Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Consummatory Behavior”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Simple behavioral methods to assess the effect of drugs or toxins on sensory experience.

When behavioral pharmacologists/toxicologists study conditioned taste aversions (CTAs), or other conditioned responses, as a means to investigate the effects of various drugs or toxins on a learned response, failure to discover a CTA is frequently attributed to the treatment's influence on the associative process. This kind of analysis may fail to identify drug-induced sensory changes that may influence conditioned stimulus (CS) or unconditioned stimulus (US) saliency. The current paper outlines a simple method by which a drug's influence on CS or US sensation may be determined. Further, illustrative data are provided regarding how N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockade modulates taste and the sensation of malaise. Ketamine (an NMDA receptor antagonist) has been reported to block CTAs in both neonatal and adult rats. The current experiments evaluated ketamine's ability to modulate the taste of a frequently employed CS (saccharin HCl=SAC) or the aversive aspects of a common US (Lithium Chloride=LiCl). Rats normally exhibit a preference for 0.3% SAC over 0.6% SAC and will suppress consumption of these liquids following an injection of LiCl. We report that ketamine did not markedly antagonize these consummatory patterns nor did it disrupt spontaneous locomotor movements. Taken together, these findings point to ketamine's limited ability to change the sensory capacities required for CTA formation. Investigators interested in determining the underlying causes of drug-induced CTA blockade may choose to employ paradigms similar to the one used here.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of tunnel maze complexity on caffeinic hyperactivity in the rat.

The study investigated effects of caffeine on spontaneous tunnel locomotion without consummatory reward. The stimulant effects consisted in delayed intrasession habituation, and they differed in magnitude according to dosage and the complexity of the tunnel arrangements. In a simple hexagonal tunnel without choice points, 16 mg/kg BW produced greater stimulation than other doses, and this most efficient dose became less effective if tunnels were arranged according to the radial maze paradigm. No stimulation was obtained if an open field was incorporated into the maze. Caffeine also had no effect on open field behavior, but it tended to improve the efficiency of radial arm maze patrolling, and its significantly depressed exploration of short tunnel arms branching from the radial arms in favor of exploration of the more distant radial tunnel ends.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Animal rights activism and animal welfare concerns in the academic setting: levels of activism and the perceived importance of research with animals.

Past research suggests that public support for the use of animal models as means to improve the human condition is present but many individuals have expressed ambivalence. In the present study, various sectors of the academic community (students and faculty) as well as the general population, were surveyed to assess their positions on the need for, and value of animal research, the value of psychological research in which animals are employed, and the respondents' consummatory habits. The results suggested that more information needs to be provided about the role of animal experimentation, including a discussion of the benefits produced by using animals to answer psychological questions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Action and emotion in everyday life.

This study of naturally occurring behaviour employed a "beeper technique" to investigate the actions carried out by 152 subjects in eight different groups, viz. adult students, employed students who were also parents, unemployed, art students, doctoral students, alcoholics, retired people and a control group. Actions were sampled for seven subsequent days, five times per day between 8 a.m. and 10 p.m. at randomly selected occasions. Each action was rated on a number of variables, shortly after it was sampled (median delay approximately 10 min). Some of the findings were: Time allocation corresponded well with national estimates. Being under situational control was highly aversive. Instrumental and consummatory orientations correlated positively. The background variables were, on the whole, only rather weakly related to action ratings, but it was found that women and retired persons tended to report a higher level of well-being.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

The neurobiology of positive emotions.

Compared to the study of negative emotions such as fear, the neurobiology of positive emotional processes and the associated positive affect (PA) states has only recently received scientific attention. Biological theories conceptualize PA as being related to (i) signals indicating that bodies are returning to equilibrium among those studying homeostasis, (ii) utility estimation among those favoring neuroeconomic views, and (iii) approach and other instinctual behaviors among those cultivating neuroethological perspectives. Indeed, there are probably several distinct forms of positive affect, but all are closely related to ancient sub-neocortical limbic brain regions we share with other mammals. There is now a convergence of evidence to suggest that various regions of the limbic system, including especially ventral striatal dopamine systems are implemented in an anticipatory (appetitive) positive affective state. Dopamine independent mechanisms utilizing opiate and GABA receptors in the ventral striatum, amygdala and orbital frontal cortex are important in elaborating consummatory PA (i.e. sensory pleasure) states, and various neuropeptides mediate homeostatic satisfactions.

Affect↗
PubMed1989

Differences in cyclophosphamide-induced suppression of cricket predation in selectively bred strains of taste-aversion prone and resistant rats.

Cyclophosphamide-induced conditioned suppression of cricket predation was observed in taste-aversion-prone (TAP) but not in taste-aversion-resistant (TAR) rats. These TAP and TAR strains had been selectively bred for efficient or inefficient acquisition of cyclophosphamide-induced saccharin taste aversions (TAs). Equivalent preconditioning cricket predation was practiced by nonfasted subjects of both strains. TAR rats that ate crickets before a cyclophosphamide injection were thereafter voracious predators as were saline-injected and pseudoconditioning controls of both strains. However, conditioned TAP rats subsequently displayed a marked suppression of cricket predation. Predation can provide a deprivation-free and species-natural consummatory response for studies of strain differences in TA conditionability of TAP and TAR rats. In addition, the present results indicate that TAP and TAR strain differences in TA conditionability are not restricted to the saccharin solution that was the conditioned stimulus basis of prior strain development.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Neural architecture of choice behaviour in a concurrent interval schedule.

Concurrent interval schedules are classic experimental paradigms that are traditionally employed in psychological research on choice behaviour. To analyse the neural basis of choice in a concurrent fixed interval schedule, pigeons were trained to peck on two response keys. Responses were differentially rewarded in key specific short or long time intervals (SI vs. LI). Using tetrodotoxin, we reversibly blocked the neostriatum caudolaterale (NCL, the avian functional equivalent of the prefrontal cortex), avian caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens to examine their contribution. A detailed analysis of baseline choice behaviour revealed that response distribution and key affinity were determined by cued or time-related expectancy for rewards on the SI key. The pigeons' response frequency increased on the SI key and decreased on the LI key with increasing temporal proximity to the SI reward and pigeons switched to the LI key after reward delivery. Pecking bursts on the LI key were negatively correlated with bursts on the SI key. Neostriatum caudolaterale inactivation did not affect pecking activity per se but interfered with reward-related temporal modulation of pecking frequency, switching pattern and coupling of LI to SI pecks. Blockade of caudate-putamen resulted in a complete behavioural halt, while inactivation of nucleus accumbens diminished operant behaviour without affecting consummatory responses. These data suggest that the NCL is tuned via indirect striato-pallial projections to integrate cued or time-related reward expectancy into a response selection process in order to set, maintain or shift goals. The NCL possibly feeds forward the resulting motor commands to the caudate-putamen for execution.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The effects of lipopolysaccharide and lithium chloride on the ingestion of a bitter-sweet taste: comparing intake and palatability.

Activation of the immune system with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been shown to result in decreased consumption of normally preferred substances while at the same time not affecting palatability. The present study examined the effects LPS administration on both intake and palatability of a relatively unpalatable bitter-sweet taste. Bitter is thought to signal a danger cue to an animal representing a potential toxin-containing food. Using a one-bottle consumption test, voluntary intake of a sucrose-quinine (0.15 M sucrose + 0.00015 M quinine; S-Q) solution was assessed in rats on two conditioning days (days 1 and 4) after a systemic injection with LPS, LiCl, or NaCl. On the test day (day 7), rats were given 1h access to the same solution in the absence of any injection. In a separate experiment, rats fitted with intraoral cannulae received similar testing schedules, however, the solution was delivered intraorally, activating only the consummatory responses of the animal. During conditioning, rats received 5 brief (1 min) intraoral infusions of the taste across a 1h period following injections of LPS, LiCl or NaCl. Individual taste reactivity responses were recorded and analyzed. Both LPS and LiCl resulted in decreased consumption of the unpalatable taste relative to controls on the test day, suggesting typical conditioned taste avoidance. When the consummatory responses were examined, LPS-treatment produced an increase in active oral rejection relative to NaCl- and LiCl-treated groups on both conditioning days. The present study demonstrates that although both LPS- and LiCl-treatment result in similar conditioned avoidance using an intake measure, they do not elicit similar patterns of taste reactivity responding to intraoral infusions of the bitter-sweet taste. Furthermore, the present results suggest that immune activation with LPS-treatment results in increased rejection of a mildly aversive stimulus and supports the hypothesis that reorganization of behavioral priorities occurs during bacteria-induced sickness.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Progressive ratio performance in rats with gustatory thalamus lesions.

To determine whether damage of the gustatory thalamus (the parvicellular region of the ventroposteromedial nucleus) disrupts the perceived value of reinforcing stimuli, the performance of rats with bilateral, electrophysiologically guided, electrolytic lesions of the area was examined in Experiment 1 with a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Lesioned rats showed normal concentration-dependent changes in break point (an index of the amount of effort a subject will expend to obtain reinforcement) and in consummatory responding (licking) for the sucrose reward. In the reward comparison procedure of Experiment 2, however, the same lesioned rats failed to show morphine-induced suppression of alanine consumption. The results provide no support for the view that the thalamic taste area is involved in the perception of the absolute reinforcing value of gustatory stimuli.

Alanine↗
PubMed1992

Effects of the putative 5-HT1A receptor antagonist NAN-190 on free feeding and on feeding induced by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT in the rat.

The effects of the putative 5-HT1A receptor antagonist NAN-190 on feeding and spontaneous locomotor activity in rats were examined. The drug elicited a robust, dose-dependent (0.01-10 mg/kg) increase in food consumption in free feeding animals. Microstructural analysis of feeding induced by NAN-190 (3 mg/kg) revealed that the drug increased the duration of feeding and number of feeding bouts but decreased the feeding rate. The increase in feeding induced by 3 mg/kg of NAN-190 was not apparent until 2-4 h after injection. This prolonged latency to onset of the feeding response appeared to be due to response competition. Thus, a 'neuroleptic-like' action of the drug on spontaneous motor activity was observed during the the initial 2 h following injection. A dopamine receptor antagonist action of NAN-190 was also indicated by the results of studies in which the drug was observed to block oral stereotypy induced by the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine. In interaction studies, NAN-190 (0.1 and 10 mg/kg) failed to block the feeding response induced by the prototypical 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.0625 and 1.0 mg/kg) and indeed, appeared to have an additive effect with 8-OH-DPAT on consummatory behaviour. These data suggest that NAN-190 may act as a partial agonist rather than an antagonist at the 5-HT1A receptor and also provide the first evidence that the drug has dopamine receptor antagonist properties in vivo.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of ethanol preference and neurochemical measures of mesolimbic dopamine and adenosine systems across different strains of mice.

BACKGROUND: To extend the known phenotype of strains commonly used in the development of mutant mice, ethanol, saccharin, and caffeine preferences were examined in C57Bl/6J, CD-1, and hybrid C57Bl/6J x CD-1 mice. As dopaminergic mechanisms are inherently involved in the neuronal processing of many drugs of abuse (including ethanol), and an important role for adenosine-dopamine interactions has also been reported, the dopaminergic and purinergic neurochemical profiles of mice were compared against the consummatory phenotype observed. METHODS: Ethanol (5% v/v), saccharin (0.1% w/v), and caffeine (0.1% w/v) consumption and preference were examined using a 2-bottle free-choice paradigm. Dopamine and adenosine receptor and transporter mRNA and protein density were quantified using in situ hybridization histochemistry and in vitro autoradiography, respectively. RESULTS: C57Bl/6J and hybrid C57Bl/6J x CD-1 mice demonstrated a clear ethanol preference, voluntarily consuming large quantities of ethanol when given the choice between drinking vessels containing either ethanol or water. Conversely, CD-1 mice were characterized as ethanol-avoiding under the present paradigm. Differences in D(1) receptor mRNA between the strains were consistent with the observed behavioral differences in ethanol preference. The high ethanol-preferring phenotype of C57Bl/6J mice could not be directly linked to alterations in dopamine transporter neurochemistry and/or enkephalin levels as proposed by earlier researchers. Ethanol-seeking behavior appeared to correlate with D2 receptor expression, however, with evidence that ethanol-preferring mice also exhibit an increased density of D2 receptors within limbic dopaminergic projection nuclei. Interestingly, strain differences in the expression of the ethanol-sensitive nucleoside transporter paralleled differences in ethanol consumption, a novel finding consonant with purinergic involvement in dopamine-related behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: This study has highlighted the relevance of alterations in dopamine receptor expression and purinergic modulation within the mesolimbic pathway and predisposition toward the development of ethanol-seeking behavior.

Adenosine↗
PubMed1983

Effects of interactions between amphetamine and food deprivation on covariation of muricide, consummatory behaviour and activity.

Four experiments were conducted to study covariation of muricide, consummatory behaviour and general activity under conditions involving interactions between food deprivation and anorexia induced by low doses of d-amphetamine. Two basic experimental designs were used: (a) dosage of amphetamine was varied, with duration of deprivation constant at 22 hr; and (b) deprivation was varied, with a constant amphetamine dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight. In general, effects of both types of manipulation on eating, drinking, general activity, and muricidal behaviour were consistent with earlier reports of effects when either deprivation or amphetamine-induced anorexia was varied separately. Rank order correlations supported the conclusions that relations between muricide, eating behaviour and general activity were both dose and time dependent. However, there also was evidence that such covariations existed for some, but not all, parameters of these behaviours, eg. differences in the median effective doses of amphetamine; differences in threshold doses; and differences in durations of deprivation required to counteract effects of amphetamine. A dissociation of muricide and eating behaviour was strikingly evident when all satiated animals injected with normal saline engaged in muricidal behaviour and when increasing deprivation had no significant influence on carcass consumption or muricidal behaviour of saline treated subjects. The present results are interpreted as essentially inconsistent with concepts in which covariation of muricide and consummatory behaviour is considered to depend: (a) upon a common set of physiological conditions, or (b) upon one being the antecedent of the other. However, results are consistent with a model in which each behaviour has its own basic physiological condition(s) which may be activated concomitantly.

Aggression↗
PubMed1994

Enhanced acetylcholine release in hippocampus and cortex during the anticipation and consumption of a palatable meal.

In rats trained for 14 days to consume a palatable liquid chocolate meal (Sustacal), in vivo brain microdialysis was used to measure release of acetylcholine in the frontal cortex and hippocampus during anticipation and consumption of the meal. Rats were trained in an experimental chamber in which they were separated from the Sustacal by a screen for 20 min (trained, rewarded group). The screen was then removed and the rats were allowed 20 min of access to the meal. Two control groups were run concurrently: these groups consisted of rats (i) that were trained over 14 days but only had access to water in the experimental chamber (trained, non-rewarded), or (ii) that were introduced into the experimental chamber for the first time on the final test (i.e. dialysis) session, and presented with Sustacal (naive). Different results were obtained in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. In the hippocampus there were no group differences with respect to acetylcholine release. Thus, in all three groups acetylcholine release increased to about 220% of basal values when animals were placed in the experimental chamber. In the frontal cortex, acetylcholine release also increased significantly in all three groups. However, the extent of this increase was significantly greater in the trained, rewarded group, reaching approximately 300% of basal values during the anticipatory and consummatory components of the task. The significant increases in acetylcholine release which occurred in both the hippocampus and frontal cortex of each of the three groups are consistent with an involvement of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in the regulation of arousal or attention. In addition, however, acetylcholine release in the frontal cortex can be further selectively enhanced by the animal's past training experience, perhaps being associated with the anticipation of reward.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1983

Peripheral DA receptor blockade facilitates behavioural recovery from nigrostriatal damage.

Animals were injected via the intraperitoneal route with the peripheral dopamine receptor blocker domperidone for three days before receiving bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus. Pretreatment with domperidone significantly facilitated recovery from lesion imposed deficits in consummatory behaviour and motor reflex control. The enhanced behavioural recovery achieved with domperidone pretreatment was similar to that which occurs with other dopamine receptor blockers but such recovery has been attributed to the central effects of these compounds. The results from this study demonstrate that recovery from catecholamine depleting lesions, attributed previously to the development of striatal receptor hypersensitivity, may also be due to changes in dopamine receptors outside the blood-brain barrier.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neurobiology of central angiotensin III and dipsogenesis.

This review provides a synopsis of the physiologic role of central angiotensin III (AIII), the biologically active degradative product of angiotensin II, in dipsogenesis. The integrity of the central noradrenergic system is essential to the elicitation of polydipsia by AIII. It is conceivable that synaptically released norepinephrine may act on the alpha 1-adrenoceptors to potentiate the drinking response to the heptapeptide. This release, however, may be subjected to a tonic inhibition by the alpha 2-adrenoceptors. Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of AIII fails to produce sustained drinking behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Behavioral and electrophysiologic observations suggest that this is because of the development of early desensitization of at least the angiotensin receptors at the subfornical organ, a major target site for AIII-induced dipsogenesis. This process is exacerbated by a suggested dysfunction of the central degradative enzyme for AIII in this strain of rat. Recent results suggest that it is likely that neurons in the caudal hypoglossal nucleus may serve as the final common pathway for AIII-induced drinking response. Furthermore, an excitatory link between the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla oblongata and caudal hypoglossal nucleus may form part of the descending neural pathways that mediate the dipsogenesis elicited by AIII. It is evident that AIII in the brain participates actively in at least the initiation and consummatory phases of water homeostasis. Thus, apart from directly acting on the central machinery for circulatory control, AIII may also influence cardiovascular functions by affecting cardiac output via regulation of fluid volume.

Angiotensin III↗
PubMed1975

Trigeminal deafferentation and hunger in the pigeon (Columbia livia).

The location and distribution of the pigeon's trigeminal nerve permit deafferentation of the oral region without affecting motor functions. Although trigeminal deafferentation does not affect drinking, it reduces the efficiency of the consummatory response of eating and disrupts motivational processes underlying hunger and weight regulation. Although the two types of deficit may be experimentally dissociated, trigeminal deafferentation invariably affects both sensorimotor and motivational mechanisms. The deficits in food intake and weight regulation seen after trigeminal deafferentation in the pigeon resemble some components of the "lateral hypothalamic syndrome" in the rat. The results are related to recent studies of the contribution of peripheral and central oropharyngeal factors to the neural control of food intake in both rat and pigeon.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Differential attenuation of water intake and water-rewarded operant responding by repeated administration of haloperidol and SCH 23390 in the rat.

It has previously been described that water intake in thirsty rats require higher doses of dopamine (DA) D-1 and D-2 antagonists to be attenuated than operant lever-pressing with water as reward. In the present study, effects of repeated administration of the DA D-1 antagonist SCH 23390 and the DA D-2 antagonist haloperidol were investigated in the same experimental paradigm. In agreement with previous reports, attenuation of operant responding increased progressively by haloperidol (0.05 mg/kg) given for four consecutive days. However, this attenuation was not accompanied by decreased water intake, tested for in parallel experiments. After haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg), in contrast, a progressively decreasing attenuation of water intake was found. After SCH 23390, both the initial attenuation of lever-pressing (0.02 mg/kg) and consummatory water intake (0.1 mg/kg) became less pronounced over time. The results thus show that: 1) the previously reported progressively increasing attenuation of operant responding caused by repeated administration of D-2 antagonists is not mimicked by the D-1 antagonist SCH 23390, and 2) attenuation of water intake caused by higher doses of neuroleptics is, in direct opposition, less pronounced after repeated administrations. The results also show that attenuation of operant responding by neuroleptics cannot solely be dependent upon a blunting of the impact of the reward.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Trigeminal nerve and eating in the pigeon (Columba livia): neurosensory control of the consummatory responses.

Electrophysiological, neurobehavioral, and cinematographic techniques were used to study the role of the trigeminal nerve in the neurosensory control of eating. Analaysis of single-unit data recorded in the pigeon's trigeminal ganglion indicates that the trigeminal nerve provides somatosensory inputs from the oral region that signal the location and movement of food and monitor the extent of mouth opening. Trigeminal deafferentation, although it does not affect pecking or swallowing, severly impairs the efficiency of eating. Cinematographic analysis shows that the impairment is due to disruption of the neurosensory control of mandibulation-the process by which grain is grasped at the beak tip and moved to the back of the mouth.

Animals↗