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Results for “Dissociative Identity Disorder”

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PubMed1981

Multiple personality: psychoanalytic perspectives.

Multiple personality, which played a central role in psychiatry and psychology in the era of Janet and Prince, also attracted the interest of Freud and Breuer, and was utilized by Freud as a model for some of his early formulations. Later, with his distancing from Breuer and rivalry with Janet, and with the growing emphasis upon repression at the expense of dissociation. Freud's interest in multiple personality diminished. This change is reflected in the relative neglect of the topic in psychoanalytic literature. It is suggested, however, that psychoanalysis needs and is able to deal with this phenomenon, and several contributions are suggested as potential foundations: Freud's later thought on identification and on splitting; Fairbairn's work on object relations and ego splitting, which may be recast in terms of the representational world; Kernberg's writings on borderline personality organization; and Kohut's formulation of 'the vertical split'. Three recent cases of multiple personality are presented, and an attempt is made to analyse their development and dynamics. Severe deficits in mother-child relationship are evident in all three, and are seen as the primary source of splitting. An intense and unresolved compensatory oedipal involvement, followed by loss, leads to the open appearance of the split. The separate 'personalities' represent complex crystallizations of part object representations which evolve into split self representations. In view of the developmental arrest which can be observed, the therapeutic strategy suggested is not based on confrontation and interpretation of the distortions and denial involved, but rather on developing faulty ego functions and empathically strengthening the fragmented self.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Notes on "multiple personality".

The similarity of the concepts, splitting and "multiple personality," has been generally overlooked. Both are originally present in all human beings, both have pathological connotations in clinical usage, but both may actually be observed in a wide variety of "normal" psychological phenomena. Some residues of each developmental phase are preserved in the depth of the mind. These remnants are the constituents of the multiple personality of human beings.

Dissociative Identity Disorder↗
PubMed1980

Multiple personality: diagnostic considerations.

Multiple personality is a syndrome characterized by 2 or more alternating personality states and amnesia. Multiple personality must be differentiated from fugue, possession syndromes, mediumships, hysterical personality, schizophrenia, hypnotic states, organic brain syndrome and simulation. A review of the literature, discussion of diagnosis, and 4 illustrative cases are presented.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The Dualism drive in Freudian theory].

The author discusses Freudian dualistic conception of drives and contends that it can be reduced to a monistic one, on the basis of modern conceptions of Biology, and after scanning the original writings of Freud on the subject of drive and instinct. The word Trieb (drive) is used by Freud as compared with Instinkt (instinct); in 1915 the concept is defined through its attributes: thrust, source, objet and goal; being object and goal contingent for the drive and fixed for instincts. The first dualism is love vs. hunger; the drives are either sexual or autoconservative. But Biology demonstrates today that all life movements are autoconservative. The second dualism, love vs. hate, and the third one, Eros vs. Thantos, interpreted through Biology, show that there is always a prevailing therm, the first one. In this view, instinct should be but one successful drive, "frozen" through time because of its very success, and transmitted through philogenetic channels, in order to be enlivened in each ontogenetic process.

Austria↗
PubMed1995

Multiple personality: perplexities about the law.

The challenges that multiple personality poses to legal concepts are discussed. They include issues such as consent, competency to stand trial and to testify, defence, criminal responsibility and capacity. The author concludes that the law is based on the idea of a person as a unity and that a person must take responsibility for his or her sub-personalities.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed1996

[Physically experienced ego disturbances].

The term "schizophrenia" can be translated into "split mind," which usually refers to an abstract and complex theory of split psychic functions. In a different sense, however, being split may mean the bodily experience of a second person existing within the diseased individual who appears doubled. Three cases are presented to illustrate this phenomenon, called "bodily experienced disturbances of the self," and the difference from Schneider terminology is stressed.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Behavior and the law reconsidered: psychological syndromes and profiles.

Recently, a new concept of behavior and the law has emerged which looks beyond the defendant's satisfaction of the elements which define the charge. This formulation, which considers not simply the objective facts but motive, intent, and circumstance, has marked a legal shift from diminished capacity to diminished responsibility. Still in evolution, this trend has challenged the relationship between law and the behavioral sciences, and prompted serious reconsideration of the role of each. This paper examines the landmarks of the movement, considers its implications, and looks to the future.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed1992

Sexual abuse and the problem of embodiment.

In this paper, trauma, sexual abuse, and some of the potential resulting long-term effects, are explored in terms of the problem of embodiment and the formation of personal identity and psychological integrity. That is, what effect does severe sexual abuse have on an individual's, particularly a child's, sense of living in his or her body and, by extension, living in the world? First, trauma and dissociation are analyzed and linked to the development and maintenance of a "posttraumatic" sense of personal identity. Then, several disorders associated with sexual abuse--dissociation, multiple personality disorder, eating disorders, somatization disorder, self-mutilation, suicide, and suicide attempts--are examined in terms of their phenomenological coherence and relation to the problem of embodiment. This conceptual framework may be of use to clinicians and researchers assessing and treating the survivors of sexual abuse.

Body Image↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neural bases of perception and recognition of faces].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the neural bases of perception and the recognition of faces. First of all we consider the concept of functional hemisphere specialization; then we look at the results obtained with regard to the neuroanatomy of processing faces and finally refer to the disorders of recognition of faces in humans. For this we review the clinical evidence obtained from the neuropsychological studies of prosopagnostic patients and the data derived from psychophysiological experiments done using intracranial recordings of nonhuman primates. DEVELOPMENT: The agreement between the results analysed allows us conclude that in both cerebral hemispheres there are neural mechanisms specialized in the perception and recognition of faces, and in particular the ventral and posterior regions of the occipito-temporal cortex play a decisive part in these processes. Similarly experimental findings in nonhuman primates permits explanation of the neural nature of certain neuropsychological disorders seen in man, such as the case of the dissociation between disorders of the recognition of facial identity and disorders of recognition of emotional expression, and also dissociation between the difficulty in recognizing familiar faces and difficulty in recognizing non-familiar faces. CONCLUSION: The use of modern neuroimaging techniques and electrophysiological studies using evoked potentials are necessary for greater understanding of these and other disorders related to processing facial information.

Affect↗
PubMed2002

The link between childhood trauma and later violent offending: the application of attachment theory in a probation setting.

This case-study identifies the links between an insecure-avoidant pattern of attachment organization, unresolved childhood trauma, emotional detachment, substance misuse and violent offending behaviour in adulthood. It demonstrates the way in which attachment theory may be used to explicate offending behaviour and to assess risk in a forensic setting. Further, the model illustrates that the clinical application of attachment theory in brief, time-limited work may enhance the offender's capacity for narrative intelligibility leading to an integration of dissociated thoughts and emotional affect, and to a concomitant cessation of violent behaviour. The process is intersubjective and involves the modification and updating of maladaptive, perceptually distorted cognitive-affective internal working models. This is accomplished by strengthening the offender's capacity for reflective thought, which, in turn, facilitates the organization and integration of error-correcting information.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

Perception of facial expression and facial identity in subjects with social developmental disorders.

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that the social dysfunction in social developmental disorders (SDDs), such as autism, Asperger disorder, and the socioemotional processing disorder, impairs the acquisition of normal face-processing skills. The authors investigated whether this purported perceptual deficit was generalized to both facial expression and facial identity or whether these different types of facial perception were dissociated in SDDs. METHODS: They studied 26 adults with a variety of SDD diagnoses, assessing their ability to discriminate famous from anonymous faces, their perception of emotional expression from facial and nonfacial cues, and the relationship between these abilities. They also compared the performance of two defined subgroups of subjects with SDDs on expression analysis: one with normal and one with impaired recognition of facial identity. RESULTS: While perception of facial expression was related to the perception of nonfacial expression, the perception of facial identity was not related to either facial or nonfacial expression. Likewise, subjects with SDDs with impaired facial identity processing perceived facial expression as well as those with normal facial identity processing. CONCLUSION: The processing of facial identity and that of facial expression are dissociable in social developmental disorders. Deficits in perceiving facial expression may be related to emotional processing more than face processing. Dissociations between the perception of facial identity and facial emotion are consistent with current cognitive models of face processing. The results argue against hypotheses that the social dysfunction in social developmental disorder causes a generalized failure to acquire face-processing skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Identity confusion, bisexuality, and flight from the mother.

This paper deals with the effects of an oral-sadistic annihilating mother on her male and female offspring. The all-powerful nature of these mothers, and the corresponding helplessness of the fathers, produce in their offspring a sense of identity confusion, a struggle with their bisexuality, and a need to distance themselves from their mother. Everything unwanted in the mother is externalized onto and into the child, particularly suffering and pain, which are necessary for the maintenance of the (pathological) mother-child relationship. Positive movement (i.e., success) on the child's part threatens the balance of this relationship, is perceived by the child as a hostile and destructive triumph over the mother, and causes the Negative Therapeutic Reaction in therapy. The child's inherent masochism acts to preserve the early infantile omnipotence and leads to his/her assumption of all responsibility for the mother's affective states. The child's self-destructiveness also functions as a release for unconscious aggression toward the mother, due to the lack of boundary differentiation between the two.

Anxiety Disorders↗