal sequence and radiate outwards. On reaching the periphery of the lung, parabronchi (tertiary bronchi) bud from the secondary bronchi and project into the surrounding mesenchymal cell mass. The parabronchi canalize, lengthen, increase in diameter, anastomose, and ultimately connect the secondary bronchi. The luminal aspect of the formative parabronchi is initially lined by a composite epithelium of which the peripheral cells attach onto the basement membrane while the apical ones project prominently into the lumen. The epithelium transforms to a simple columnar type in which the cells connect through arm-like extensions and prominently large intercellular spaces form. The atria are conspicuous on day 15, the infundibulae on day 16, and air capillaries on day 18. At hatching (day 21), the air and blood capillaries have anastomosed profusely and the blood-gas barrier become remarkably thin. The lung is well developed and potentially functionally competent at the end of the embryonic life. Thereafter, at least upto day 26, no further consequential structures form. The mechanisms by which the airways in the avian lung develop fundamentally differ from those that occur in the mammalian one. Compared with the blind-ended bronchial system that inaugurates in the mammalian lung, an elaborate, continuous system of air conduits develops in the avian one. Further studies are necessary to underpin the specific molecular factors and genetic processes that direct the morphogenesis of an exceptionally complex and efficient respiratory organ.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Occurrence of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the uropygial gland of domestic fowls.

Histochemical studies on the uropygial gland of domestic fowls have shown the presence of sterols (among which cholesterol and its esters) in the lipidic fraction of the gland secret. beta-Glucuronidase activity beside A5 3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities suggests that uropygial gland might be involved in sterols metabolism. By thin layer chromatography cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol can be separated from the uropygial extracts and these compounds can be identified in gas liquid chromatography.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1983

The site of 7-dehydrocholesterol ultraviolet photolysis in domestic fowls.

The site of the photolytic reaction leading to Vitamin D3 in fowls integument has been investigated by histochemical and biochemical analysis. The Vitamin D3 precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is synthetized and stored mainly in the uropygial gland and in the same localization several amount of Vitamin D3 may be biochemically detected. 7-dehydrocholesterol and Vitamin D3 are also present although in a lesser amount in the unfeathered skin of the legs. Photolytic conversion of the Vitamin D3 precursor of uropygial origin may occur also on the dorsal feathers.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of intraarticular opioid analgesia for the relief of articular pain in the domestic fowl.

An experimental paradigm, based on the microcrystalline sodium urate-induced arthritis pain model, was used to investigate the potential peripheral analgesic properties of a variety of opioid agonists. The response criteria were changes in behavioral profiles and pain-related behaviors over 60 min commencing 1 h after intraarticular injection. The testing system was used to determine the potential optimum dose of intraarticular application of morphine sulphate (1-3 mg), fentanyl citrate (0.5-3 mg), and buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.05-1 mg). None of the opioid analgesics used had any effect on pain behavior, and it was concluded that opioids with a high affinity for the mu receptor when injected intraarticularly were unlikely to be of use in the treatment or diagnosis of inflammatory arthritic pain in the strain of domestic fowl chosen.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1988

Semen characteristics of the guinea fowl Numida meleagris meleagris.

Eighteen adult exotic Golden Sovereign guinea fowl (Numida meleagris meleagris) males identified by leg bands and housed individually in cages were ejaculated two times a week at 4- and 3-d intervals (Mondays and Thursdays) for 6 wk. Semen was obtained manually by gently massaging the dorso-lateral lumbo-sacral region. Semen collection and evaluation were done between 1400 and 1800 h each day of test. Mean semen volume was 0.032+/-0.001 ml, sperm motility was 37.1+/-0.1% and sperm concentration/ml was 2.62+/-0.01x10(9). Percentage live sperm averaged 91.6+/-0.1, while the mean percentage morphologically normal spermatozoa was 76.9+/-0.5. Primary and secondary sperm abnormalities were 11.9+/-0.2% and 11.3+/-0.2%, respectively. Birds differed significantly in all ejaculate characteristics studied except percent secondary abnormalities, indicating that considerable variation exists for improvement of these semen traits. There were significant bird x collection interval (P<0.05) and birdxweek (P<0.01) interactions for sperm concentration/ml and bird x week interaction for sperm motility (P<0.05). The results generally are within acceptable levels and show that the semen is suitable for use in artificial insemination.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Changes in lipid content of fowl spermatozoa after liquid storage at 2 to 5 degrees C.

Quantitative and qualitative changes may occur in the lipids of spermatozoa during in vitro storage of gametes and may indicate possible degradations occurring within the cells under these conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate such changes. The motility, viability, morphological integrity and lipid content were measured in fowl semen stored for 48 h at 2 to 5 degrees C and diluted 1:1 in Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) under aerobic agitation. The total lipid content of spermatozoa decreased (P < 0.05) from 820 to 620 micrograms/10(9) cells over 48 h. There was no significant evolution in the total lipid content of seminal plasma (1000 to 850 micrograms/10(9) cells). The proportion of phospholipids in spermatozoa decreased from 75 to 60% of the total lipids. Among the phospholipids, the proportions of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin decreased (P < 0.05) from 58, 13 and 10% at 0 h to 42, 10 and 9% at 48 h, respectively. In contrast, lysophosphatidylcholine, which was marginally represented at 0 h (2%), increased considerably (24%) at 48 h. During the same period, the proportion of motile spermatozoa decreased from 87.5 to 46% and the proportion of viable and morphologically normal cells decreased from 84 to 48%. These results indicate the occurrence of lipid lysis, peroxidation and/or endogenous metabolism able to modify the structure of the spermatozoal membranes and to alter their metabolism and fusion abilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Application of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of fowl poxvirus infection.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 578-bp fragment of the fowl poxvirus (FPV) genome and with a set of primers framed a region within the gene coding for 4b core protein. An amplified product was detected with six strains of FPV, whereas none was obtained from uninfected cell cultures, skin tissue or four unrelated avian pathogens. The sensitivity of PCR was tested with nucleic acids from the FPV-infected cell cultures. The detection limit was 10(-1) TCID50 in an ethidium bromide-stained gel. In addition, this assay system was used to detect FPV in tissue specimens of skin and respiratory swabs collected from commercially reared chickens. The identity of the amplification products from the tissue specimen preparations was determined further by using a simple, rapid procedure in which an internally nested, end-labeled probe was used.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Hexon based PCRs combined with restriction enzyme analysis for rapid detection and differentiation of fowl adenoviruses and egg drop syndrome virus.

Three different polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), two of them combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA), were developed for detection and differentiation of all 12 fowl adenovirus (FAV) serotypes and the egg drop syndrome (EDS) virus. For primer construction FAV1, FAV10 and EDS virus hexon proteins were aligned and conserved and variable regions were determined. Two primer sets (H1/H2 and H3/H4) for single use were constructed which hybridize in three conserved regions of hexon genes. Each primer pair amplifies approximately half of the hexon gene including two loop regions. An amplification product was detected with both primer sets using purified DNA from all FAV1-12 reference strains. Viral EDS DNA was negative using the H1/H2 or H3/H4 primer pair. HaeII digestion of the H1/H2 amplification products differentiates between all viruses except FAV4 and FAV5. In comparison, much more clustering among genomic closely related FAV serotypes was seen after HpaII digestion of the H3/H4 PCR products. Oligonucleotides H5/H6 located in the variable regions of EDS virus hexon gene do not detect any of the FAV serotypes. The PCRs and REA described are suitable to detect all avian adenoviruses infecting chickens, to distinguish all 12 FAV reference strains and to differentiate FAVs from the EDS virus.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed2000

Do female broiler breeder fowl display a preference for broiler breeder or laying strain males in a Y-maze test?

In recent years, the commercial broiler breeder industry has reported problems of male aggression towards females [Millman, S.T., 1999. An investigation into extreme aggressiveness of broiler breeder males. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Guelph]. Although this aggression is shown by the males and is apparently a defect in their behaviour [Millman, S.T., Duncan, I.J.H., 2000. Strain differences in aggressiveness of male domestic fowl in response to a male model. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 66, pp. 217-233], it is also possible that it stems in some way from the females. For example, broiler breeder females may not be receptive to male courtship advances, and may avoid males, thus causing frustration in otherwise normal males. The objective of this study was to examine mate preference by broiler breeder females and the effects of sexual experience on preference. A total of 24 mature, broiler breeder females were individually tested in a Y-maze, with females choosing between a broiler breeder male and a laying strain male. Females were tested using male models and tethered live males, both when the females were sexually inexperienced and after they had been housed with broiler breeder or laying strain males for 6 weeks.Females did not display a male-strain preference when tested with models, but sexually experienced females displayed some evidence of a preference for laying strain males in tests with live males, which did not reach statistical significance (P<0.10). Live males were a stronger attractant for sexually experienced females than were models (P<0.005). Individual females tested with the same pair of males showed different preferences, suggesting females used male behaviour as a basis for their choices, and not male morphology.In conclusion, we found no evidence that broiler breeder females inherently discriminate against broiler breeder males.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Effect of male-to-male aggressiveness and feed-restriction during rearing on sexual behaviour and aggressiveness towards females by male domestic fowl.

This experiment was one part of a larger study investigating problems of aggression towards females by male broiler breeder fowl. To investigate causal mechanisms, we were interested in determining (1) if feed-restriction during rearing affects behaviour towards females at sexual maturity and (2) if aggressiveness towards females is correlated with general levels of aggressiveness. We compared broiler breeder males with commercial laying strain males, which were either fed ad libitum or were feed-restricted during the rearing phase, and with game strain males, bred for fighting. Differences in behaviour were determined by observing males during interactions with small groups of females.Laying strain males did not behave aggressively towards females, whether feed-restricted or fed ad libitum during rearing. Despite genetic selection for fighting ability, game strain males also were not aggressive towards females. Conversely, broiler breeder males displayed significantly higher levels of aggression towards females than did feed-restricted laying strain males (P<0.02). Broiler breeder males were rough with females during mating, whereas laying strain and game strain males were not. Females struggled more frequently during mating attempts by broiler breeder males (P<0.002) and interfered frequently when these males attempted to mate with other females.From our results, we conclude that (1) feed-restriction during rearing has little effect on the sexual and aggressive behaviour of laying strain males at maturity and (2) selection for aggressiveness has not resulted in males which are more aggressive to females. Aggression towards females appears to be a unique problem occurring in broiler breeder male strains and not a function of feed-restriction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Influence of vertical panels on use of space by domestic fowl.

In the wild, cover is used by animals to seek shelter from the elements, protection from predators and aggressive conspecifics and as a way to reduce inter-animal communication. Rearing environments for captive raised fowl often contain open areas that are lacking in complexity and that are greatly underused. As a result, use of space within pen-type enclosures is often not uniform. This paper investigates the effect of increased environmental complexity on the use of space by broilers. The experiment consisted of three cover treatments (mesh panels, frame panels and no cover) and three group sizes (80, 110 and 140). The vertical panels, constructed of PVC piping, were positioned in pen centers, while the pen centers in the no cover treatment were left empty. It was hypothesized that the provision of vertical panels to pen centers would attract birds into the central space and would lead to a more uniform distribution of birds. Using a grid-coordinate system set up in each pen, scan samples were taken on the use of space in each pen four times per day, 3 days per week from 5 to 44 days of age. Use of space in the central region for the two cover treatments was significantly higher than for the no cover treatment (P<0.0001). The effect of cover treatment on the mean percentage of birds using the central space was influenced by age (P<0.0001) and by group size (P<0.05). Differences in the use of space between the frame and mesh treatment were only found during week 1. In the side, end and middle regions surrounding the panels, use of space was influenced by cover treatment and age (P<0.0001). Over 80% of the use of pen center occurred at the ends and sides of the panels. These results support the hypothesis that the presence of vertical panels results in a more uniform distribution of birds within the pen by increasing the number of birds using the center.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Domestication effects on foraging strategies in fowl.

Birds of two different breeds differing in degree of domestication were studied to reveal any differences in foraging strategies between them. The breeds were wild-type birds (crossing between red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) and Swedish bantam (Gallus gallus domesticus) and domestic birds (Swedish bantam), breeds representing an increasing level of domestication. Bantam birds have not been selected for any specific characteristics. The birds were allowed to forage in an experimental pen containing two separate food patches, which depleted as a function of being exploited, to see how well the different breeds were able to assess costs and benefits as the distance between patches were changed (short distance between patches compared to long distance between patches). Both breeds behaved in accordance with some general predictions of optimal foraging theory, i.e. moved between patches, left patches before these were empty and stayed for a shorter time in more depleted patches. Wild-type birds responded more than domestic birds to an increase of distance between patches, by spending longer average time in patch when there was a long distance between them compared to when there was a short distance. The wild-type birds adopted what seemed to be a more costly foraging strategy, moving more between patches than the domestic birds without ingesting more feed. During domestication, in the protected environment provided by man, individuals using less costly behavioural strategies may have gained increased fitness over those spending more energy on foraging. Although domestic birds still possessed the ability to respond adaptively to environmental conditions, the differences between the wild-type and the domestic breed might be a result of the reduction of the natural selection pressure which accompanies domestication.

Journal Article↗