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Many Americans should reduce their dietary consumption of fat to lower their risk of conditions such as heart disease, cancer and obesity. Physicians can coordinate a comprehensive management plan for patients who need to reduce their fat intake. The newest fat substitutes offer a potentially valuable addition to such traditional diet strategies as low-fat foods and total calorie reduction.
A photon correlation spectroscopy method has been developed to characterize the size distribution of fat globules in intravenous fat emulsions (IFE) in terms of mean diameter, standard deviation of the distribution, and percentage of large particles outside the distribution. Mean fat globule diameters of samples of all IFE products available in Canada were about 0.3 microns, similar to values reported in the literature. The methodology is sufficiently sensitive to detect the presence of 5% by weight of 2 microns polystyrene microspheres in an intravenous fat emulsion. The effect of changes in instrument settings and variables on the results has been evaluated.
The effect of the interaction of selenium deficiency, excess vitamin E, and type of fat on colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane (AOM) was studied in male F344 rats. The experimental diets, based on a Torula yeast diet and containing 20% stripped corn oil or 20% stripped lard, were as follows: 1) selenium deficient with adequate (50 mg/kg diet) vitamin E, 2) selenium deficient with excess (750 mg/kg diet) vitamin E, 3) selenium adequate with adequate vitamin E, and 4) selenium adequate with excess vitamin E. Starting at about 3 weeks of age, animals were fed the experimental diets, and at 7 weeks of age all animals except the vehicle-treated controls were given sc injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body wt) once weekly for 2 weeks. Animals were fed the experimental diets until termination of the experiment. Selenium deficiency significantly inhibited the incidence (percentage of animals with tumors) and multiplicity (tumors per animal) of colon adenocarcinomas and adenomas, whereas excess vitamin E had no effect on colon carcinogenesis. There was no interaction between the selenium status and vitamin E; the selenium status and type of fat; vitamin E and type of fat; and among selenium status, vitamin E, and type of fat.
The promoting effects of diets varying both in type and amount of fat on N-nitrosomethylurea [(NMU) CAS: 684-93-5]-induced mammary tumorigenesis were assessed in female inbred F344 rats. Two seed oils (safflower and corn) and two fruit oils (olive and coconut), varying widely in their diene, monoene, and saturated fatty acid ratios, were fed in the casein-based AIN-76A diets at 23% [high-fat (HF) diet] and 5% [low-fat (LF) diet] by weight, with the exception of coconut oil which was fed only at 23%. The predominant fatty acid in safflower and corn oils was linoleic acid (82 and 56%, respectively), while the predominant fatty acids in olive and coconut oils were oleic (79%) and myristic (54%), respectively. The test diets were fed beginning 2 days after administration of NMU and continued until termination of the experiment at 22 weeks post NMU administration. Analysis of tumor incidence, latency, and multiplicity data obtained from the 7 experimental groups indicated that animals fed the HF safflower and corn oil diets exhibited enhanced mammary tumor yields when compared to animals fed HF olive or coconut oil diets or their LF counterparts. Since weight gains and total caloric intake were similar in all 4 HF groups, the results of this study indicate that the tumor-promoting properties of HF diets are more of a function of differences in fatty acid composition than of fat content per se or of total caloric intake.
For investigation of the role of linoleic acid (LA) and its biologically significant metabolites in mammary tumor promotion by dietary fat, a detailed study of the fatty acid group composition of serum lipids, tumor neutral lipids, tumor phospholipids, and tumor prostaglandins (PG's) was conducted in female inbred F344 rats initiated with N-nitrosomethylurea (CAS: 684-93-5) and fed diets containing various types and amounts of fat. The oils, safflower [23%, high fat (HF); 5%, low fat], corn (23%, 5%), olive (23%, 5%), and coconut (23%) varied widely with respect to their LA content and their polyunsaturate:monounsaturate:saturate ratios (9:1:1, 4.6:2.6:1, 0.6:5.9:1, and 0.008:0.05:1, respectively, for safflower, corn, olive, and coconut oils). A modified hexane-based technique was used for extraction of serum and tumor lipids. Total tumor lipids ranged from a low of 5 to a high of 228 mg/g (wet wt) with no differences found among the 7 dietary groups. The phospholipid content of the tumors ranged from 27 to 47% of total tumor lipid, again with no differences seen among dietary groups. Total serum lipids varied from a low of 3.77 mg/ml (safflower oil, 23%) to a high of 6.11 mg/ml (coconut oil, 23%), and an overall inverse trend was observed between total serum lipids and tumor incidence for the 4 HF diet groups. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly depressed in the HF safflower oil and corn oil groups compared to those in all other dietary groups and, in general, varied inversely with respect to mammary tumor incidence. Serum and tumor neutral fatty acid profiles closely reflected those of the diet, while tumor phospholipids appeared more resistant to diet-induced changes. Olive oil-fed animals exhibited high levels of oleic acid in both serum and tumor lipids. The levels of the major metabolite of LA, arachidonic acid (AA), in tumor phospholipids were highly variable and did not equate with dietary or serum LA levels. A positive association was found among dietary LA, tumor PGE2, and mammary tumor incidence among the 4 HF groups; however, no association was found between tumor AA levels and either tumor PGE2 levels or mammary tumor incidence. The results of this study suggest that dietary LA may exert its effects on mammary tumor promotion by virtue of its role as a PG precursor; but the precise steps in this sequence and possible competitive interactions between essential fatty acids, monoenes, and saturates and the PG-synthesizing system remain to be determined.
It has been postulated in recent years that idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur may possibly be caused by arteriolar obstruction by fat emboli emanating from a fatty liver, which would act as a reservoir, due to various causes such as alcoholism and prolonged steroid therapy. A similar situation has been found in human pathology in post traumatic fat embolism. The writers have reviewed forty five cases of post traumatic fat embolism which had passed the pulmonary filter. All the cases were reviewed after a minimum of two years, since this is considered the minimum time within which necrosis can manifest itself radiologically. In none of these cases was there any evidence of necrosis of the head of the femur. These findings, supported by other critical considerations. do not lend support to the theory of fat embolism as a case of idiopathic bone necrosis.
The efficacy and adequacy of fat component depending on the feeding type (breast milk, Malyutka, Malyutka with a new fatty composition and Similak mixtures) were defined in the course of feeding 90 premature infants aged 33 to 37 weeks on the basis of clinical observations, determination of fat assimilation and the main indicators of lipid metabolism. All the mixtures were shown to be tolerated well. No significant differences were revealed in the mean daily weight gain and in the monthly body length gain. The children fed breast milk showed a higher assimilation of fats and an increase in the cholesterol level in the blood serum. The indicators of fat retention in children fed Similak and Malyutka with a new fatty composition mixtures were similar to those in children on natural feeding. The milk mixtures under consideration are found to be effective enough and thus can be used for feeding premature children born to mothers with hypo- and agalactia.
Daily excretion of fats with feces was examined in 56 healthy children of the first months of life fed milk mixtures with varying quantitative and qualitative fat composition comparatively to that in children on natural feeding. During feeding children with adapted milk mixtures (acidophilic and "Detolact"), excretion of fats with feces did not differ substantially from that seen during natural feeding, which provides evidence in favour of these products. The results described indicate the informative value of the indicator tested (fat excretion with feces) and the necessity of its use while evaluating the efficacy of the newly developed breast milk substitutes.
The frying performance and stability of pure soybean oil (PSBO), soybean oil blended with palm kernel olein and PSBO with an antioxidant mixture of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate and citric acid were compared. The oils were subjected to intermittent frying (up to 15 fryings, without any 'topping up') of potato slices, at 180 degrees C for a period of and 337 min. Analytical determinations on the oils included the peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), free fatty acid (FFA) value, saponification value (SV) and the refractive index (RI). Changes in the product at the sensory level were also assessed. Results showed that (1) fat oxidation hence, reduction of unsaturated fatty acids, as indicated by changes in the IV, was non-significant in the treated oils, (2) hydrolysis of fats, as shown by changes in the FFA value from the first to last frying, was lowest in the blended oil but highest in PSBO, (3) the same trend as above was observed for PV, an indicator of fat oxidation and rancidity, (4) changes in SV were non-significant in the treated soya oils while PSBO with the antioxidant showed the least change in RI, (5) treated oils exhibited no visual increase in viscosity or turbidity and (6) PSBO with the antioxidant had the lightest colour at the end of the frying period. Taste panellists were unable to discriminate between products fried in the treated oils and in PSBO. Sensory assessment showed an improved quality of the chips fried in the blend. Chips fried in PSBO scored the lowest ratings. Thus, the overall results showed an improved behaviour and quality of the treated oils in terms of themal stability during frying.
Menarche age was assessed in 93 adolescent females in a sample of public schools in East Hawaii. Native Hawaiian girls had significantly lower reported age at menarche than non-Hawaiian classmates. Age at menarche was significantly correlated with total fatness as measured by the sum of six skinfolds in girls who had reached menarche at least 2 years previous to measurement. When fatness was controlled in comparisons, the ethnic differences were not significant. Fat distribution, independent of fatness, was also significantly related to age at menarche. Socioeconomic, cultural, and admixture variables were not significantly related to age at menarche. Adiposity appears to be both a cause and a consequence of early age at menarche, with the relationship dependent on the elapsed time between menarche and measurement. This suggests that studies relating body composition to age at menarche must carefully control for the time interval between measurement and the date of menarche.
Hepatocyte growth factor/hepatopoietin A is a complete mitogen for parenchymal liver cells, and its expression is increased as an early response to acute liver injury. To identify the liver cell population responsible for hepatocyte growth factor gene expression, we investigated tissue sections and isolated and purified cell fractions from normal rat liver by in situ and Northern blot hybridization. Hepatocyte growth factor transcripts were present in sinusoidal liver cells, which were preferentially located in the periportal parenchyma. Northern hybridization analysis of RNA isolated from purified liver cell fractions demonstrated that HGF messenger RNA is present only in fat-storing cells. No specific hepatocyte growth factor gene expression was detected in parenchymal cells, endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Myofibroblast-like transition of fat-storing cells, which is linked to fibrogenesis in chronic liver disease, results in the loss of hepatocyte growth factor expression. Hepatocyte growth factor gene expression in the normal liver, a new function of fat-storing cells, suggests that this growth factor may play a role in the physiological balance between cell death and replacement in the liver and that hepatocyte growth factor may also act in a paracrine manner. Furthermore, loss of hepatocyte growth factor expression in myofibroblast-like cells derived from fat-storing cells may be responsible for reduced parenchymal cell regeneration in chronic liver disease.
Selective suppression of silicone or fat with chemical shift-selective (CHESS) pulses is difficult because of the small chemical shift difference between the primary lipid signal and the primary silicone signal at 1.5 T. Differentiation of these chemically distinct species is, however, an important clinical task in assessing implant rupture and silicone migration in breast tissue. A method uniquely suited for silicone-fat differentiation with fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences is reported. It is based on the dependence of fat signal on echo spacing in FSE imaging and results show that it may provide a clinically robust method for silicone-fat differentiation in magnetic resonance imaging of the breast.
Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the leptin gene causes severe hyperleptinemia with rapid disappearance of visible body fat. To determine if this dramatic lipopenic action is mediated by neurotransmitted signals from the central nervous system, we transplanted the right epididymal fat pad of normal rats to the anterior abdominal wall. Four weeks later, rats were infused with either adenovirus-leptin cDNA (AdCMV-leptin) or adenovirus-beta-galactosidase (AdCMV-beta-gal). Eight days later, plasma leptin averaged 23 +/- 12 ng/ml in the former and 1.2 +/- 0.4 ng/ml in the latter. The fat transplant was intact in all 4 AdCMV-beta-gal-infused rats but had disappeared in all 4 hyperleptinemic rats. Tyrosine hydroxylase staining of the fat pad remnant was negative, excluding regrowth of sympathetic nerves. Thus, the lipopenic action of severe hyperleptinemia on adipocytes is not mediated by neurotransmitters, but must have resulted either from direct action of leptin and/or from leptin-mediated neurohormones.
Cytoplasmic microtubules of fat-laden cells containing fine lipid droplets, such as brown fat cells and adrenocortical cells, were studied in relation to the metabolism of intracellular lipid. In these cells, the amount and distribution of lipid droplets reflect the state of inherent cellular function. Materials used were primary monolayer culture of fetal rat brown fat cells and that of bovine adrenocortical cells. The method was the immunocytochemistry with anti-tubulin antibody. When brown fat cells were being lipolyzed or the steroidogenesis of adrenocortical cells were being stimulated, the cytoplasmic microtubules in the cells were organized in a radial pattern in response to the behavior of the lipid droplets. It is assumed that the microtubules were in the regulation of cellular function in terms of the metabolism of lipid droplets in these cells. We have devised, in the course of the current study, a double fluorescence technique as an observational method whereby microtubules were observed immunocytochemically and lipid droplets by a secondary fluorescence with phosphine E staining.
We have investigated the role of intestinal fat digestion in fat-induced suppression of gastric acid secretion and gastrin release in the rat. Intraduodenal administration of oleic acid (10%, pH 6.5) and triglyceride (10%, pH 6.5) at a rate of 2 ml/hr resulted in significant suppression of gastric acid secretion and gastrin release stimulated by intragastric perfusion of peptone (0.5%). Diversion of pancreatic juice from the duodenum completely abolished triglyceride-induced inhibition of peptone-stimulated gastric acid secretion and plasma gastrin release, but oleic acid-suppressed gastric acid secretion and gastrin release were unaffected by pancreatic juice diversion. Intraduodenal administration of digested triglyceride, prepared by preincubation with lipase, caused significant suppression of the peptone-induced gastric acid secretion and rise in plasma gastrin levels, even though pancreatic juice was excluded. The results of this study indicate that digestive products of triglyceride by pancreatic juice, especially by lipase, are responsible for the intestinal fat-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion and gastrin release and that intestinal fat digestion plays a significant role in the mechanism.
The fat pad sign and the supinator fat line (SFL) are valuable diagnostic aids in the evaluation of bony cubital injuries. A total of 377 lateral X-rays of the elbow joint-including 121 fractures--were investigated. The supinator fat line exhibited bar-like and bird-like configurations in 55.9% and 41.8% of healthy test subjects, respectively. In the presence of a fracture, a wavy configuration, directed downwards from, or running parallel to, the upper edge of the radius, was seen in 95% of the cases. If in the event of an injury to the elbow a wavy configuration is seen in association with a positive anterior and/or posterior fat pad sign, bony involvement of the joint-forming elements may justifiably be suspected.
To clarify their primary roles on insulin response to oral glucose, age and sex differences in body composition should be taken into account. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on 472 men and 299 women of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, ranging in age from 20 to 96 years. Subjects who were taking medications or had any diseases which could affect glucose tolerance were excluded. In addition to insulin and glucose values for the glucose tolerance test, we calculated body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat from skinfolds (% Body Fat), waist hip ratio (WHR), mean glucose level over the 2-hour test (GM), the basal insulin (IO), and the mean insulin response over the 2-hour test (IM). There was no significant sex difference in mean age, but men had significantly higher BMI (25.6 vs 24.0 kg/m2), WHR (0.93 vs 0.76), and GM (8.5 vs 7.7 mM), while % Body Fat was lower (25% vs 33%). Unadjusted IO and IM levels were significantly higher in men than in women (51 vs 44 and 303 vs 231 pM--antilogs of log-normalized values). Insulin levels, adjusted for differences in age, % Body Fat, WHR, and GM by analysis of covariance, however, showed no sex differences (49 vs 46 and 282 vs 257 pM). Adjusted insulin levels declined significantly with age; IM fell progressively from 323 pM in 20 to 39-year olds, 267 pM in 40 to 59-year, 253 pM in 60 to 79-year, and 228 pM in 80 to 96-year olds (p < 0.01). We conclude that the sex differences in insulin levels are explained by differences in body habitus and post-load glucose levels, but that insulin levels decline with age per se.
A method of harvesting fat with intact cells using a veterinary needle and a fine needle aspiration device is described. Viable fat cells are obtained in large amounts. A large subcutaneous postradiation thigh defect was reconstructed with harvested fat placed subcutaneously in various sessions. A good, but not perfect, reconstruction was obtained. This case indicates that viable fat cells can be transplanted and can survive even in the adverse environment of a postradiation defect.