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PubMed1978

Drug interference in clinical chemistry: studies on ascorbic acid.

The expert group "Drug Interference in Clinical Chemistry" of the Bureau of Reference, Directorate General for Research, Science and Education of the Commission of the European Communities, consisting of one participant of each member of the European Communities, presents this first report on the final results of its activities. Within the framework of a first stage basic program, the paper describes interferences of therapeutic and elevated doses of ascorbic acid on commonly used clinical chemical methods. This is the result of a bipartite study that was jointly planned, carried out and evaluated. Local and personal influences have been eliminated, as have variations due to methodology, measurement equipment and reagents, in order to be able to present distinct causal effects of ascorbic acid. No definite influence of ascorbic acid on analytical values for urea, cholesterol, calcium, protein, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase could be detected. At therapeutic concentrations, ascorbic acid distinctly interferes with the analysis of glucose, uric acid, creatinine and inorganic phosphate. The extent and direction of interferences vary, depending on the type of reaction, kit and apparatus. In some cases the influence of ascorbic acid results in severe disturbance of the analytical methods leading to useless values.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2004

Problem severity profiles of substance abusing women in European Therapeutic Communities: influence of psychiatric problems.

This article aims to search for a specific female, psychiatric profile based on a large European sample of substance dependent clients (828) entering therapeutic communities. First, all six areas of functioning of the EuropASI were included, using the composite scores to search for gender differences. Next, the 'psychiatric' status section was selected for further study. A binary logistic regression was performed with gender as the dependent variable, and nine individual psychiatric items, country, and age as predictors. According to this model a number of problem variables could be identified as being reported more often by women than by men in therapeutic community treatment. Women are more likely to report serious depression, problems in understanding, concentrating or remembering, being prescribed medication, and serious thoughts about suicide; they have also attempted suicide more often than men. Women find treatment for these psychological problems more important than their male counterparts. They also have a more severe history of abuse. Women in therapeutic communities may need specific treatment interventions for their more severe psychiatric needs.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

The role of gender differences and other client characteristics in the prevalence of DSM-IV affective disorders among a European therapeutic community population.

There is a lack of research illustrating the extent of psychiatric problems in European TCs. Furthermore, there is a need to obtain more insight into gender differences concerning comorbidity in the TC population. In an attempt to respond to previous shortcomings, three specific goals were formulated for the current study. The primary aim was to explore the lifetime prevalence of affective disorders in European TC clients. The second aim was to focus on related gender differences. And finally, client characteristics measured by the EuropASI were related to mood and anxiety disorders measured by the SCID-I. Nine out of ten substance abusers treated in a European TC program have an affective disorder. Gender differences are noted for two anxiety disorders: men have more obsessive-compulsive disorders; women have more post-traumatic stress disorders. The study illustrates that not only gender but also other client characteristics should be taken into account when organizing treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Changing patterns of mental health care in Greece (1984-1996).

Greece joined the European Community in 1981 and, three years later, the Commission of the European Communities provided financial and technical assistance under EEC Regulation 815/84 for the modernisation of the traditional psychiatric care system, with the emphasis on decentralisation of mental health services and the development of community-based services, as well as on deinstutionalization of long-stay patients and improvement of conditions in public mental hospitals. Over the last 11 years, the implementation of the EEC Reg. 815/84 programme contributed to a significant shift towards extramural care and rehabilitation. The role of the large mental hospitals has gradually been diminished and a large number of long-stay patients have been deinstitutionalised. It is commonly accepted that the EEC-funded psychiatric reform programme, despite inadequacies and constraints, had an impact on the changing mental health scene in Greece.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Overview of brachytherapy resources in Europe: a survey of patterns of care study for brachytherapy in Europe.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Patterns of Care for Brachytherapy in Europe (PCBE) study is aimed at establishing a detailed information system on brachytherapy throughout Europe. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The questionnaire was web-based and the analysis used data from each radiotherapy department with brachytherapy. There were three groups: Group I with 19 countries (15 initial European Community (EC) countries plus Iceland, Monaco, Norway and Switzerland -EC+4-), Group II with 10 countries (New European Community countries -NEC-) and Group III with 14 countries (Other European Countries -OEC-). RESULTS: In the European area there are 36 of 43 countries (85%) which achieved data collection from at least 50% of centres, and were included in the analysis. The tumour site that had the largest number of treated patients was gynaecological tumours. Several variations have been found in the mean number of patients treated per consultant radiation oncologist and physicist; and in the proportion of brachytherapy patients with gynaecology, prostate and breast tumours, by country and by European area. The provided data showed that the average number of brachytherapy patients per centre increased by 10% between 1997 and 2002. CONCLUSIONS: A European wide evaluation of brachytherapy practice using a web-based questionnaire is feasible and that there is considerable variation in both patterns of practice and available resources.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed2001

The role of pharmacopoeias in international harmonisation.

The last 30 years have seen profound changes in the organisation of the European people and the regulation of medicinal products. Thirty years ago, each country had its own regulations, with all the possible variations between the various national pharmacopoeias. Today, the European Pharmacopoeia, with its 1500 monographs and nearly 250 general methods of analysis, has replaced the major part of these national regulations: the European Pharmacopoeia Convention has now been signed by 27 states(1) and by the Commission of the European Communities; moreover 16 European and non-European countries(2) and the WHO have observer status. Close relations are maintained with the licensing authorities of the European Economic Area, where integration is developing via the implementation of common directives and guidelines on medicines for human and veterinary use. In addition, in 1990, the European Pharmacopoeia co-founded, with the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia, the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group (PDG); this group is working assiduously for harmonisation at world level.

Europe↗
PubMed2002

Irish X-ray departments demonstrate varying levels of adherence to European guidelines on good radiographic technique.

The Commission of European Communities (CEC) publication "European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images" includes examples of good radiographic technique for a number of common X-ray examinations. If these guidelines are followed, compliance with dose and image quality criteria as specified in the CEC document should be demonstrated. Studies in England, Germany and Greece have shown that a number of X-ray departments are not using optimum techniques. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the level of adherence to CEC guidelines in Irish hospitals 3-4 years following publication of the above document. 16 hospitals were randomly chosen and the following details on technique and equipment were recorded for chest, abdomen, pelvis and lumbar spine examinations of standard sized patients: tube potential, focus-to-film distance, automatic exposure control (AEC), film-screen combination, X-ray tube filtration and secondary radiation grid. Varying levels of adherence to the guidelines were evident depending on the parameter being investigated, with no hospital demonstrating 100% compliance and no hospital demonstrating 100% non-compliance. For all parameters, with the exception of AEC use, the majority of hospitals exhibited non-adherence for at least one projection. The results suggest that if hospitals in Ireland observe the straightforward examples of good radiographic technique described in the CEC publication, significant reductions in collective dose can be achieved.

European Union↗
PubMed1991

Integration and immigration pressures in western Europe.

"With xenophobia resurgent in Europe, this article addresses some of the complexities of immigration and integration in EC [European Community] and EFTA [European Free Trade Association] countries. The categories of legal and illegal immigrants (including estimates thereof) are first described, as are the necessary ingredients of an integration policy (a framework law, a secure environment, cultural tolerance, demarginalization in housing and the labour market). The author then considers what types of action would help to ease the present immigration pressure, discussing in turn quota policies, project-tied or training migration and, finally, the use of international aid."

Acculturation↗
PubMed1991

[Therapeutic perspectives of HIV infection and of opportunistic infections. Multicenter projects of clinical investigation in the EEC].

Some centers in Portugal involved in the treatment of AIDS patients collaborate in clinical research programmes at a European level. The European Network for the Treatment of AIDS (ENTA) is a concerted action, with logistical and political support from the European Community. Four prospective European multicentre trials on opportunist infections in AIDS patients, have been implemented since the beginning of the ENTA, and 45 European centres, belonging to 11 countries, including Portugal, are so far involved in the present Trials in the Treatment and Prophylaxis of Tuberculosis and Toxoplasmosis. EUROAIDS is another concerted action whose aim is a retrospective study on opportunist infections and cancers related with AIDS registered in several countries in Europe, from 1979 to 1989, and correlate these data with demographic and clinical aspects. Another multicentric trial on antiretroviral treatment, The Iberian ddI study, started and several Spanish and Portuguese centres enrolled patients in this study.

European Union↗