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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

The role of self-understanding in resilient individuals: the development of a perspective.

Three studies are reviewed in which an in-depth life-history approach was used, and in which a strong connection was demonstrated between self-understanding and resilience. Subjects were civil rights workers in the South, survivors of childhood cancer, and adolescents whose parents had serious affective disorders. Dimensions of the concept of self-understanding which are evident in all three investigations are explored, and the study of resilience as part of an integrative approach to the understanding of human behavior is outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks.

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were the largest human-made disaster in the United States since the Civil War. Studies after earlier disasters have reported rates of psychological disorders in the acute postdisaster period. However, data on postdisaster increases in substance use are sparse. A random digit dial telephone survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of increased cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and marijuana use among residents of Manhattan, New York City, 5-8 weeks after the attacks. Among 988 persons included, 28.8% reported an increase in use of any of these three substances, 9.7% reported an increase in smoking, 24.6% reported an increase in alcohol consumption, and 3.2% reported an increase in marijuana use. Persons who increased smoking of cigarettes and marijuana were more likely to experience posttraumatic stress disorder than were those who did not (24.2% vs. 5.6% posttraumatic stress disorder for cigarettes; 36.0% vs. 6.6% for marijuana). Depression was more common among those who increased than for those who did not increase cigarette smoking (22.1 vs. 8.2%), alcohol consumption (15.5 vs. 8.3%), and marijuana smoking (22.3 vs. 9.4%). The results of this study suggest a substantial increase in substance use in the acute postdisaster period after the September 11th attacks. Increase in use of different substances may be associated with the presence of different comorbid psychiatric conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The crisis in psychiatry and the protection of the civil rights of mentally ill patients].

In Poland a basic opinion of the mental health care system is that it considers that mental disorders are illnesses and that an ill person is weaker (worse) and less useful in the social distribution of roles and tasks. Consequently, the ill are excluded from the main-stream of social life: they are deprived of jobs by an easy and early recognition of disability, and the granting of disability pensions, by civil law prohibition of marriage, criminal law ban on sexual contacts etc. A person has little chance for a just life if he/she is deprived of the possibility of working, founding a family, if he/she receives an inadequate pension, remains sexually isolated and on the margin of public life. This medical model of care includes a lot of discriminatory features in the area of human and civil rights of the mentally ill. The discussion concentrated on selected features of the crisis in world psychiatry as well as the practical, ideological, clinical, institutional and organizational difficulties of Polish psychiatry. The main goal of this paper is the raising of psychiatry's awareness of its faults, in order to induce the creation of a new system of mental health care, free of the discriminatory stigmas of the ill and more adequately adapted the ideas of a contemporary democratic state.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed2002

Compensation for victims of trauma in the United States.

The awarding of damages in civil litigation is a basic element of the civil justice system in the United States. The system is not free of problems and controversy. Cases in which Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is the basis for a claim of damages pose specific problems in quantifying the harm done and attributing causation. This paper will provide an overview of the American civil litigation system and address some of the challenges confronted when PTSD and other emotional distress claims are made. In addition, it will discuss alternative methods for compensating victims of trauma that do not utilize the traditional civil litigation system.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Sickness absence for psychiatric illness: the Whitehall II Study.

Over the past 20 years, rates of sickness absence have increased and psychiatric disorders have become an important cause of sickness absence. The socio-demographic associations for psychiatric sickness absence are reported from the Whitehall II study, a longitudinal survey of 10,308 London-based male and female civil servants between 35-55 years. Short spells (< or = 7 days), long spells (> 7 days) and very long spells (> 21 days) of sickness absence were examined in 5620 civil servants for whom reason for absence was available in civil service records. Civil service coding of reasons for absence was validated against report of general practitioners' diagnoses. Psychiatric disorder, largely neurosis and neurosis ill-defined, was the third most common cause of long spells of sickness absence in women and the fourth most common in men. For both men and women it was the second most common cause of very long spells of absence. Psychiatric sickness absence for short, long and very long spells was more frequent in lower employment grades than higher employment grades in keeping with the pattern for other illnesses. This partly explains the higher rate of sickness absence in women than men. Widowed and single men, and divorced women had high rates of psychiatric sickness absence. Comparing reason codes based on sickness certificates with general practitioners reports, there appeared to be evidence of under-reporting of psychosis on certificates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Psychosomatic aspects in orthopedic legal assessment].

AIM: Complaints in orthopaedics that are not sufficiently explainable can be caused (partly) by psychosomatic disorders. A manual psychosomatic disorders for legal assessment in orthopaedics will be supplied. METHOD: Diagnoses essential for orthopaedics are classified by DSM-IV and ICD-10 in consideration of the current literature; evaluation was performed under legal assessment criterions. RESULTS: The most important complaints that are often poorly explainable results in musculoskeletal pain. Since a sensorial perception of pain is combined with emotions, emotions and psychic disorders can be perceived as pain. The most important diagnoses for assessing not sufficiently explainable complaints by somatic cause are "somatoform pain disorder", "somatization disorder", "undifferentiated somatoform disorder", "conversion disorder", "hypochondriasis", "body dysmorphic disorder", "maior depression", "dysthymic disorder", "posttraumatic stress disorder", and "adjustment disorder". The relevance of psychosomatic comorbidity in legal assessment is possible in all affairs of civil and social law. Private accident insurances exclude psychic and psychosomatic diseases from all insurance benefits. CONCLUSION: When composing legal assessments in orthopaedics, especially on pain, the knowledge of psychosomatic (co)morbidity is necessary for meeting the different causes of the complaints. Under awareness of possible psychosomatic disorders, additional psychosomatic legal assessments can be recommended and understood as well.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2005

Clinical and legal characteristics of inmates with bipolar disorder.

Individuals with bipolar disorder are at an increased risk of criminal arrest compared with those in the population at large. The combination of manic symptoms and substance abuse seem to be the primary illness factors for this increased risk, and the public mental health system has faced challenges in treating these patients successfully in community settings. To decrease the risk for arrest in bipolar patients, clinicians can screen and refer patients for substance use disorders, stabilize mania in hospital settings, and take measures to improve outpatient adherence in the postmanic hospitalization period. Psychiatric advance directives, new developments in civil commitment law, and mental health courts are legal mechanisms that may be critical in preventing the criminalization of those with bipolar disorder.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2005

[Influence of physical activity on human health].

The lack of physical activity -- frequently associated with malnutrition -- has led to a dramatic increase of so-called diseases of civilization in industrial nations. Hereby -- apart from the cardiovascular diseases -- in particular disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as the musculoskeletal system are included. Physical inactivity can be considered a proven risk factor for these diseases. Children and adolescents are increasingly affected. In the development of effective preventive strategies, the enhancement of physical/sportive activities in everyday life as well as with in the framework of systematic health-orientated training plays a central role. This is confirmed by an abundance of scientific studies indicating that regular physical activity has anenormous potential with regard to the physical and psychological health maintenance in all life phases. The underlying biological mechanisms are complex and affect almost all human organic systems. Yet, the health benefit is critically dependent upon the form, duration and intensity. Endurance-orientated activities such as walking, running, cycling etc. performed at a moderate intensity, exercised at least 2 days a week for a duration of 30-60 min, are recommended. This should be supplemented by moderate strength training comprising all relevant muscle groups. An early commencement of regular, continuous, lifelong physical activities is particularly effective and can be, thus, recommended from a health-orientated perspective.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Neuroscience and legal determination of criminal responsibility.

Neuroscience is increasingly identifying associations between biology and violence that appear to offer courts evidence relevant to criminal responsibility. In addition, in a policy era of 'zero tolerance of risk', evidence of biological abnormality in some of those who are violent, or biological markers of violence, may be seized on as a possible basis for preventive detention in the interest of public safety. However, there is a mismatch between questions that the courts and society wish answered and those that neuroscience is capable of answering. This poses a risk to the proper exercise of justice and to civil liberties.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of self-reported sickness absence with absences recorded in employers' registers: evidence from the Whitehall II study.

AIM: To compare self-reported sickness absence days in the last 12 months with recorded absences from the employers' registers for the same period. METHODS: Self-reported sickness absence data over the 12 months preceding baseline (1985-88) were compared with absence records from the employers' registers over the same period for 2406 women and 5589 men, participants in the Whitehall II study of British civil servants. Associations with self-rated health, longstanding illness, minor psychiatric disorder, physical illness, and prevalent coronary heart disease at baseline were determined. RESULTS: In general, women reported less sickness absence over the last year than was recorded in the employers' registers, while men, with the exception of those in the lower employment grades, reported more. Agreement between self-reported and recorded absence days decreased as the total number of days increased. After adjustment for employment grade and the average number of recorded and self-reported absence days, the total number of self-reported absence days was within two days of the recorded number of days for 63% of women and 67% of men. Associations between annual self-reported sickness absence days and self-rated health, longstanding illness, minor psychiatric disorder, physical illness, and prevalent coronary heart disease were as strong as those for recorded absence days. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that agreement between the annual number of self-reported and the annual number of recorded sickness absence days is relatively good in both sexes and that associations with health are equivalent for both measures.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2001

Outpatient commitment: what, why, and for whom.

The authors describe studies showing the effectiveness of involuntary outpatient commitment in improving treatment compliance, reducing hospital readmission, and reducing episodes of violence among persons with severe psychiatric illnesses. They point out that because of its role in enhancing compliance with treatment, outpatient commitment can be regarded as a form of assisted treatment, such as assertive case management, representative payeeship, and mental health courts. The authors argue that such assisted treatment is necessary for persons with severe psychiatric illnesses who are noncompliant with their medication regimens because many lack awareness of their illnesses because of biologically based cognitive deficits. They recommend outpatient commitment for any individual with a severe psychiatric disorder who has impaired awareness of his or her illness and is at risk of becoming homeless, incarcerated, or violent or of committing suicide, and they provide case examples. The authors conclude by addressing eight of the most common objections to outpatient commitment by mental health professionals and civil liberties groups that oppose outpatient commitment.

Civil Rights↗