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PubMed1997

Expressed emotion toward children with behavioral inhibition: associations with maternal anxiety disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of maternal psychopathology in influencing "expressed emotion" (EE) directed toward children with behavioral inhibition (BI) or psychiatric disorders. METHOD: Maternal EE was assessed via Five-Minute-Speech-Sample in two samples of children previously evaluated for child and maternal lifetime prevalence of DSM-III disorders and assessed via laboratory observations for BI. The authors previously reported that maternal EE was associated with BI and with the number of child behavior and mood disorders in these samples. The at-risk sample (N = 30) consisted of mothers with panic disorder and psychiatric controls and their 4-through 10-year-old children. The Kagan sample (N = 41) consisted of children selected at age 21 months as BI or uninhibited and followed through age 11. RESULTS: Interaction effects were found: in mothers with anxiety disorders, but not those without, maternal criticism (a component of EE) was significantly associated with child BI, independently of the child's number of disorders. Similarly, in mothers with anxiety disorders only, maternal criticism was significantly associated with a high number of child disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The relationships between mothers who have anxiety disorders and their children who have BI or psychiatric disorders may be marked by criticism or dissatisfaction. If confirmed, these findings offer opportunities for appropriate interventions.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1992

Behavioral contagion in sibships.

A behavior is "contagious" if one person is more likely to exhibit it when a relevant other person has already done so. In this sense, behavioral contagion is commonly thought to contribute to many social problems, such as drug abuse and teenage promiscuity. In this paper we focus on behavioral contagion in sibships. Borrowing a model from the theory of contagious diseases, we show that contagion will cause prevalence to increase with sibship size. This model also allows us to estimate the magnitude of the contagious factor relative to non-contagious factors. Finally, we develop two statistical tests for the presence of contagion. Results are presented for participation in a skill-development program and four child-psychiatric conditions: neurosis, hyperactivity, somatization, and conduct disorder. Evidence is presented that program participation is probably contagious and conduct disorder possibly so. The other three child-psychiatric conditions are shown not to be contagious. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Family-groups in a children-psychiatric-hospital (author's transl)].

The author presents a report of a kind of care for children, suffering from behavior disorders, which consists in structure of a large-family. The first experiences show, that children suffering from minimal brain dysfunction and secondary manifestation of deprivation better grow up in family-groups than in groups of children of the same age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The impact of paternal alcoholism and maternal social position on boys' school adjustment, pubertal maturation and sexual behavior: a test of two competing hypotheses.

Two competing hypotheses concerning the effects of stressful environments on the onset of puberty were tested using longitudinal data for a sample of boys from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Paternal alcoholism and maternal social position were used as indicators of family stress. School placement was monitored from school entry to 14 years of age. Teachers rated the boys' disruptive and anxious behaviors, while the boys reported on parenting behaviors at 10 years of age. Pubertal maturation, age of first sexual intercourse and sexual behavior were assessed between 11 and 14 years of age. The prepubertal data indicated that boys with an alcoholic father, or a mother from a low social position, were more stressed and had more behavior problems: the boys with alcoholic fathers perceived their parents as being more punitive, and as setting fewer rules concerning their behavior; those who had at least one maladjusted parent were more often placed out of an age-appropriate regular classroom, and were rated more disruptive and more anxious by their teachers. Paradoxically, the results for the onset of puberty gave support to the two rival hypotheses. Paternal alcoholism led to a delay of male pubertal onset, as suggested by the hypothesis that stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, sons of alcoholic fathers had more frequent sexual intercourse and more sexual partners, as suggested by the evolutionary theory of socialization. High maternal social position acted as a protective factor for school placement of boys with an alcoholic father. These results challenged a key hypothesis of the evolutionary theory of socialization for males. They indicated that the link between childhood family environment, behavior development, pubertal maturation and sexual promiscuity are more complex than anticipated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Sensitivity and specificity of the Behavioral Summarized Evaluation (BSE) for the assessment of autistic behaviors.

The Behavior Summarized Evaluation (BSE), developed for the assessment of autistic behavior, was specifically designed to evaluate the severity of behavioral problems in autistic children involved in bioclinical and therapeutic studies. The reliability studies and the factorial analysis of this scale have been previously published. The present paper examines the effectiveness of the BSE to discriminate 58 autistic from 58 nonautistic mentally retarded children. The BSE clearly separated the two samples of children. A most efficient combination of 8 items emerged from the stepwise item selection procedure. The between-group differences were highest on 4 items, indicating that the most particular pattern in autistic compared to nonautistic children could be the association of autistic withdrawal and stereotypic behaviors. Our findings suggest that the BSE could help in the detection and evaluation of autistic developmental deviance. Implications for further research are discussed.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed1996

Behavioral side effects of gabapentin in children.

We report 7 children who received gabapentin (GBP) as adjunctive medic ation and subsequently developed behavioral side effects. These behavioral changes consisted of intensification of baseline behaviors as well as new behavioral problems. Behaviors that parents considered most troublesome were tantrums, aggression directed toward others, hyperactivity, and defiance. All behavioral changes were reversible and were managed by dose reduction or discontinuation of GBP. All children had baseline attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and developmental delays.

Acetates↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of client preference for function-based treatment packages.

Functional communication training (FCT) and noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) are commonly prescribed treatments that are based on the results of a functional analysis. Both treatments involve delivery of the reinforcer that is responsible for the maintenance of destructive behavior. One major difference between the two treatment procedures is that client responding determines reinforcement delivery with FCT (e.g., reinforcement of communication is delivered on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule) but not with NCR (e.g., reinforcement is delivered on a fixed-time 30-s schedule). In the current investigation, FCT and NCR were equally effective in reducing 2 participants' destructive behavior that was sensitive to attention as reinforcement. After the treatment analysis, the participants' relative preference for each treatment was evaluated using a modified concurrent-chains procedure. Both participants demonstrated a preference for the FCT procedure. The results are discussed in terms of treatment efficacy and preference for control over when reinforcement is delivered. In addition, a method is demonstrated in which clients with developmental disabilities can participate in selecting treatments that are designed to reduce their destructive behavior.

Aggression↗
PubMed1975

[The personality of children with weak posture].

An attempt is made on two groups of children with weak posture and of normal children aged 8 to 10 years to demonstrate a statistical link between fibrous tissue-weakness and certain psychological characteristics. In tests and observations of experiences and behavior of children one finds: Compared with the controls the children showing symptoms suffer psychosomatic changes. The cause is held to be not just increased psychomotor clumsiness, but their behavior pattern is essentially due to psychological pressure of their environment (parents, school, friends etc). This leads to: reduction self-confidence, increased experience of failure, hypercompensatory view of the self with strong criticism of others and again physical dysfunction. To offer treatment is not enough. We have to demand a spread of information, cooperative efforts of teachers , school-physicians and parents and education by team-work.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Psychiatric comorbidity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings from multiplex families.

OBJECTIVE: Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity were assessed in adults with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) identified through a genetic study of families containing multiple children with ADHD. METHOD: Lifetime ADHD and comorbid psychopathology were assessed in 435 parents of children with ADHD. Rates and mean ages at onset of comorbid psychopathology were compared in parents with lifetime ADHD, parents with persistent ADHD, and those without ADHD. Age-adjusted rates of comorbidity were compared with Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Logistic regression was used to assess additional risk factors for conditions more frequent in ADHD subjects. RESULTS: The parents with ADHD were significantly more likely to be unskilled workers and less likely to have a college degree. ADHD subjects had more lifetime psychopathology; 87% had at least one and 56% had at least two other psychiatric disorders, compared with 64% and 27%, respectively, in non-ADHD subjects. ADHD was associated with greater disruptive behavior, substance use, and mood and anxiety disorders and with earlier onset of major depression, dysthymia, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder. Group differences based on Kaplan-Meier age-corrected risks were consistent with those for raw frequency distributions. Male sex added risk for disruptive behavior disorders. Female sex and oppositional defiant disorder contributed to risk for depression and anxiety. ADHD was not a significant risk factor for substance use disorders when male sex, disruptive behavior disorders, and socioeconomic status were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: Adult ADHD is associated with significant lifetime psychiatric comorbidity that is not explained by clinical referral bias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: developmental changes in symptoms.

Parent-referred problem three-yr-olds whose externalizing problems had improved by age six were compared with children whose problems persisted and with controls on symptom ratings obtained from mothers at ages three, four and six. Children who improved and those with persistent problems were initially rated high on overactivity, concentration difficulties and disobedience. Improved youngsters did not differ initially from controls on ratings of peer problems and other signs of antisocial behavior but children with persistent problems did. Groups also showed differential patterns of developmental change. The data suggest that both the nature and intensity of problems distinguish between children who do and do not outgrow their early difficulties.

Aggression↗
PubMed1998

Genetic and environmental influences on subtypes of conduct disorder behavior in boys.

Oppositional and conduct disorders are a heterogeneous collection of disruptive behaviors associated with diverse risk factors and varying outcomes. Data from males in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD) are used to explore the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on four previously described disruptive subtypes: property violations, status violations, oppositional behavior, and aggression. Striking differences between results according to mother and child ratings are found, indicating the need to consider carefully the origin of rater differences. Child ratings indicate support for a general genetic liability, with greatest influence on property violations, oppositional behavior and aggression. Maternal ratings suggest that the genetic factors influencing conduct disorder behavior are more specific to the behavioral area, with the stronger genetic influence on property violations and aggression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Role of the father in the development of school-age children. Results of an epidemiologic study].

As part of an epidemiological follow-up study, data collected from 356 children at ages 8 and 13 and from their parents were analyzed to examine the relationship of parental child-rearing behavior and parents' psychological problems to the intellectual, emotional and social development of the offspring. The results revealed that while children are growing up father and child influence each other in specific ways. The fathers were particularly active in developing their children's cognitive abilities and had a strong influence especially on the development of their sons. At both age 8 and age 13, children whose parents had psychiatric disturbances, regardless of which parent was affected, were much more likely than those with normal parents to have psychiatric disorders themselves. Significant parental gender effects were found, however, when the form of the child's disorder was considered: At age 13, the children were at a higher risk for a conduct disorder if the father had a problem than if the mother did. In further analyses, children who had lost their fathers were compared with those in intact families. Significantly higher rates of psychiatric disorders were found for the fatherless boys, whereas no such effect could be detected for the fatherless girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Parental alcoholism and co-occurring antisocial behavior: prospective relationships to externalizing behavior problems in their young sons.

The hypothesis that parental alcoholism and co-occurring antisocial behavior would be indirectly linked to child externalizing behavior problems through child lack of control, current levels of parent depression, family conflict, and parent-child conflict was tested using manifest variable regression analysis. Participants were a community sample of 125 families with an alcoholic father and 83 ecologically matched but nonsubstance abusing families involved in the first 2 waves of an ongoing longitudinal study (with 3 years between each wave). All families had a biological son who was 3-5 years old at study onset. Results revealed that child lack of control mediated the relation between paternal alcoholism and the son's subsequent externalizing behavior problems. Family conflict was a significant mediator of maternal and paternal lifetime antisocial behavior effects and father-son conflict mediated paternal lifetime antisocial behavior effects. Study implications are discussed within the context of parental socialization of antisocial behavior.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1993

Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of conduct disorder.

1. There are few double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the drug treatment of conduct disorders in children and adolescents. 2. The diagnosis of conduct disorders involves a persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others and standards of society are violated. 3. There is frequent comorbidity associated with conduct disorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, mood disorders and substance abuse. 4. Childhood Conduct disorder is associated with a significant risk for adult psychopathology. 5. A variety of treatment approaches may be employed to combat conduct disorders. 6. The use of neuroleptics, lithium carbonate, stimulants and other agents is reviewed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A twelve-year follow-up of preschool hyperactive children.

Two percent (N = 21) of a large sample of preschool children were identified as "pervasively hyperactive." Compared with nonhyperactive preschoolers, these children more often came from families with high levels of adversity, and they showed poorer language skills. Over a 12-year follow-up period, the hyperactive preschoolers continued to show poorer cognitive skills, lower levels of reading ability, disruptive and inattentive behaviors at home and at school, and higher rates of DSM-III disorder in preadolescence and adolescence. By age 15, only one-quarter of this group were identified as having met "recovery" criteria. The findings point to the long-term adverse consequences of preschool hyperactivity and indicate the need for intervention with this type of disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of chronic peer difficulties in the development of children's psychological adjustment problems.

A longitudinal investigation was conducted to explicate how the confluence of early behavioral dispositions, relational histories, and cognitive representations of the self and others contributes to internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and loneliness. One-hundred and ninety three girls, and 206 boys were assessed annually from age 5 (kindergarten) to age 10 (Grade 4). Early aggressive behavior was related to Grade 4 maladjustment directly and indirectly through subsequent relational stressors. Significant associations emerged between chronic friendlessness and rejection and later adaptation not accounted for by concurrent relational difficulties. Self- and peer beliefs partially mediated the relation between peer difficulties and internalizing problems and loneliness. The results highlight the utility of child-by-environment models as a guide for the investigation of processes that antecede psychosocial maladjustment.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1996

Complicating the theory. The application of psychoanalytic concepts and understanding to family preservation.

Anna Freud's recognition of the complex interactions between endowment and maturation, innate structuralization and environmental influences, have had a profound influence on the development of policies and programs in the United States that attempt to improve the adverse conditions, strengthen the tenuous maternal ties, and reduce the potential for behavioral problems and intrapsychic distress in certain high-risk families. This paper describes and provides a case illustration of the application of Ms. Freud's psychoanalytic theories to the Yale Family Preservation and Support Programs. It reviews and comments on national policies regarding the risks and benefits of family preservation and child placement, identifies a paradigmatic shift in the provision of mental health care, and cautions against overconfidence in our ability to intervene effectively.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗