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PubMed1998

Nepal: ICPD spurs changes in policies.

The adoption of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) Program of Action by Nepal has spurred a number of changes to improve the population situation in that country, according to the country report presented at the High-Level Meeting. One of the most important of these was the establishment of the Ministry for Population and Environment in 1995. As a result, a number of policies and programs concerning the population and health sector have been formulated and implemented. These are considered important because social and economic development is at a low level in Nepal. According to the 1991 census, the literacy rate for both sexes was 40% (males 55% and females 25%). The status of women in Nepal is very low and their role is confined to household chores. Some of the indicators of the status of women are the maternal mortality rate (MMR), life expectancy at birth, and age at marriage. MMR is estimated at 539/100,000 live births and life expectancy was an average of 53.5 years.

Asia↗
PubMed2003

The way ahead--the new technology in an old society.

Biotechnology is one of the most important scientific and technological revolutions of the last century and has greatly benefited various aspects of human life. The potentials are enormous and many breakthroughs have already been achieved in the area of healthcare, food, agricultural products and environmental production. The developments in this important area provide immediate benefits to mankind and offer environmentally friendly technologies for sustainable development. The Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, set up in 1986, has played an important catalytic role in promoting this revolutionary field. Research and development, technology validation and demonstration, technology transfer, human resource development, setting up of Centers of Excellence and promoting industry-academia interactions have been some of the major achievements during the last 15 years. A unique feature of this Department is the strong interaction with scientists and institutes across the country to promote biotechnology research and development efforts for commercialization and also to benefit the rural population for socio-economic development. A large number of research institutes/universities and organizations across the country have been supported in the areas of agriculture, healthcare, environment and industry. In addition, basic research has also been an important thrust area. In order to ensure that the benefits of biotechnology reach the masses at large, a very stringent biosafety mechanism has been adopted. India is a country rich in biodiversity with two hot spots and has a strong base of expertise available in nearly all fields--thus biotechnology could flourish leading to a Bioindustrial Revolution. We are today poised to be the leaders in this field in the 21st Century.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Gender differences in nutritional status and feeding patterns among infants in the Gaza Strip.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined gender variation in nutritional treatment and anthropometric status of infants in the Gaza Strip. Numerous studies have documented gender differences in health status in developing areas, generally finding boys to be at an advantage over girls. Social and economic characteristics in Gaza suggest that one might expect preferential treatment of boys there. METHODS: The study used data on two samples of infants 0 to 18 months of age collected from five health centers in Gaza. A variety of different analytic methods were used to look for gender differences in feeding patterns, prevalence of malnutrition, and anthropometric status. RESULTS: Although some differences in nutritional treatment and anthropometric outcome for infants of different socioeconomic status and between the earlier and later samples were found, no consistent gender differences were revealed. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with several different explanations. First, expectations of finding gender differences may have been unfounded. Alternatively, such differences may have existed previously but have been eliminated through successful public health intervention, rising levels of education, and economic development.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

An overview of veterinary medical education in China: current status, deficiencies, and strategy for improvement.

Especially in developing countries, the profession of veterinary medicine is closely tied with agriculture and government economic development, the national structure of education, and national public health. Currently, the Chinese veterinary medical educational system and accreditation standards are distinctly different from those of some more developed countries, such as the United States, Japan, or the countries of the European Union. Chinese veterinary education is still closely based on traditional Chinese education approaches and standards, which has led to some deficiencies in the Chinese system. With the development of a stronger economy in China and the growing trend toward globalization, and particularly since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), some important questions about China's system of veterinary education are being raised: How can veterinary science develop more rapidly in China? How can it meet the needs of the growing Chinese society? How can China bring its veterinary medical practice more in line with that of other, more advanced countries? This article describes some of the realities of veterinary medical education in China, discusses several existing problems, and puts forward some ideas for possible reforms. It is hoped that by this means those outside China may gain insight into our veterinary education program and that this, in turn, will lead to helpful input from international educators and other professionals to help improve our programs.

China↗
PubMed2006

Alcoholism during adolescence.

It is well known that drug abuse is common in early adolescence with almost the same epidemiological characteristics in economically developed and undeveloped countries. Alcohol abuse is a problem worldwide, which destroys ones social, economical and family life. Our country is in a transition period and consists of postwar society. Therefore, all risk factors for alcohol and other substances abuse are present such as social, economical and medical risk factors. Parents and peers seem to have strong impact on adolescent's behavior. Youngsters like to experiment with a risky life style without adequate knowledge about long-term health damages and risks. Finding risk factors related to alcohol abuse among early adolescents is necessary for appropriate prevention approach. Research covers 600 adolescents (400 in rural and urban part of Sarajevo and 200 in urban and rural part of the Canton Tuzla, as well). Adolescents are of equal gender and age distribution. We used Q 2000 as research tool. Study design is prospective, epidemiological and analytical. Results have been compared within groups, between cantons and among groups. Out of total number of adolescents 93 (15.55 %) were abusing alcohol, 62.4 % of them were from urban and 37.6 % were from rural areas. Results show numerous risk factors related to alcohol abuse among adolescents which could be used as base for preventive activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Major nutritional problems of children in Nigeria and possible solutions--Anambra State experience.

Seventeen towns in Anambra State, Nigeria were investigated with a view of identifying some of the existing nutritional problems of children in Nigeria. Information on nutritional status and demographic data were obtained by visiting the primary schools, maternity homes and the child welfare centres. House to house visits were also made. A total of 3406 children (0-17 years) were seen. Analysis of data revealed among other things, a high incidence of malnutrition as judged by weight for age measurements according to the Harvard Standard Values. Thirty per cent of the 3-year olds and 20% of the older girls and boys were severely malnourished. Poor earning power, poor management of money, food and poor methods of food preparation and high cost of foods were major causes of malnutrition in urban and rural areas. Economic development had in general led to an improvement in nutrition, but reliance on the economic growth in Anambra State however, would not significantly cut the very great differences in the standard of living. Many malnourished children came from the poorest sectors of the society which are likely to benefit only slowly from an increase in the average standard of living. A more realistic approach may be gradual introduction (from a few schools) of free school milk with snack or hot school lunch programmes in Anambra State.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Fertility and mortality 1950-1974 in the Upernavik district, Greenland.

A descriptive study of fertility and mortality in a Greenlandic whaling and sealing community of approximately 1 800 individuals during the period 1950-74 was performed on the basis of data from parish records and medical reports. Fertility was on the increase until approximately 1960 after which it declined considerably. No significant reduction in the high stillbirth and infant mortality rates could be demonstrated. A considerable reduction in overall mortality was observed and could be attributed to the eradication of tuberculosis as a cause of death. The results are discussed in the light of data from Greenland as a whole, which in general has been characterized by intense industrialization and social development. Further comparative studies in Arctic communities characterized by varying degrees of socio-economic development are recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Tuberculosis semper viva].

At the end of the twentieth century tuberculosis still has the attributes of a multiple, difficult to diagnose, and frequently treacherous disease which is difficult to treat. Due to its high prevalence in the developing countries and due to new medical and sociological elements associated with tuberculosis in economically developed countries with a low prevalence, tuberculosis still remains a paradoxical memento of medical science and practice. We know its etiological agent, treatment and principles of its control and despite this we must assume that it will persist in the human population for at least the period of one human life.

Czech Republic↗
PubMed1997

Emergent migration policy in a democratic South Africa.

This article sets recent debates on migration policy in South Africa against broader historical realities that have shaped patterns of population movement on the subcontinent since the end of the nineteenth century. During the course of the last century, most forms of population movement were the result of disjointed regional economic development which can be traced to two epochal events at the end of the nineteenth century: the creation of the modern African state system and the discovery of mineral wealth in Southern Africa. Although regulation of migrant labor was a fundamental feature of the colonial period, it was only after 1950, when independent states began to define specific migration priorities, that states began to restrict significantly the flow of transnational labor. From this point notions such as internally displaced person, refugee and illegal immigrant become increasingly appropriate to the study of regional migration. Particular attention is given to current debate on the definition of refugee which forms part of a broader international debate. A number of South African writers have argued that, given the structural imbalances contained in the regional economy, the term "refugee" should be redefined to included economic migrants. This position is not shared by the South African Government, and an analysis of current policy and legislation demonstrates a growing tendency to restrict the influx of undocumented migrants. This is due, in part, to the recent political transition and the institutional compromises that it produced as well as the growth of negative sentiment towards illegal immigrants at both mass and elite levels, as demonstrated by two recent research findings. The article concludes with a summation of recent trends in South African migration policy and an evaluation of the ambiguous position that South Africa occupies within Southern Africa.

Africa↗
PubMed1995

[Fertility decline in China and family planning programs].

"The article looks in detail at the population development in China since the 1950s, highlighting some dramatic changes. In the late 1950s the country was hit by widespread famine, which resulted in increased mortality and decreased fertility. Infant mortality climbed to almost 300/1,000. During the 1960s fertility began to increase again and mortality declined. From the beginning of the 1970s fertility started to decline, dropping from about six to just over two children per woman in the late 1980s. Today, fertility is thought to be below replacement level. The main reason for this fertility decline lies in the highly efficient family planning programmes implemented in China since the 1950s and particularly since the 1970s. The decline in infant mortality and the favourable socio-economic development have also been important factors in the decline in fertility. Although fertility in China is currently at a low level, the country's population is still set to grow." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1996

Community development: theoretical and practical issues for community health nursing in Canada.

Despite the importance currently given to community development as an increasingly significant role for community nurses, there is little analysis of the role in the nursing literature. This paper provides background information on the historical origins of community development work through an extensive review of the literature. As well, four models of community development are synthesised from literature in sociology, social psychology, education and political science. These include economic development models, education models both formal and informal, confrontational models, and empowerment models. Each is discussed, and the relevance for community health nursing practice is critiqued. Finally, issues which may arise when community health nurses attempt to practice within a community development model are discussed. Issues are examined related to the structures of organizations in which nurses work, characteristics of nurses themselves, and the communities which nurses serve. The argument is advanced that despite the pitfalls and problems, this new role shows promise as an important mechanism for community health nurses to promote the community's health. However, much additional work will be needed to test out models for community development in actual practice. Evaluation of the role will also be important to determine the degree to which it can be implemented and the resultant health outcomes for the population.

Canada↗
PubMed1986

[How to assess the economic cost of tropical diseases in a rural community].

Many tropical diseases cause disability and hinder the socio-economic development of the Third World countries where they rage. A method of assessment of the economic cost of these diseases during epidemiological studies has been suggested here. It calls on the following factors: the type of activity of the community, the gross income of the community, the cost of treatment and the types of the disability (degree of disability, length of disability in relation to the period of production, and the degree of men's activity).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Changes in disease patterns and related social trends.

Both the material and non-material aspects of social life are viewed as determinants of major transformations in the patterns of fatal disease and injury. A 'worst case' scenario for the burden of fatal disease is taken as a poor agrarian society precariously dependent on starchy staples and a narrow range of other foods. In such a society life expectancy may be as low as 20. However in many 'pre-modern' societies the regime of roughly matching fertility and mortality levels was set at a 'submaximal' level, with completed fertility rates moderated by marriage conventions. The relative importance of the factors contributing to the historical decline in fatal infection continues to be debated. Evidence on the central role of maternal literacy in the recent decline in Third World mortality suggests the importance of changes in the body of civil society as well as the activities of professionals and public agencies. The decline in fatal infections has been offset to varying extents by an increase in non-communicable disease (NCD): the Mediterranean and East Asia having smaller epidemics of NCDs and Eastern Europe having sustained rises of NCDs. Most industrialised countries have experienced declines in overall NCD mortality in the last 2 decades. Both the fall in fatal infection and the rise and early fall of NCDs can usefully be viewed against the baseline of hunter gatherer cultures. When this is done, the relationship between economic development and disease is seen to be complex. Much 'progress' has been achieved by countering (and then doing better than countering) the adverse effects of earlier developments. Although most members of the generation now alive have experienced marked health benefits from economic and technical advance, it is unclear whether these gains can be both sustained and generalised. It is possible that adverse lagged effects of current industrial (and military) activities will disrupt the habitat of future generations of our species through processes such as stratospheric ozone depletion, global warming and others as yet unpredicted. Modern hygienists have dealt successively with influences on survival mainly operating in early life (infection) and influences operating across the lifespan (determinants of chronic disease). They have now to deal with even greater separations in time and space between potential health determinants and their ultimate effects. To a high level of scientific uncertainty is added the ethical problem of equity between generations.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1999

Variation in in-patient stroke management in ten centres in different countries: the INCLEN multicentre stroke collaboration.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Large within-country variations have been described in stroke management and there have been a few studies of between-country variation (in the USA and the UK). We designed a study to examine stroke management across a wide range of countries representing different stages of economic development. Large variations would suggest the need to explore methods of increasing the uptake of evidence-based stroke practice. METHODS: Members of the International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) from 14 centres in ten countries agreed to review the records of the last 50 patients admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of stroke. Information on demographic variables, the clinical diagnosis of stroke type, investigations performed and treatments given and the discharge destination of the patient were recorded and sent to the coordinating centre in Australia for analysis. RESULTS: There were statistically significant between-centre differences in the proportions of patients cared for by a neurologist, staying in hospital for at least ten days and having CT or MRI scans. Significant between-centre differences were also seen for treatment, for example, the use of aspirin in non-haemorrhagic stroke varied from 11 to 79%. The variation (for all interventions studied) was no longer statistically significant when examined within strata according to availability of facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The large variation between centres in the management of stroke is largely 'explained' by the availability of resources, even for interventions that do not depend on resource availability. It will be important to develop management guidelines that reflect evidence-based practice of relevance across a range of economic settings.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Advanced technology paths to global climate stability: energy for a greenhouse planet.

Stabilizing the carbon dioxide-induced component of climate change is an energy problem. Establishment of a course toward such stabilization will require the development within the coming decades of primary energy sources that do not emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, in addition to efforts to reduce end-use energy demand. Mid-century primary power requirements that are free of carbon dioxide emissions could be several times what we now derive from fossil fuels (approximately 10(13) watts), even with improvements in energy efficiency. Here we survey possible future energy sources, evaluated for their capability to supply massive amounts of carbon emission-free energy and for their potential for large-scale commercialization. Possible candidates for primary energy sources include terrestrial solar and wind energy, solar power satellites, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fission-fusion hybrids, and fossil fuels from which carbon has been sequestered. Non-primary power technologies that could contribute to climate stabilization include efficiency improvements, hydrogen production, storage and transport, superconducting global electric grids, and geoengineering. All of these approaches currently have severe deficiencies that limit their ability to stabilize global climate. We conclude that a broad range of intensive research and development is urgently needed to produce technological options that can allow both climate stabilization and economic development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1986

Social visions and social control: the evolution of medical thought in postwar Hungary.

After nearly two decades of rigid adherence to the Soviet model of social and economic development, Hungary initiated a series of reforms in the 1960s that emphasize decentralization and market economic mechanisms. Internal repression and surveillance have diminished concurrently. Shaped by these broader social trends, three explanations of disease causation have successively emerged in Hungary since World War II: social medicine, a lifestyle model, and a psychosocial model. Although each model attempts to offer the best explanation for prevailing patterns of morbidity and mortality, each also reflects an underlying world view and the political priorities that derive from it. Social medicine and the lifestyle model have served largely to consolidate the power of ruling elites. The psychosocial model, on the other hand, has the potential to challenge the social order. The current popularity of the lifestyle model seems rooted in a widespread cynicism about social change which in turn is a product of contemporary social conditions in Hungary.

Hungary↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Demographic transition in small countries.

Half of the world's 200 countries have less than 3.37 million inhabitants, and many of these small countries are often assumed to experience rapid demographic transition. This is true of many of the small island populations of the developing world, especially those with largely immigrant and pluralistic populations, unusual family structures, and rapid economic development. Smallness of population alone, however, is not sufficient to ensure rapid demographic transition and many small countries of mainland Africa have experienced little transition.

Demography↗
PubMed2001

Contraceptive security, information flow, and local adaptations: family planning Morocco.

BACKGROUND: Many developing countries increasingly recognize and acknowledge family planning as a critical part of socio-economic development. However, with few health dollars to go around, countries tend to provide essential drugs for curative care, rather than for family planning products. Donors have historically provided free contraceptives for family planning services. Whether products are donated or purchased by the country, a successful family planning program depends on an uninterrupted supply of products, beginning with the manufacturer and ending with the customer. Any break in the supply chain may cause a family planning program to fail. A well-functioning logistics system can manage the supply chain and ensure that the customers have the products they need, when they need them. METHODOLOGY: Morocco was selected for the case study. The researchers had ready access to key informants and information about the Logistics Management Information System. Because the study had time and resource constraints, research included desktop reviews and interview, rather than data collection in the field. RESULTS: The case study showed that even in a challenging environment an LMIS can be successfully deployed and fully supported by the users. It is critical to customize the system to a country-specific situation to ensure buy-in for the implementation. CONCLUSIONS: Significant external support funding and technical expertise are critical components to ensure the initial success of the system. Nonetheless, evidence from the case study shows that, after a system has been implemented, the benefits may not ensure its institutionalization. Other support, including local funding and technical expertise, is required.

Contraceptive Agents↗