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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Reduction of stuttering by young male stutterers using EMG feedback.

A clinical program was designed in which male stutterers (age 10-14 years) were trained to reduce speech muscle tension by application of electromyograph (EMG) feedback. The program was designed (a) to reduce nonspeech EMG activity of facial muscles involved in speech, (b) to use this skill for control of muscle EMG activity while speaking, (c) to maintain the physiological EMG activity reduction with behavioral self-control techniques. Three subjects were treated on a single-subject ABCD baseline design, with an ABABAB reversal design within the treatment (B) phase. EMG feedback was shown to reduce stuttering in the clinic. After maintenance techniques were taught, stuttering was shown to have reduced 60-80% in the home environment while speech rate remained constant or increased. A 9-month follow-up showed that the improvement produced in treatment was continuing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Experimental modification of P50 suppression.

White and Yee (1997) found that normal suppression of the P50 component of the event-related potential was disrupted during a paired-click paradigm when nonpsychiatric subjects performed mental arithmetic (MA) problems aloud, concurrently with the presentation of auditory stimuli. In fact, the degree of disruption reflected in the P50 suppression ratio fell within the range that is typically observed in schizophrenia patients. The present study was conducted to clarify the processes that might underlie the apparent disruption of P50 suppression during performance of an oral MA task. Participants completed a series of tasks designed to examine the impact of competing cognitive activity, competing auditory stimulation, muscle activity, and acute psychological stress on P50 amplitude and P50 suppression. Results suggested that psychological stress and heightened facial muscle activity may exert modulatory effects on P50 suppression.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1996

[Crocodile tears and retraction syndrome].

BACKGROUND: An association between crocodile tears and Duane's syndrome has been described in more than 50 cases. PATIENT: A 29-year-old man had tearing of his right eye whenever he ate something sour. At psychic weeping his right eye remained dry. In addition, he had Duane's retraction syndrome, also in the right eye. CONCLUSION: In this case of congenital crocodile tears with an ipsilateral Duane's syndrome the normal function of the facial muscles suggests that the abnormal coupling between the gustatory nucleus and the lacrimal gland is not located in the facial nerve proximal to the Ganglion geniculi, as in most acquired cases. Rather, the abnormal coupling may be located in the brainstem. The association with Duane's syndrome indicates that abnormal innervational coupling is present also in the ocular motor domaine.

Abducens Nerve↗
PubMed2006

Managing Bell's palsy.

Each year in the UK, around 1 in 5,000 people develop Bell's palsy--a unilateral lower motor neurone facial weakness of rapid onset that can be physically and psychologically disabling. While around 71% of patients recover normal function of the facial muscles without treatment, 13% are left with slight weakness and 16% with moderate to severe weakness resulting in major facial dysfunction. People who recover usually do so quickly, with 85% of them reporting some improvement in the first 3 weeks. There is longstanding controversy about what, if any, treatment should be initiated for Bell's palsy. Here we discuss the management of patients with this condition.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed2000

Digitizing the moving face during dynamic displays of emotion.

Humans typically decode facial signals during dynamic interactions in which the face moves. In this study, we digitized real time video signals in order to examine movement asymmetries across the face during emotional and nonemotional expressions. Forty dextral males were tested. For each expression, a 400 ms video segment was analyzed for changes in signal value (pixel intensity) over consecutive frames. The upper and lower face regions were examined separately due to differences in the cortical enervation of facial muscles in the upper (bilateral) vs lower face (contralateral). Results revealed distinctly different movement asymmetries over the lower and upper hemiface. In the upper face, more movement occurred over the right side for most facial expressions, regardless of emotionality. The latter finding questions the assumption that muscles of the upper face are symmetrical and/or bilaterally enervated in a symmetrical manner. In the lower face, negative expressions linked to fight-flight emotions (i.e. fear, anger) were associated with greater left sided movement, whereas happiness tended to be associated with more right sided movement. No consistent pattern of movement asymmetry occurred for nonemotional expressions. Although the valence-related movement asymmetries in the lower face are consistent with neuropsychological models of emotional expressivity, it remains unclear whether they reflect activation or inhibitory hemispheric mechanisms. Taken together, these data suggest that multiple factors may contribute to expressive movement asymmetries of the face.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The psychophysiology of disgust: differentiating negative emotional contexts with facial EMG.

The goals of this study were (a) to examine differing views on the relationship between self-report of emotion and physiological expression of emotion, (b) to differentiate between negative emotional contexts during imagery using facial electromyogram (EMG), and (c) to describe the facial muscle patterning and autonomic physiology of situations that involve expelling or avoiding disgusting sensory stimulation. Fifty subjects imagined situations eliciting disgust, anger, pleasure, and joy in 8-s trials using a tone-cued imagery procedure. Heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial EMG at the corrugator, zygomatic, and levator labii superioris/alesque muscle regions were recorded during imagery, and self-reports of emotion were collected after imagery trials. Self-reports of emotion produced results consistent with the affective categorization of the images. Activity at the levator labii region was higher during disgust than during anger imagery. Corrugator region increase characterized the negative as compared with the positive emotional contents, and activity at the zygomatic region was higher during joy imagery than during the other three emotions. Heart rate acceleration was greater during disgust, anger, and joy imagery than during pleasant imagery. Disgust imagery could be discriminated from anger imagery using facial EMG, and the expressive physiology of disgust was occasioned by the action set of active avoidance or rejection of sensory stimulation.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

A double-muscle transfer using a divided rectus femoris muscle for facial-paralysis reconstruction.

There are two types of smiling: without exposure of the teeth (usual smile), and with their exposure (square smile). Performance of the former involves use of the major zygomatic muscle, while the latter is created by the major zygomatic and the depressor labii inferior muscles. The function of the depressor labii inferioris muscle cannot be ignored in facial paralysis reconstruction. A double-muscle transfer using a divided rectus femoris muscle for one-stage reconstruction of both the major zygomatic muscle and the depressor labii inferior muscle is described. The patient suffered facial paralysis caused by an extracranial schwannoma originating from the facial nerve. After the tumor was removed, divided rectus femoris muscle segments were transferred to reconstruct the major zygomatic muscle and the depressor labii inferior muscle. After the pedicle vessel of the muscles was anastomosed to the recipient facial vessel, the long motor nerve of the proximal divided muscle was cross-faced and coapted directly to the prepared contralateral buccal branch. The short motor nerve of the distal muscle segment was sutured to the ipsilateral masseteric nerve. The advantages of divided rectus femoris muscle transfers are that (1) independent muscle contraction can be reconstructed; (2) no tongue or trapezius muscle atrophy occurs because the masseteric nerve is used as the motor source of the labial depressor; (3) only one muscle is sacrificed for muscle grafts; and (4) it is a one-stage reconstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Enhanced auditory postauricular evoked responses after corticobulbar lesions.

The auditory postauricular response is an evoked "microreflex" that is generated in the posterior auricular muscle. This potential, which has two prominent components at latencies of 12 and 16 msec, is best recorded with neck extensor or facial muscles under tension, but it is not recorded if scalp muscles are relaxed. We describe markedly enlarged postauricular responses after upper motor neuron lesions above the foramen magnum.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Electrophysiological findings in hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I and II--a conduction velocity study.

We performed clinical and electrophysiological studies in 42 children with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type I and II (HMSN I and HMSN II) and in 103 members of their families. In 24 families with HMSN I the conduction velocity and the latency were markedly changed in the nerves innervating the distal muscles (median, peroneal nerves), as well as proximal muscles (facial, axillary, and musculocutaneous nerves). The changes were uniform in all motor and sensory nerves studied in the particular patient. No nerve conduction worsening with age has been found in cross-sectional analysis. In patients with HMSN I the conduction velocity was impaired even when the clinical abnormalities were minimal. The degree of the conduction velocity slowing was uniform within majority of the families. Homogeneity of conduction velocity slowing in individuals with HMSN I regardless of clinical expression suggests a primary myelin defect as an underlying cause. In patients from 18 families with HMSN II slight changes in conduction velocity were found only in the nerves innervating the distal muscles, the latency of axillary and facial nerves was within normal range. We recommend examining conduction time in facial and axillary nerves as a useful procedure for differentiation between HMSN I and II, especially in families with borderline conduction values in the long nerves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Electrophysiologic analysis of aberrant regeneration after facial nerve paralysis.

The blink reflex, ordinarily elicited only in the orbicularis oculi and not in other facial muscles, can be used to detect synkinetic movements objectively. In 26 of 29 patients tested at least 4 months after facial nerve degeneration, an aberrant blink reflex was recorded in the orbicularis oris on the affected side. Of the remaining three, one had injury to only a peripheral branch of the facial nerve and experienced a return of function with no evidence of synkinesis; in the other two, the affected side of the face was totally paralyzed in the absence of facial nerve regeneration. Synkinetic movements ultimately will occur in nearly all cases following facial nerve degeneration provided that the facial nerve regenerates from a proximal site.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Congenital facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy associated with tongue atrophy and sensorineural hearing disturbance].

An 18-year-old high-school boy presented facial muscle weakness since birth, and then developed wasting around the neck, shoulder girdle, upper arms, and thighs. He was born to un-consanguineous parents. His father had suffered from similar but milder muscle atrophy with predominance on the right side of the face and shoulder girdle since adolescence. His mother and his only sibling were clinically unaffected. Hearing disturbance was detected at the age of 6, and he also noted atrophy of the tongue and the bilateral thighs at the age of 10. The symptom progressed gradually. Neurological examination on admission revealed a well-developed boy (166 cm/60 kg) with a prominent facial diplegia with distinct proximal muscular atrophy of the extremities. Muscles of the tongue, neck, upper arms, shoulder and pelvic girdles, and hamstrings were markedly involved. The anterior tibial muscles were also affected, while the calf muscles were hypertrophic. High arched palate, X legs, mild lordoscoliosis were also noted. Serum CK was slightly increased (424 IU/l), and needle EMG in the extremities including the tongue revealed myopathic changes. Muscle CT demonstrated marked atrophy of the proximal muscles in the lower limbs and hypertrophy of the calf muscles. Audiogram showed bilateral sensorineural hearing disturbance. Muscle biopsy of the gastrocnemius showed myogenic as well as neurogenic changes consisting of atrophic and hypertrophic fibers with interstitial cellular infiltration, and type I fiber predominance. With these family history as well as clinical and laboratory examinations, this case could be diagnosed as "congenital facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Microelectrode recordings from the facial nerve in man.

Microneurographic recordings have for the first time been obtained from the human facial nerve trunk, close to its exit from the stylomastoid foramen. The aim was to search for evidence of an afferent or sympathetic component of the facial nerve at this level and to study the fascicular organization of motor fibres. Single unit discharges of motor axons were occasionally discerned, and all recordings showed multiunit motor impulses preceding the EMG activity of the appropriate facial muscles by about 5 ms during both blink reflexes and voluntary contractions. No evidence of low-threshold mechanoreceptive afferents was found. Electron microscopic studies at the level of recording showed unmyelinated axons but attempts to record nociceptive and sympathetic activity failed. However, deep facial pain evoked by intraneural stimulation suggested the presence of nociceptive afferents of non-cutaneous origin. Intrafascicular recording and stimulation showed that most fascicles were composed of motor axons innervating muscles within the whole ipsilateral half of the face.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Benign congenital hypotonia with uniform type 1 fibers and aspecific ultrastructural changes in the muscle: a case with esophagus involvement.

We report the case of a child with congenital neuromuscular disease characterized by neonatal onset of symptoms, a floppy syndrome with marked weakness of facial muscles, palsy of the velum pendulum and hypomotility of the esophagus. EMG was inconclusive. Serum enzyme levels were within the normal range. Muscle biopsy specimen showed uniform type 1 fibers, smallness of the occasionally observed type 2 fibers and slight ultrastructural changes in many fibers. On the basis of the clinical and morphological features we have included the present case among the group of non-progressive congenital neuromuscular diseases.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1998

Centronuclear myopathy: clinical aspects of ten Brazilian patients with childhood onset.

We herein present 10 patients with the childhood onset form of centronuclear myopathy. All patients underwent a clinical and neurologic examination, and EMG/NVC. A series of ancillary examinations, consisting of muscle enzymes, EEG, EKG, echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests and head CT scan was done in most. The mean age was 16.3 years (3-25). Seven were female. There was no family history in seven and in two it was suggestive of an autosomal recessive inheritance. One patient was adopted and no history was available. Frequent gestational and neonatal abnormalities were present, namely poor fetal movements, maternal polyhydramnios, perinatal hypoxia, hypotonia at birth, and weak crying and feeding. In seven patients there was delayed motor milestones. In most patients the motor involvement was stable or slowly progressive. Upon examination the facies were myopathic and there was a global skeletal muscle involvement in all patients, with muscular hypotonia, atrophy, and areflexia. Characteristically, patients presented with ophthalmoparesis, and weakness of masticatory and facial muscles. We frequently found osteoskeletal abnormalities, namely kyphoscoliosis, tendon retractions and high-arched palate. A restrictive pulmonary function pattern was found in five patients, but only one had a cor pulmonale. CK was abnormally high in one patient, and normal in all others. EMG/NVC disclosed a myopathic pattern in nine; in three there was a mixed neurogenic picture; and in one we found myotonic discharges. A long follow-up (median 8.1 years) showed that only the patient with cor pulmonale had an unfavorable prognosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of effect of botulinum toxin on cortical excitability in patients with cranial dystonia.

The aim of this study was to verify whether botulinum toxin (BTX)-induced clinical improvement of cranial dystonia is associated with changes in the cortical silent period (SP), a measure of cortical excitability. By transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), high-intensity stimuli were delivered with a round coil centered at the vertex during a maximal muscle contraction of the orbicularis oculi. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and SPs were obtained from surface electrodes placed over the orbicularis oculi muscle before and 2 to 3 weeks after BTX-A injection into the affected muscles in 10 patients with cranial dystonia and 8 age-matched control subjects. BTX injection improved blepharospasm in all patients. Facial muscle SPs were significantly shorter in patients than in control subjects and did not significantly change after treatment, at the time of maximal clinical improvement. We conclude that the clinical improvement induced by BTX in patients with cranial dystonia is largely symptomatic. It does not appear to result from modulation of abnormal aspects of intracortical excitability, although these may play a role in craniofacial dystonia.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Psychophysiological responses as indices of affective dimensions.

The startle reflex, facial electromyogram (EMG), and autonomic nervous system responses were examined during imagery varying in affective valence and arousal. Subjects (N = 48) imagined affective situations during tone-cued 8-s trials. Startle blink magnitudes were larger and latencies faster during negatively valent than during positively valent conditions and during high-arousal than during low-arousal conditions. Greatest heart rate acceleration and fastest and largest skin conductance responses to startle probes occurred during high-arousal imagery. Zygomatic and orbicularis oculi facial muscle activities were higher during high-arousal imagery, whereas corrugator muscle activity was higher during low-arousal imagery. Zygomatic and corrugator activity also varied with emotional valence. The startle and facial EMG responses are most parsimoniously organized by the negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) dimensions, respectively. This NA/PA framework integrates previous research, dimensional theories of emotional behavior, and physiological assessment of pathological emotion.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Hemiregional variations in facial expression of emotions.

This study examined expressiveness of facial regions during posed expressions of two basic emotions: happy and sad. Two types of composite photographs were prepared: hemifacial composites of left-left (LL) or right-right (RR); and hemiregional composites involving a left-left composite in the upper part and a right-right composite in the lower part (LL/RR) of the face or vice versa (RR/LL). Participants ranked photographs of an emotion expression: normal orientation (RL), mirror reversed (LR), left facial composite (LL), right facial composite (RR) and hemiregional composites (RR/LL; LL/RR), in order of expressiveness. The hemiregional composite RR/LL was judged as most expressive followed by LL. The findings are explained in terms of the neuroanatomy of fibre projections from the left and right cerebral hemispheres to the facial muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Gabapentin as treatment for hemifacial spasm.

Hemifacial spasm, a life-long condition characterized by involuntary unilateral contractions of the facial muscles, is a disabling disorder often resulting in patient irritation and social embarassment. Its probable etiology is neurovascular compression of the facial nerve at its root exit zone. The current medical treatment consists of either baclofen or anticonvulsant drugs, with limitation due to side effects or low efficacy. In recent years botulinum toxin injection and microvascular decompression of the facial nerve have been shown to be highly successful. However, both procedures share some complications and require special techniques. We present 5 patients affected by hemifacial spasm who responded well to the novel anticonvulsant drug gabapentin. Gabapentin was administered at a dose ranging from 900 to 1,600 mg daily, with rapid and clear improvement of spasms and absence of any remarkable adverse effects. Our findings suggest that gabapentin may be an effective treatment for patients with hemifacial spasm with a very good ratio of therapeutic effects to side effects when compared with other drugs currently used.

Acetates↗