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PubMed1993

Growth allometry of the human face: analysis of the osseous component of the mid and lower face in Brazilian fetuses.

Growth of facial bones was studied in 30 human fetuses ranging from 14 to 35 weeks of gestation (both sexes together), investigating both bivariate and multivariate allometry with principal components analysis (PCA). Weight of the mandible, maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, vomer and both lateral masses of the ethmoid bones was measured and correlated with fetal weight. The relative order of growth rates was similar for bivariate and multivariate results. These results indicate that the growth rate of the lower face is greater than growth rates of the vomer and palatine bones, and is less than growth rates of the maxillae, zygomatic and ethmoid bones. Bivariate and multivariate results present only one significant difference: the mandible grows with positive allometry in bivariate study and with negative allometry in multivariate analysis. The analysis performed in this study provides an approximation of the biological phenomenon of growth which may be useful in the interpretation of facial growth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1976

The computer and the law: coordinate analysis of skull shape and possible methods of postmortem identification.

Mechanisms accelerating or retarding the disintegration of soft tissues are briefly discussed, as well as the need to reconstruct the missing profile for postmortem identification purposes. The application of X-ray and computer-based analyses is discussed in the context of providing data to predict and reconstruct the most probable soft tissue profile of a dry skull. In addition, information from extensive studies of the facial bones and profiles of veterans has been applied to methods in forensic medicine of determining age, sex, and racial background of unknown subjects.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Microphthalmia, brachygnathia superior, and palatocheiloschisis in a foal associated with griseofulvin administration to the mare during early pregnancy.

An 18 year old Friesian mare was treated with griseofulvin for dermatomycosis in the second month of pregnancy. Pregnancy was uneventful and after 331 days a male foal was born. The foal showed bilateral microphthalmia, severe brachygnathia superior, and palatocheiloschisis. The lesions were incompatible with life and the animal was euthanized. As similar lesions have been described in other species associated with griseofulvin administration during pregnancy, and the development of the eyes and facial bones in the horse occurs in the second month of pregnancy, the lesions most likely can be attributed to griseofulvin administration.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1999

Cerebral heterotopia of the temporofacial region. Case report.

The authors report a case of cerebral heterotopia in the right temporofacial region of a neonate. The lesion presented as a massive cystic swelling containing cerebrospinal fluid. It produced calvarial and facial bone deformities. After the mass was excised, histological examination revealed glial tissue and choroid plexus.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Bone grafting for cranial reconstruction.

Precise reconstruction of defects of facial bones including the neurocranium is now possible with the use of CAD/CAM technology and biomaterials, such as OsteoMesh, combined with bone grafting.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Mandibular deformity associated with Paget's disease. Case report.

Paget's disease (osteitis deformans) and osteoporosis represent the commonest systemic bone disorders. Clinically Paget's disease may be mono-, or polyostotic, and is characterized by excessive and disorganized formation and resorption of bone. It may affect any of the facial bones, most notably the skull and the jaws. A case is described in which the only symptomatic manifestation of Paget's disease was mandibular prognathism. The pathogenesis, aetiology, and management are discussed.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Osteoblastoma of the mandible: systematic review of the literature and report of a case.

Benign osteoblastoma is a bone tumour that seldom occurs in the facial bones. The objective of this article is to add one more case of this rare lesion to the academic literature and to provide a systematic review of previously published cases. A new case of benign osteoblastoma is presented and clinical, radiographic and microscopic aspects, as well as differential diagnosis, treatment and follow-up are discussed. The importance of the correct diagnosis of this type of lesion is stressed, since it presents a clinical, radiographic and microscopic similarity to other bone lesions, including malignant tumours, which may lead the professional into conducting the case in an improper manner.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Routine reinsertion of the hump in rhinoplasty.

Reinsertion of the hump as a free graft, a technique based on the rhinoplasty described by Skoog, has been performed for more than 10 years in severely deviated noses to hide residual deformities of the septum after rhinoplasty. The results have been so encouraging that this technique is now routinely used in all rhinoplasties requiring a reduction of the profile. Grafting the hump after remodelling gives a natural aspect to the dorsum, especially in patients with thin skin where irregularities of sharp edges of the cut nasal bones are otherwise often seen. The hump is tailored into a thin composite graft (bone + cartilage) 3-4 cm long and 3-5 mm broad. No major complications have been observed. 32 cases have been reviewed after a mean delay of 24 months. 29 show radiographic evidence of bone graft survival although no fusion with the nasal bones is observed. It is suggested that facial bone grafts survive better in the nose than grafts taken from the iliac crest or the ribs.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

[About remodelling in connection with two cases of bone substitution].

Numerous possibilities are available for the reconstruction of facial bone defects. The materials utilized to fill such defects must satisfy various requirements. One of the most important being that they must undergo transformation into autologous bone tissue in the process of remodelling. A report is given of the long-term results of augmentations performed with different bone-substitute materials in two patients. In one case, augmentation was carried out with beta-tricalcium phosphate following the removal of a fibromyxoma. In the second case, three large cystic lesions in the mandible of a patient with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome were filled with beta-tricalcium phosphate, with a mixture of beta-tricalcium phosphate and platelet concentrate, or with hydroxyapatite of algal origin respectively. The process of ossification was checked at 6-months intervals by means of clinical and radiological (orthopantomogramms and 2D and 3D computertomogramms) methods. One year after the intervention, the site of the augmentation was in all cases occupied by hard tissue of good quality. With the given imaging procedures, it was difficult to distinguish between the original bone and the region filled with bone-substitute material. The 3D computertomogramm images indicated that the contours and quality of the new bone corresponded to the physiological and anatomical conditions. The bone-substitute materials applied in these cases fully satisfied the demands of transformation into bone (remodelling).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A rare complication of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumor of the maxilla and mandible.

Brown tumors are focal bone lesions caused by increased osteoclastic activity and fibroblastic proliferation encountered in primary or more rarely secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ninety-two percent of the patients undergoing dialysis develop secondary hyperparathyroidism. Of these, approximately 1.5% develops brown tumors. Brown tumors of hyperparathyroidism may appear in any bone but are frequently found in the facial bones and jaws, particularly in long-standing cases of the disease. As it becomes common for hyperparathyroidism to be detected earlier during the disease, the bony manifestations of the disease are rarely seen. The following report describes a case of brown tumor of the maxilla and mandible in a patient with renal insufficiency. This patient presented multiple skeletal lesions, which are uncommonly seen nowadays.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Computed tomographic study of bone availability for facial prosthesis-bearing endosteal implants.

In a computed tomographic study, 56 patients with facial defects were examined to assess the availability of bone for extraoral Brånemark implants (3 or 4 mm long, 3.75 mm diameter) to bear facial prostheses. Bone depths were determined in the auriculotemporal (2-8 mm), infraorbital (0-10 mm), lateroorbital (8-14 mm), supraorbital (1-14 mm) and medioorbital (1-6 mm) areas as well as at the base of the nasal skeleton (1-5 mm). The low values for the supraorbital and infraorbital areas were determined at the points closest to the frontal- and maxillary sinuses, respectively. Implantation in these areas would be permissible only under certain conditions. The very thin osseous structures of the nasal region also present problems for implants. In the auriculotemporal region, the bone width is always sufficient, but at the orbital margin it can vary from 3 to 8 mm. The three-year success rates for implant survival were found to be 100% and 85.8% respectively for auricular and orbital defects. No serious skin complications were seen. Six patients (10.7%) required secondary corrective surgery in a total of 13 implant areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A histologic evaluation of fracture repair in the midface.

Although much has been written regarding the treatment of facial bone fractures, at the present time there are no available investigations of human microscopic sections to verify the exact nature of the healing process. The consensus in the literature is that following fractures of the midface, the bone segments are united by fibrous union. Biopsies of the healed fracture sites were obtained in 10 consecutive patients who underwent secondary reconstructive procedures to correct residual deformities. Clinical assessment confirmed that the fractures were completely healed and stable. Histologic sections were obtained across the healed fracture sites, sent for H&E staining, and then examined by light microscopy. All specimens showed that the defects between the segments were obliterated by the formation of a mature compact bone. This bridging bone was characterized by concentric lamellae surrounded by a typical bony architecture. From this study it can be concluded that fractures of the midface heal by direct bony union.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Use of a bite-opening appliance in the miniature pig: modification of craniofacial growth.

The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response of pigs to a bite block, preparatory to investigating the functional correlates of altered growth. Three miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) wore bite-opening appliances, creating an anterior opening of 18-20 mm, for 42-67 days. Three untreated pigs served as controls. All animals received tantalum implants and tetracycline injections to track growth of the facial bones and sutures. Treatment caused relative intrusion of maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth, and supereruption and retroclination of anterior teeth. Vertical displacement of the premaxilla and maxilla of the experimental animals was altered significantly in the superior direction, as expected from previous studies on monkeys. Changes in condylar morphology were also found, and the jaw joint discs were remodeled. Contrary to primate findings, however, anterior growth of the premaxillary, maxillary and zygomatic bones was greatly reduced. This difference in response between monkeys and pigs may be due to the way the bite block altered the load on the zygomatico-maxillary suture.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Acute management and face reconstruction in severe open facial injury].

Authors describe the acute treatment and the reconstruction of the face in the severe, multiple combined fracture of the facial bones. After the primary definitive care further reconstructive operations were performed. After one and half year treatment the functional and esthetic results are good.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1992

Current concepts in the use of bone grafts in facial fractures. Basic science considerations.

In choosing the ideal donor site for bone replacement, attention must be given to the recipient site's revascularization potential and mechanical needs. Based on histologic differences in architecture as related to these two factors, the most appropriate graft type may be harvested. Future potential exists for bone replacement by distraction osteogenesis without the need for remote site harvesting. This may provide for the most identical bone replacement.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1978

The craniofacial skeleton in anencephalic human fetuses. III. Facial skeleton.

A sample of 12 anencephalic fetuses with gestational ages ranging from 26 to 40 weeks and exhibiting varying degrees of severity of the dorsal cranial defect was compared to three normal fetuses of comparable gestational ages with regard to the morphology and positional relationships of the maxillofacial skeletal complex. Gross dissection, alizarin red S staining, radiographs, cephalometric tracings, and histologic techniques were utilized. It was found that some facial bones were severely affected in morphology, size, spatial and angular relationships. The manner in which these were altered suggests that their morphogenesis is an adaptation to the primary defect of the neurocranium.

Anencephaly↗
PubMed2002

Computed tomography characteristics of non-syndromic craniofacial fibrous dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Fibrous dysplasia is a benign fibro-osseous tumor of bones commonly involving the craniofacial region. Computed tomography (CT) imaging study of the disease is useful for evaluation and treatment planning. However, few studies have evaluated such large patient series. METHODS: A total of 46 patients with complete medical records and CT images was included in this study. All of these patients were non-syndromic, had fibrous dysplasia involving only the craniofacial region, and had no skin pigmentation or other evidence of endocrine problems. Data analyses were performed on the clinical manifestations, time of onset, signs and symptoms, involvement of cranial and facial bones, and CT appearance of the tumors in this patient group. RESULTS: Painless swelling was the chief clinical problem in 78% of patients, followes by dental malocclusion in 22%. Onset of the disease was reported to have occurred before 6 years of age in 34%, between 6 and 10 years in 27%, and older than 10 years in 39% of patients. Extreme timings such as onset at infancy or older than 20 years of age were also noted. The average number of bones involved was 3.2 bones per patient. Involvement of more than one craniofacial bone occurred in 70% of patients. The maxilla, orbital, and frontal bones were most commonly involved. CT images appeared sclerotic or homogenous in 34%, mixed white and dark or heterogenous in 55%, and cystic in 11%. A correlation between the age of onset of the disease and the number of bones involved was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study demonstrate that craniofacial fibrous dysplasia displays a wide spectrum of clinical behaviors. CT imaging generally revealed extensive involvement of the tumor in the craniofacial region.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of spiral CT and conventional CT in 3D visualization of facial trauma: work in progress.

Spiral computed tomography (SCT) differs from conventional CT (CCT) in that regions of the body can be rapidly imaged via continuous scanning. This is accompanied by simultaneous advancement of the patient, thus allowing volumetric data acquisition of up to 60 cm in less than a minute. Thus motion is minimized and slice misregistration is minimized when multiplanar and three dimensional reconstructions are performed. This paper compares the utility of SCT and CCT in facial trauma. A total of six patients were studied with either CCT or SCT of the face after trauma. SCT scans were obtained using a Siemens Somatom Plus-S CT scanner (2 mm thick collimation and 3 mm/sec table feed for 32 s). Three-dimensional (3D) and multiplanar reconstruction images of the facial bones were generated after appropriate thresholds were selected by the radiologist; similar images generated with a CCT (GE quick 9800) were compared using a three point scale with kappa analysis. SCT is able to generate axial and reformatted images of comparable quality to CCT (k = 0.47-0.89) in less than half the time to perform an examination (26 min vs 63 min). SCT can rapidly produce (3D) and multiplanar reformatted images of facial trauma with minimal motion, or misregistration artifact when compared to CCT.

Adult↗