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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Manipulo-spatial processing of ideographic characters in left-handers: observation in fMRI.

It has been suggested that left-handers have a cerebral ambilaterality for language representation. Specifically, the use of the right hand for writing may have a specific effect on the cerebral organization in left-handers. In an investigation of the relationship between motor and visual language procedures, functional magnetic resonance imaging at three tesla was conducted during stroke counting of kanji (Japanese ideographic characters) in six left-handers who usually write with their right hand. Two types of stimulus presentation, phonography-displayed and kanji-displayed, were employed to examine the different neural pathways used for processing kanji. Each stimulus presentation involved two motor conditions: one allowed finger movements for tracing the characters, while the other disallowed finger movements. The tasks induced activation in the primary motor area, the premotor area, the supplementary motor area, and the anterior cingulate gyrus as well as the parietal and occipital lobes (Brodmann's area 7/39/19). The activated areas in both the movement-allowed and movement-disallowed conditions were almost identical except for the primary motor area. These results clearly contrasted with those of a previous study of right-handers which showed that right-handed volunteers demonstrated decreased activation in the premotor area and the dorsal pathway during the movement-allowed condition. This discrepancy may be attributable to a difference in cerebral organization for language processing. Specifically, in left-handers, the visuospatial procedure for kanji and the motor procedure for tracing the kanji may be ambilaterally distributed in both hemispheres, whereas in right-handers these procedures may be predominantly lateralized in the left hemisphere.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Similarity and lightness effects in Ebbinghaus illusion created by keyboard characters.

36 observers judged the size of a central S in variants of the Ebbinghaus figure having contextual Ss, $s, or Hs. When the figures were composed of similarly shaped elements, underestimation of the central S was obtained. Manipulations of lightness indicated that these underestimations were strongest for figures with gray contextual characters and a black central S and weakest for figures with black contextual characters and a gray central S. All black or all gray figures produced intermediate illusions. The data are consistent with Choplin and Medin's 1999 claim that figural properties rather than semantic similarity influences size contrast and further show that the visual processes underlying size contrast include interactions of contours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Growth and development of Pygidiopsis summa in rats and mice with a supplementary note on its morphological characters.

The growth and development of Pygidiopsis summa were studied in experimental rats and mice, and a special reference was given to its morphological characters differed from the type species, P. genata. The metacercariae were obtained from young mullets (Mugil sp.), and total 21 rats and mice infected each with 1,000 metacercariae. Worms of various ages of infection, from 3 to 28 days, were subjected to a microscopic observation. The worms grew rapidly and remarkably in size up to 10 days of infection, to become 0.53-0.82 mm long and 0.31-0.39 mm wide, but nearly stopped the growth thereafter. Their genital organs developed more rapidly and fully matured within 3-5 days. At 3 days several eggs were found in uterus. The presence of two groups of small spines, 5-6 on the right and 7-9 on the left side of the genital apparatus, was a new finding in this study and considered a distinct character of P. summa. The morphology of ventral sucker and intestinal ceca was also different from P. genata. This study confirms the validity of the species, P. summa.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Temporal inhibition in character identification.

Models of information processing tasks such as character identification often do not consider the nature of the initial sensory representation from which task-relevant information is extracted. An important component of this representation is temporal inhibition, in which the response to a stimulus may inhibit, or in some cases facilitate, processing of subsequent stimuli. Three experiments demonstrate the existence of temporal inhibitory processes in information processing tasks such as character identification and digit recall. An existing information processing model is extended to account for these effects, based in part on models from the detection literature. These experiments also discriminate between candidate neural mechanisms of the temporal inhibition. Implications for the transient deficit theory of dyslexia are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1996

[Delays produced by prolonged viewing in the recognition of Kanji characters: analysis of the "Gestaltzerfall" phenomenon].

It is a well-known observation that when a Kanji character is viewed steadily and continuously, the viewer often becomes unable to recognize the Kanji as a whole pattern and it becomes difficult to judge whether or not the Kanji is orthographically correct. Such a phenomenon is called the "Gestaltzerfall" of Kanji characters. In the present study, two experiments were carried out to examine delays in the recognition of test Kanji following 25 s of prolonged viewing of adaptation Kanji, which were comprised of either the same or different parts and structures. When the size of the adaptation Kanji was equal to that of the test Kanji, there were significant delays of more than 50 ms, both when the stimuli were of the same pattern, and when they had the same structure but different components. However, when their sizes were different, delays were found only when the test and the adaptation Kanji were of the same pattern. These results suggest that a Kanji pattern may be internally represented as a whole, independent of its size, while the processing of Kanji structure may be dependent upon its size. Prolonged viewing may produce an adaptation effect specific to such representations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

[Does negative priming occur by rotated characters?].

We conducted three experiments in order to investigate the effect of stimulus orientation on negative priming (NP). Using the picture naming task, Murray (1995) reported the occurrence of semantic NP by rotated distractors. As the rotation of picture stimuli seems to have little effect to reduce distractor interference, in the present study we used the character (katakana) identification task to ensure the effect of stimulus rotation. When the distractors were rotated (180 degrees), no NP was observed whether the targets were upright (Experiment 1) or rotated (Experiment 2). On the other hand, significant NP was observed when the distractors were upright and the targets were rotated (Experiment 3). These results suggest that the inhibitory mechanism of attention may not operate on the rotated distractor characters.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Combinability of 2965 kanji characters of Japanese Industrial Standard on formation of two-kanji compound words].

Japanese two-kanji compound words are composed of front- and rear-single kanji (e.g., "counsel" comprises/soo/and/dan/). Kanji characters are likely to vary in pronunciation according to the combination of front and rear characters (e.g., "partner" comprises/ai/and/te/). The purpose of this study is to address the combinability of 2 965 Japanese Industrial Standard kanji based on two different corpus scales: 78 426 compound words in the large corpus and 5 209 compound words in the small corpus. Results indicate that there are fewer companions of front kanji than those of rear kanji in both corpora. The results are discussed in terms of how the combinability of kanji would affect recognition of two-kanji compound words.

Industry↗
PubMed1997

[Proliferating character of inverted papilloma of the urinary bladder].

BACKGROUND: Inverted papilloma (IP) of the urinary bladder is generally considered to be a benign lesion by histological examination. In recent years, however, there have been several cases of IP simultaneously accompanied with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), elsewhere in the bladder or combined as a single urothelial lesion. So we investigated proliferating character of IP by DNA ploidy analysis and immunohistostaining with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). METHODS: Six cases of IP of the urinary bladder were analyzed and 12 cases of TCC of G1 and G3 grade were included in this study as a control. As DNA ploidy analysis, all specimens were feulgen stained using CAS DNA staining kit and examined by image cytometry (CAS 200R system). For the PCNA immunohistochemistry, all specimens were stained with anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody (Novocastra Lab.: PC10) according to ABC (avidin-biotin-complex) standard method. We determined that the DNA Index of the case under 1.20 was diploid and the others was aneuploid. PCNA staining were determined by only one pathologist as follows: negative (-) and positive (+), (2+) and (3+). RESULTS: As DNA ploidy, 5 of 6 cases of TCC G3 group as a control were aneuploid. But in spite of all cases of TCC G1 group were diploid, among IP cases, only 1 out of 6 was aneuploid. As PCNA staining, 2 of 6 in TCC G1 group and 5 of 6 in G3 group were positive. And it was noted examination was positive. CONCLUSION: There have been no recurrence since transurethral resection in all IP in the study including the case recognized as aneuploid and positive for PCNA staining. But the present results suggest that among IPs, considered generally as a benign tumor, the case which has high proliferating character exists.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Building corporate character. Interview by Nan Stone.

Stride Rite is a good company by any definition: Keds, Sperry Top-Siders, and Stride Rite children's shoes are consumer favorites for their fit, quality, and comfort. Wall Street analysts praise the company's outstanding financial performance. Innovative programs such as the first corporate child-care center and public service scholarships support Stride Rite's reputation as one of the most responsible employers and corporate citizens in the United States. Behind Stride Rite's good performance are the building blocks of corporate character: a legacy of quality and service and a leader committed to keeping that legacy lively. When Stride Rite shipped its first children's shoes in 1919, they came with the company's commitment "to produce an honest quality product in an honest way and deliver it as promised." For Arnold Hiatt, that commitment has been the driving force behind the company's evolution from manufacturing into marketing and product development as well as the guiding principle in its relations with consumers, dealers, suppliers, and employees. But Stride Rite's corporate character is also a reflection of Hiatt himself. In his early 20s, Hiatt fled a management training program "designed to make carnivores" out of its new employees and bought Blue Star Shoes, a small manufacturing company that had gone into Chapter 11. Through experience and "stumbling around," he built Blue Star's sales to $5 million-and got a practical education in management, markets, and human nature that has proved equally useful in running Stride Rite.

Child↗
PubMed1998

[Phenotypic and genotypic structure of a natural Drosophila population for meristic morphologic characters and its seasonal changes].

A natural population of Drosophila was genetically heterogeneous in the number of sternopleural bristles and the number of arista branches. In the summer, these characters had a low mean value and high coefficient of variation: in autumn, this relationship was reversed; in late spring, the values of the mean and coefficient of variation were intermediate. The dynamics of the character mean was determined by changes in phenotypic and genotypic composition of the population, which was examined during different seasons of the year. On average, the number of sternopleural bristles was higher, and the number of arista branches was lower in females than in males. The number of sternopleural bristles exhibited a higher phenotypic and genotypic variation than the number of arista branches.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Molecular phylogenetics of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae: implications for character evolution.

Melastomataceae are among the most abundant and diversified groups of plants throughout the tropics, but their intrafamily relationships and morphological evolution are poorly understood. Here we report the results of parsimony and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses of cpDNA sequences from the rbcL and ndhF genes and the rpl16 intron, generated for eight outgroups (Crypteroniaceae, Alzateaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, Oliniaceae, Penaeaceae, Myrtaceae, and Onagraceae) and 54 species of melastomes. The sample represents 42 of the family's currently recognized ∼150 genera, the 13 traditional tribes, and the three subfamilies, Astronioideae, Melastomatoideae, and Memecyloideae (= Memecylaceae DC.). Parsimony and ML yield congruent topologies that place Memecylaceae as sister to Melastomataceae. Pternandra, a Southeast Asian genus of 15 species of which five were sampled, is the first- branching Melastomataceae. This placement has low bootstrap support (72%), but agrees with morphological treatments that placed Pternandra in Melastomatacaeae because of its acrodromal leaf venation, usually ranked as a tribe or subfamily. The interxylary phloem islands found in Memecylaceae and Pternandra, but not most other Melastomataceae, likely evolved in parallel because Pternandra resembles Melastomataceae in its other wood characters. A newly discovered plesiomorphic character in Pternandra, also present in Memecylaceae, is a fibrous anther endothecium. Higher Melastomataceae lack an endothecium as do the closest relatives of Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae. The next deepest split is between Astronieae, with anthers opening by slits, and all remaining Melastomataceae, which have anthers opening by pores. Within the latter, several generic groups, corresponding to traditional tribes, receive solid statistical support, but relationships among them, with one exception, are different from anything predicted on the basis of morphological data. Thus, Miconieae and Merianieae are sister groups, and both are sister to a trichotomy of Bertolonieae, Microlicieae + Melastomeae, and Dissochaeteae + Blakeeae. Sonerileae/Oxysporeae are nested within Dissochaeteae, Rhexieae within Melastomeae, and African and Asian Melastomeae within neotropical Melastomeae. These findings have profound implications for our understanding of melastome morphological evolution (and biogeography), implying, for example, that berries evolved from capsules minimally four times, stamen connectives went from dorsally enlarged to basal/ventrally enlarged, and loss of an endothecium preceded poricidal dehiscence.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Effects of Pro229-->Ser and Glu243-->Gly on the characters of thermostable catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase].

In order to investigate the effects of amino acid replacement on the characters of thermostable catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase, two mutants (Pro229Ser and Glu243Gly) of this enzyme were obtained by using the method of PCR random mutagenesis. The wild type thermostable catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase and these two mutants (Pro229Ser, Glu243Gly) were over expressed in E. coli TG1 and purified. The enzymatic characters and thermostability of the wild type enzyme and the two mutants (Pro229Ser, Glu243Gly) were analyzed. The results revealed that the optimum enzymatic temperature of the two mutants were the same as that of the wild type enzyme (60 degrees C) and the Kcat/Km value of Pro229Ser and Glu243Gly (4.89 +/- 0.01 x 10(6) mol-1 s-1 and 5.88 +/- 0.01 x 10(6) mol-1 s-1, respectively) were reduced compared with the wild type enzyme (6.97 +/- 0.01 x 10(6) mol-1 s-1). However, the thermostability of Pro229Ser extremely decreased 10.2 degrees C and the thermostability of Glu243Gly slightly increased 1.5 degrees C. It was proposed that Pro229 played an important role on the thermostability of thermostable catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Edgar Buchanan: dentist and popular character actor in movies and television.

Edgar Buchanan, D.D.S., pursued a diverse mix of careers during his lifetime: as he practiced dentistry, he also worked as a popular film and television actor. Although he eventually relinquished a full-time dental practice for acting, he continued his commitment to clinical dentistry. Acting in 100 films and four television series across a 35-year span (1939-1975). He personified a scheming, yet well-meaning rustic who specialized in "cracker-barrel" philosophy. Typically, he was cast in classic western movies as a bewhiskered character actor. In several films he played a frontier dentist who was always portrayed in a sympathetic and authentic manner. His unique gravelly voice, subtle facial expressions, folksy mannerisms and portly build enabled Buchanan to step into a wide variety of character roles. His most memorable television role was in the classic situation comedy, "Petticoat Junction," (1963-1970), where he played Uncle Joe, a folksy, lovable, free-loader whose many entertaining schemes created chaos.

Dentists↗
PubMed1993

[Time and narrative: the psychic character of history].

The thesis developed here is that of the "psychic character of history", following Simmel's terminology. Psychic character must not, however, be understood as a lack of objectivity. On the contrary, it is an instrument of investigation, which indicates the conditions of objectification in the human and social sciences. If the historian always reconstructs a past time, it is because the past form is the mode, specific to history, of distancing/objectification. Anthropology and sociology make use of other modes of distancing. The reconstruction that takes place during psychoanalysis is thus, on three points of comparison, clarified by the narrative process proper to history.

History↗
PubMed1999

[Identification on crude drugs from genus Leonurus: II. Leaf and flower surface characters].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the crude drugs originated from 9 species and 1 variety of genus Leonurus (called Yimucao) through leaf and flower surface characters. METHOD: Routine slide processing and the characters under microscope were observed and compared. RESULTS: Obvious characteristics for identification were revealed. CONCLUSION: The shape and length of non-glandular hairs are useful in identifying this sort of crude drugs. Leaf constants and cluster crystals are also useful as reference. However, pollen grains and secretory tissues are worthless.

Leonurus↗
PubMed2002

[Visual perception of Japanese characters and complicated figures: developmental changes of visual P300 event-related potentials].

In order to evaluate developmental change of visual perception, the P300 event-related potentials (ERPs) of visual oddball task were recorded in 34 healthy volunteers ranging from 7 to 37 years of age. The latency and amplitude of visual P300 in response to the Japanese ideogram stimuli (a pair of familiar Kanji characters or unfamiliar Kanji characters) and a pair of meaningless complicated figures were measured. Visual P300 was dominant at parietal area in almost all subjects. There was a significant difference of P300 latency among the three tasks. Reaction time to the both kind of Kanji tasks were significantly shorter than those to the complicated figure task. P300 latencies to the familiar Kanji, unfamiliar Kanji and figure stimuli decreased until 25.8, 26.9 and 29.4 years of age, respectively, and regression analysis revealed that a positive quadratic function could be fitted to the data. Around 9 years of age, the P300 latency/age slope was largest in the unfamiliar Kanji task. These findings suggest that visual P300 development depends on both the complexity of the tasks and specificity of the stimuli, which might reflect the variety in visual information processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Studies on fertility genes and its genetic characters in D2-type CMS lines of common wheat].

The kinds of fertility genes and its genetic characters for D2-type CMS lines of common wheat were studied, the results showed: (1) For D2-type CMS line, there was wide restoring sources and high digree of restoration in common wheat varieties (the restoring degree of 33.61% varieties exceeded 50%), and new CMS lines were easily bred (25.21% varieties could maintain male sterility). These characters indicated that D2-type CMS line was higher value in applied study, compared with T, K, V-type CMS lines. (2) There were two forms of nuclear genotype for D2-type CMS lines, namely A1(sterile gene) and A2(sterile gene + inhibiting gene). In nucleus of restorer lines, the fertility genotype was conditioned by 6 forms: C1(major restorer gene), C2(major restorer gene + minor restorer gene), C3(minor restorer gene), C4(major restorer gene + inhibiting gene), C5(major restorer gene + minor restorer gene + inhibiting gene), C6(minor restorer gene + inhibiting gene). The genetic expression of fertility genes was affected by environmental factors. The basic model of effective combination was A1 + C1, A1 + C2, A2 + C2. (3) The allelic restorer-genes were characterized by incomplete dominance and the nonallelic restorer-genes were characterized by additive effect, which was the important basis of breeding good restorer lines.

Fertility↗