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PubMed1975

Defective essential-fatty-acid metabolism in cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (C.F.) is characterised by low serum levels of essential fatty acids (E.F.A.). However, the fatty-acid pattern does not totally resemble that of dietary E.F.A. deficiency. The differences suggest a reduction in the desaturation of E.F.S. It is not known whether this defect is the primary lesion in C.F. or is the result of tissue damage in the disease. It is proposed that C.F. patients might have increased linoleic-acid requirements, and possibly specific requirements for its desaturation products.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Differences in essential fatty acid requirements by enteral and parenteral routes of administration in patients with fat malabsorption.

BACKGROUND: Essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements of patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) are uncertain. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the influence of the route of administration (enteral compared with parenteral) on plasma phospholipid EFA concentrations. DESIGN: Intestinal absorption, parenteral supplement of EFAs, and plasma phospholipid EFA concentrations were investigated in balance studies in 4 groups (A, B, C, and D) of 10 patients with short-bowel syndrome and a fecal loss of >2000 kJ/d. Groups A (fat malabsorption <50%) and B (fat malabsorption >50%) did not receive HPN, whereas group C received HPN containing lipids (7.5 and 1.2 g/d linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively) and group D received fat-free HPN. RESULTS: Intestinal absorption of linoleic and linolenic acids was 8.9 and 1.3 g/d and 2. 6 and 0.4 g/d in groups A and B, respectively, whereas EFA absorption was negligible in groups C and D. Thus, intestinal absorption of EFAs in group A corresponded to parenteral EFA supplements in group C, whereas group D was almost totally deprived of EFAs. The median plasma phospholipid concentration of linoleic acid decreased by 21.9%, >16.3%, >13.8%, 11.0%, and >7.7% and linolenic acid by 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.2%, >0.2%, and 0.1%, respectively, in 10 healthy control subjects and groups A, B, C, and D (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Intestinally absorbed EFAs maintained plasma EFA status better than did an equal quantity of parenterally supplied EFAs. Intravenous requirements of EFAs in patients with negligible absorption of EFAs are probably higher than the amounts recommended to patients with preserved intestinal absorption of EFAs.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Vitamin E intake affects serum thromboxane and tissue essential fatty acid composition in the rat.

The influence of dietary vitamin E on the composition of essential fatty acids in rat tissue and plasma lipids as well as serum thromboxane B2 was studied. Diets containing deficient (0 mg/kg diet), adequate (100 mg/kg) or supplemental (1,000 mg/kg) vitamin E were fed to young male rats for 10 weeks. The ratio of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid to arachidonic acid in phospholipids of plasma, liver, and testes was increased in vitamin-E-supplemented rats. Serum thromboxane B2 was increased in vitamin-E-deficient rats. The data support a role for vitamin E in affecting both metabolism of long chain fatty acids, i.e. dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, and conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane A2.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of diets containing varying concentrations of essential fatty acids and triglycerides on renal function in uremic rats and NZB/NZW F1 mice.

Influences of essential fatty acids (EFA) and triglycerides as reasons for the progression of chronic renal failure are still in debate. We studied the outcome of four diets containing different concentrations of triglycerides and EFA in 5/6 nephrectomized rats and in NZB/W mice up to 45 weeks. The results showed no significant differences in the outcome of survival rate, proteinuria, urea, and creatinine levels as well as histological findings in the different groups of both animal models. We conclude that diets containing EFA up to C18:2 or being free of EFA or that triglyceride-enriched diets have no influence on the natural course of the renal disease in these both experimental models.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Decreased prostaglandin E turnover in infants with essential fatty acid deficiency.

Sick low birth weight infants (LBWI) are prone to develop rapid onset of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. EFAs serve as precursors for prostaglandins (PGs). We measured the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandins E1 and E2, 7alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranorprostane-1,16-dionic acid (PGE-M), in three EFA-deficient and in nine thriving neonates. There was no significant difference in PGE-M excretion between the sexes among thriving infants nor did PGE-M excretion appear to be affected by postconceptual age. However, a significant difference between the PGE-M excretion in the group of infants with EFA deficiency before and after treatment is apparent (P less than 0.05). Significant differences in PGE-M excretion were also found between the control group and the EFA-deficient infants. The severity of the EFA deficiency correlates directly with the degree of PGs excretion. The biochemical evidences of EFA deficiency and the decreased levels of PGE-M excretion are rapidly corrected when patients resume a diet containing EFA.

Fatty Acids, Essential↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Formulating a non-fat diet to induce essential fatty acid deficiency in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the manufacture of an experimental diet to cause essential fatty acids deficiencies in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rats. We used Wistar rats that were given a diet consisting of skimmed milk, starch, and dextrino maltose. The fatty acids were measured by means of gas chromatography. RESULTS: The prepared diet is considerably cheaper than laboratory animal feed and it is effective in causing a fatty acid deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Requirement of essential fatty acid for mammary tumorigenesis in the rat.

In an attempt to determine the requirement of essential fatty acid for dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis, rats were fed diets containing different levels of linoleate: 0.5, 1.1, 1.7, 2.2, 3.5, 4.4, 8.5, or 11.5%. Each diet contained 20% of fat by weight, with varying amounts of coconut oil and corn oil added to achieve the desired levels of linoleate. Mammary tumorigenesis was very sensitive to linoleate intake and increased proportionately in the range of 0.5 to 4.4% of dietary linoleate. Regression analysis indicated that a breakpoint occurred at 4.4%, beyond which there was a very poor linear relationship, suggesting the possibility of a plateau. From the intersection of the regression lines in both the upper and lower ranges, the level of linoleate required to elicit the maximal tumorigenic response was estimated to be around 4%. The differences in tumor yield could not be correlated with changes in prostaglandin E concentration in the mammary fat pads of normal animals maintained on similar diets, suggesting that linoleate may act by some other mechanism to stimulate mammary tumorigenesis.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1984

Essential fatty acid nutritional status of apparently normal Indian men.

A study was undertaken to assess the essential fatty acid (EFA) nutritional status of apparently normal Indian men belonging to different socioeconomic groups with varied intakes of energy and fat. The mean levels of linoleic acid were low in subjects of low socioeconomic groups and this could be attributed to the low intake of dietary fat and therefore of linoleic acid. The mean levels of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3 omega 9), arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) and their ratios, 20:3 omega 9/20:4 omega 6 were, however, not altered. The levels of other fatty acids were also not altered. The ratio of linoleic/arachidonic acids was similar in all the three groups suggesting that the metabolism of linoleic to arachidonic acid is not affected in undernutrition. The observation that the plasma levels of linoleic acid were reduced and that the ratio of eicosatrienoic/arachidonic acids, which is a good indicator of EFA status, was normal in the very low socioeconomic group (VLSG) suggests that the requirements of EFA may be met even at these levels of linoleic acid intake, derived from the habitual cereal-based diets. The mean levels of plasma total cholesterol were low in both the low socioeconomic groups. Levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were however similar in all the three groups, suggesting that dietary fat intake and nutritional status may not significantly influence HDL cholesterol levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The influence of maternal vegetarian diet on essential fatty acid status of the newborn.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether a maternal vegetarian diet influences the essential fatty acid status of the newborn and whether this is related to outcome of pregnancy. DESIGN: Dietary intake and the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids were determined in 24 South Asian vegetarian and 24 white omnivore non-pregnant premenopausal women randomly selected from the general population of North London. Umbilical cords and cord blood were collected at delivery from 48 South Asian vegetarian women and 98 white omnivores from the same catchment area along with details of antenatal history and the outcome of pregnancy. The fatty acid composition of the cord arteries and that of cord plasma phospholipids were analysed in a subset of 32 pairs of subjects, who were matched for maternal age, gestational age, parity and sex of infant. RESULTS: Intakes of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) expressed as proportion of the dietary energy and the ratio of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were higher in the vegetarian women, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) were absent from their diets. The proportion of linoleic acid, as well as the absolute concentration, was greater and those of EPA and DHA were lower in plasma phospholipids, plasma free fatty acid and total plasma lipids of the vegetarians compared with the white subjects. The proportion of DHA was lower (P > 0.001) but that of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-6) was greater (P < 0.001) in cord those from the omnivores. The ratio of 20:3n-9/20:4n-6 was elevated in cord artery but not in cord plasma phospholipids in both groups. Early onset of labour and the duration of gestation was 5.6 days shorter. Birth weight, head circumference and length were lower in the infants born to South Asian vegetarians even after adjusting for maternal height, duration of gestation, parity, gender of infants and smoking habits. Multivariate analysis did not reveal any relationship between the proportions of DHA in plasma or cord artery phospholipids and the birthweight or head circumference of the infants. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that vegetarians give birth to infants with less DHA in their plasma and cord artery phospholipids but this did not appear to be independently related to the outcome of pregnancy.

Diet, Vegetarian↗
PubMed1984

Essential fatty acid metabolism in diseases of connective tissue with special reference to scleroderma and to Sjogren's syndrome.

Drugs which modify the conversion of essential fatty acids to prostaglandins and leukotrienes are the mainstays of treatment in rheumatology. Yet these drugs have little or no action in scleroderma or Sjogren's syndrome and under some circumstances may have adverse effects. Patients with scleroderma have been shown to have very high levels of circulating prostaglandins, coupled with depletion of the prostaglandin precursors, dihomogammalinolenic acid and arachidonic acid. Levels of the metabolites of arachidonic acid, 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6, which have major roles in maintaining normal cell membrane characteristics were exceptionally low in both plasma and red cell membranes. Others have observed that various functions are highly resistant to normal actions of PGs in scleroderma. This raises the possibility that the high rate of PG formation in scleroderma may be beneficial, in compensation, and that clinical symptoms develop when PG precursors begin to be depleted. Red cell membrane fatty acids patterns in Sjogren's syndrome are almost identical to those in scleroderma. Placebo-controlled trials of supplementation with essential fatty acids have been found to be beneficial in both scleroderma and Sjogren's syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Diet as a determinant of central nervous system development: role of essential fatty acids].

Nervous system is second to adipose tissue in containing the highest lipid concentration. Membrane phospholipids possess a high content of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) of the n-3 and n-6 families, derived from the corresponding essential fatty acids. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) is found in the highest concentrations in the gray matter and the photoreceptors of the retina. n-3 LCPUFA deficiency in infants, mainly if born preterm, modifies neural functions causing learning disabilities and visual function abnormalities. The adequate lipid nutrition of the mother before and during pregnancy and in breast feeding determine the lipid transfer of fatty acids to the fetus and infant, respectively. LCPUFA are conditionally essential in preterm infants, born with lower lipid depots. The formulation of infant formulas, mainly for preterm babies, should include adequate proportions of n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA.

Brain↗
PubMed1991

Essential fatty acid distribution in the plasma and tissue phospholipids of patients with benign and malignant prostatic disease.

There is increasing evidence that essential fatty acids (EFA) may have a role to play in the aetiology of some types of cancer although their precise mode of action is unknown. Differences in the metabolism of EFA between patients with benign or malignant prostatic disease may help to elucidate their role in the latter. We have, therefore, measured the concentration of the essential fatty acids, and their metabolites, in the phospholipid fractions of both plasma and tissue, in patients with either benign or malignant prostatic disease. Comparison of the median concentration of fatty acids in each group (n = 10) revealed significant differences between them. The phospholipid component of total lipid was greater in malignant (P less than 0.04, unpaired t-test) than in benign tissue. The concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) and di-homo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA) in plasma and tissue were not different between the two groups of patients, but a significant reduction in arachidonic acid (ARA) (P less than 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (P = 0.009) concentrations was observed in malignant tissue as compared to benign. Patients with malignant prostatic disease also had a significantly higher concentration of oleic acid in phospholipids from both plasma and prostatic tissue. The stearic to oleic acid ratio was similar in plasma but was significantly reduced in malignant tissue (P = 0.006). We suggest that the decreased arachidonic acid concentration in malignant tissue may be due to its increased metabolism, via the lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways to produce higher concentrations of eicosanoids, rather than an impairment in desaturase activity in situ.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1982

Effects of a diet deficient in essential fatty acids on the glomerular hypercellularity occurring in the course of nephrotoxic serum nephritis in rats.

An accelerated model of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) was induced in two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats on the following regimens: (a) a diet deficient in essential fatty acids that contained 20% coconut oil (rats A); (b) a diet supplemented with essential fatty acids that contained 20% safflower oil (rats B). Animals from both groups developed a severe proteinuria reaching its maximum 4 days after the injection of nephrotoxic serum (NTS). Kidney tissue was studied by light and immunofluorescent microscopy 2 to 21 days after NTS injection. The glomeruli of rats A exhibited much more fibrinoid deposition than did those of rats B. A comparable glomerular infiltration by mononuclear cells was observed in both groups of animals between the 2nd and 5th day following the injection of NTS. The number of intrinsic glomerular cells incorporating 3H-thymidine in vivo, however, was significantly lower in rats A than it was in rats B. The outgrowth capacity of glomerular cells in vitro was significantly lower in glomerular explants from rats A than it was in glomerular explants from rats B. These findings demonstrate that, in this model of rat NTN, a diet deficient in essential fatty acids has no major effects on the course of the disease during the first 3 weeks following NTS injection. They further show that the proliferation of intrinsic glomerular cells can be modulated by altering prostaglandin metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Essential fatty acids in fish physiology.

This paper emphasizes those aspects of fatty acid research in fish that have relevance to the investigation of the functions of essential fatty acids in other species. Lipid requirements of fish came under investigation only in the 1960s. The most significant finding has been the requirement for n-3 fatty acids. The dietary ratio of (n-3):(n-6) is critical if the essential requirement is met by C18 fatty acids because of competition between fatty acids for the enzymes involved in elongation and desaturation to produce the physiologically essential long-chain fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of fish lipids varies according to the fatty acid profile of the dietary lipid. The fatty acid composition of fish also responds to temperature changes in an adaptive mechanism for maintenance of membrane homeoviscosity and physiological function over a range of temperatures. The dietary intake of essential fatty acids by brood stock must be adequate for ova formation and for embryonic development, with the latter requirement being more critical for reproductive success. Absolute requirements of fish for essential fatty acids are difficult to define and may vary depending upon the dietary ratio of (n-3) to (n-6) fatty acids.

Animals↗