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PubMed1985

Recombinants between attenuated and virulent strains of poliovirus type 1: derivation and characterization of recombinants with centrally located crossover points.

Recombinants with a centrally located crossover point were selected from crosses between poliovirus type 1 strains and intertypic (type 3/type 1) recombinants. Two such recombinants were characterized in some detail. In one of them (v1/a1-6), the 5' half of the genome was derived from a virulent type 1 strain, while the 3' half came from an attenuated type 1 strain. The genome of the other recombinant (a1/v1-7) had the reverse organization, with the 5' and 3' halves being derived from the type 1 attenuated and virulent strains, respectively. As deduced from the RNase T1 oligonucleotide maps, the a1/v1-7 genome also had a relatively short centrally located insert of the poliovirus type 3 origin. Both recombinants exhibited ts phenotypes. The RNA phenotypes of the recombinants corresponded to that of the parent donating the 3' half of the genome, v1/a1-6 and a1/v1-7 expressing RNA- and RNA +/- characters, respectively. Despite being a ts RNA- virus, v1/a1-6 proved to be neurovirulent when injected intracerebrally into Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys, although it exhibited a somewhat diminished level of pathogenicity as compared to its virulent type 1 parent. Recombinant a1/v1-7 behaved as an attenuated strain. These data supported our previous conclusion drawn from the experiments with intertypic poliovirus recombinants that the attenuated phenotype of poliovirus depends largely on the structure of the 5' half of its genome, although mutations of the 3' half may alleviate the virulence of the virus to a degree.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Sequence divergence, polymorphism and evolution of the middle-wave and long-wave visual pigment genes of great apes and Old World monkeys.

In man, the spectral shift between the middle-wave (MW) and long-wave (LW) visual pigments is largely achieved by amino acid substitution at two codons, both located in exon 5. A third amino acid site coded by exon 3 is polymorphic between pigments. We have studied the equivalent regions of the cone opsin genes in two members of the Hominidea (the gorilla, Gorilla gorilla and the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes) and in three members of the Cercopithecoidea family of Old World primates (the diana monkey, Cercopithecus diana, the talapoin monkey, Miopithecus talapoin, and the crab-eating macaque, Macaca fascicularis). No variation in the codons that specify the amino acids involved in spectral tuning were found. We predict therefore that the MW and LW pigments of gorilla and chimpanzee have similar spectral characteristics to those of man. Multiple copies of the same opsin gene sequence were identified in the chimpanzee, talapoin and macaque and we also show that non-human Old World primates are similar to man in showing a bunching of polymorphic sites in exon 3. We discuss the ancestry of the separate MW and LW genes of Old World primates and the equivalent polymorphic gene of the marmoset, a New World primate.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

The effect of raising or lowering tryptophan levels on aggression in vervet monkeys.

Social groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were given amino acid mixtures that were tryptophan-free (T-), nutritionally balanced (B), or contained excess tryptophan (T+). The T- mixture caused a marked decrease in plasma tryptophan and the T+ mixture a large increase. Behavioral observations were made on the animals after administration of the amino acid mixtures both during spontaneous activity and while the (fasted) animals were competing for food newly placed in the feeder. The only effect of the biochemical manipulations on spontaneous aggression was an increase in aggression of the male animals with the T- mixture. During competition for the food the T- mixture increased and the T+ mixture decreased aggression in the males, while the T+ mixture decreased aggression in females. These data indicate that brain 5-hydroxytryptamine can influence aggression in a primate and suggest that altered tryptophan levels can influence aggression more reliably at higher levels of arousal.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

Voluntary consumption of beverage alcohol by vervet monkeys: population screening, descriptive behavior and biochemical measures.

Seventeen percent of 196 feral vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) spontaneously drank appreciable quantities of beverage alcohol in 3% sucrose in preference to 3% sucrose alone. Ethanol consumption increased over time, as did the concentration of ethanol tolerated. Willingness to select ethanol was stable over a three-year period, as measured by periodic retesting. Individual patterns of drinking and behavioral responses to ethanol were quite variable. Upon occasion, some animals drank to ataxia and unconsciousness; signs of withdrawal, including tremulousness, pacing, irritability and increased aggression, followed the abrupt discontinuation of ethanol availability. A variety of changes in social interaction, including increased orientation to external stimulus, increased incidence of stereotyped aggression and of other stereotyped behaviors and decreased frequency of affiliative behaviors were observed during ethanol periods, as compared to baseline scoring periods. In a small number of alcohol-preferring animals, CSF amine metabolites (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid) were raised by drinking alcohol. These studies suggest that the alcohol-selecting vervet monkey may be complementary to established primate models of alcoholism.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Fenfluramine effects on serotonergic measures in vervet monkeys.

Chronic fenfluramine treatment reduced whole blood serotonin and CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, but increased aggressive and locomotor behavior, in adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Following a drug-free washout period to monitor the drug recovery course, we initiated a second period of fenfluramine treatment in the same animals. When whole blood serotonin concentrations were reduced by about 40% from predrug baseline levels, we examined 11 cortical and subcortical brain regions for their content of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, norepinephrine, and dopamine. We observed correspondence between the reduction in whole blood serotonin and the reduction in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. Similarly, there was a correspondence between the reduced 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels observed in CSF and brain. No alterations were noted in the concentrations of norepinephrine or dopamine. These observations suggest that the behavioral effects observed in monkeys after chronic fenfluramine treatment result from reduced central serotonin.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Voluntary alcohol consumption in vervet monkeys: individual, sex, and age differences.

The patterns of voluntary alcohol consumption were studied in 35 vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), classified into four groups. Each monkey showed a fairly steady rate during the studied period, resulting in individual differences that became more evident as the treatment evolved. Females showed higher alcohol intake frequencies than males. This sexual difference was maintained among adults and juveniles. Age differences were also observed: juveniles showed higher frequencies of intake than adults, both in general and in each sex group. Intake frequency was not related to age in prepubertal subjects, neither in general nor in each particular sex. The origin of these sex and age alcohol consumption differences remains to be studied, but differences in alcohol metabolism and factors related to puberty are possible influences.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Hemolytic complement measurement in eleven species of nonhuman primates.

A microtiter system was used to measure hemolytic complement levels in serum from eleven nonhuman primate species. The species studied were Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque), Macaca radiata (bonnet macaque), Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque), Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque), Macaca speciosa (stumptailed macaque), Papio cynocephalus (yellow baboon), Papio anubis (olive baboon), Cercopithecus aethiops (African green monkey), Aotus trivirgatus (owl monkey), Ateles fusceps robustus (spider monkey), and Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis (thick-tailed galago). The optimal hemolytic complement titer of the various nonhuman primate species was found to vary with different species sources of erythrocytes and anti-erythrocyte reagents used in the assay. No single erythrocyte and anti-erythrocyte test reagent produced optimal titers for all of the primate species examined. Sera from several species was found to have high spontaneous lytic activity towards non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes which for six species (M. mulatta, M. radiata, M. speciosa, P. cynocephalus, P. anubis and A. trivirgatus) was equal to the titer for antibody sensitized erythrocytes. Evidence of alternate pathway complement activation as a possible reason for the high titer of lytic activity towards unsensitized erythrocytes could not be demonstrated for any nonhuman primate species. In one species, M. mulatta, the sensitizing activity of normal serum for sheep erythrocytes was shown to be in the IgM containing fraction obtained with gel filtration and to be absorbed by boiled sheep erythrocyte stroma which contains Forssman antigen.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Neutralization of adenovirus infectivity and cytotoxin in various cell cultures.

The neutralization of human adenovirus 5 and 11 by homologous and heterologous rabbit antisera was determined by CPE inhibition in various cell cultures (HeLa, HEL, Vero, secondary kidney cells from cercopithecus, rabbit, mouse), or in HeLa cells made impermissive by IUdR inhibition. The results concerning sensitivity and specificity were similar in all cases. Crude and purified virus showed similar neutralization. Immunofluorescence neutralization in HeLa cell cultures gave similar results; this method is suitable for demonstrating subtle immunological relations between adenovirus types. The neutralization of the early cytopathic factor ('cytotoxin') showed a pattern of cross-reactivity different from the virion; the cytotoxin was found to be active in part of the cell cultures only. It is concluded from the results that the virus function(s) blocked by antibody appear to be identical for the replicative cycle in infection and for the initiation of the abortive infection in non-permissive cells. Hence, either kind of cells may be used for neutralization tests.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed1989

Renal epithelial cell lines (BSC-1, MDCK, LLC-PK1) express 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity.

Renal tissue of several species has been shown to express considerable 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-HSD, EC 1.1.1.146) activity. However, it is uncertain as to which renal cell types exhibit 11-HSD activity. In the present study, we investigated corticosterone metabolism in BSC-1 cells, a continuous renal epithelial cell line derived from the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). In incubation experiments using 3H-labelled corticosterone and HPLC, we have demonstrated oxidative 11-HSD activity in intact monolayers of BSC-1 cells as well as in BSC-1 cell homogenates. 11-HSD activity in cell homogenates could be stimulated 7-9-fold by the addition of exogenous NADP+ (1 mM). In contrast, no reductive 11-HSD could be detected either in intact cells or in cell homogenates under various experimental conditions which were designed to favor reductive 11-HSD activity. Pilot experiments were performed in cell homogenates from two other renal epithelial cell lines derived from canine (MDCK) and porcine (LLC-PK1) kidney. They also revealed oxidative but no reductive 11-HSD activity. The data provide evidence for an epithelial localization of renal oxidative 11-HSD activity.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1988

Allotransplantation and autotransplantation of mature teeth in monkeys: the influence of endodontic treatment.

This study investigated the effect of endodontic treatment on root resorption of autotransplanted and allotransplanted mature teeth in unmatched monkeys. The material comprised 40 mature maxillary central incisors in 20 green Vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Teeth were either allotransplanted or autotransplanted in pairs of monkeys matched only for the size of the root. Endodontic treatment was performed at random peroperatively with gutta percha and Kerr sealer in 10 of each of the 20 autografts and 20 allografts. The extra-alveolar period was 18 minutes in all groups. Histometric analysis, which included registration of surface and inflammatory and replacement resorption (ankylosis), was done on serial sections of the grafts 8 weeks after transplantation. Endodontic treatment almost completely reduced inflammatory resorption in both allotransplanted and autotransplanted mature teeth (p less than 0.01). Peroperative endodontics elicited a small increase in ankylosis in autografts. In allografts, it unmasked a high amount of ankylosis, presumably primarily due to alloimmune reactions against the donor periodontal ligament, leaving only a small portion of normal ligament almost exclusively located along the cervical region of the root surface. Downgrowth of periodontal pocket epithelium was limited in all groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Karyotypic fission theory and the evolution of old world monkeys and apes.

The karyotypes of living catarrhines are correlated with the current concepts of their fossil record and systematic classification. A phylogeny, beginning at the base of the Oligocene, for those animals and their chromosome numbers is presented. Todd's (1970) theory of karyotypic fissioning is applied to this case - three fissioning events are hypothesized. A late Eocene event (the primary catarrhine fissioning) is hypothesized to underlie the diversification of the infraorder Catarrhini into its extant families, the second fissioning underlies the radiation of the pongidae/Hominidae in the Miocene and the third accounts for the high chromosome numbers (54 - 72) and the Neogene(Miocene-Pliocene-Pleistocene) radiation of members of the genus Cercopithecus. Published catarrhine chromosome data, including that for "marked" chromosomes (those with a large achromatic region that is the site for ribosomal RNA genes) are tabulated and analysed. The ancestral X chromosome is always retained in the unfissioned metacentric state. The Pongidae/Hominidae have 15 pairs of mediocentric chromosomes that survived the second fissioning whereas the other chromosomes (besides the X) are thought to be fission-derived acrocentrics. Both the detailed karyology and the trend from low to high numbers is best interpreted to support Todd's concept of adaptive radiations correlated with karyotypic fissioning in ancestral populations.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Alz-50 immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of adult rat and primate.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the distribution and density of Alz-50 immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of normal adult and cortically injured rats and primates (Cercopithecus aethiops). In control animals of both species a consistent pattern of fiber immunoreactivity was detected within the hypothalamus (arcuate nucleus and median eminence) and the spinal cord (posterior horn and dorsal root nerve). Immunoreactive perikarya were predominantly observed throughout the anterior region of the third ventricle. An identical localization and density of Alz-50 staining was observed in lesioned animals. These experiments reveal that the pattern of Alz-50 immunoreactivity is not affected by the neurodegenerative processes that follow the cortical devascularizing lesion. These observations suggest that the monoclonal antibody Alz-50, besides recognizing cytoskeletal components in degenerating neurons, reacts with specific epitopes located in the hypothalamus and spinal cord of normal mammalian central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Long-lasting transneuronal dendritic changes of GABAergic neurons in the monkey dentate gyrus following entorhinal cortex lesion.

This study analyses dendritic changes of GABAergic neurons in the dentate gyrus of the African green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops upon lesioning of their main afferents, i.e., fibers originating form the entorhinal cortex (EC). Monkeys received a unilateral EC lesion (ECL) under visual control. Four, 10 and 365 days after surgery, GABAergic dentate neurons were immunostained for parvalbumin (PV). In comparison to the contralateral side, immunolabeled dendrites ipsilateral to the lesion appeared to be retracted from the outer portions of the molecular layer at all survival times. Dendritic changes were further analysed using an interactive neuron-tracing system. Whereas immunoreactive cell bodies were not reduced in number, the relative extension of dendrites throughout the dentate molecular layer was reduced by 40% 10 days postlesion (dpl) and recovered only up to 80% 365 dpl when compared with the control side. This was reflected by a decrease of the mean segment length, which included proximal dendrites and was apparent even after 365 dpl. The spread of the dendritic field was initially diminished by 50% and seemed to exhibit a long-lasting reduction. The findings are in line with previous results obtained in the rat, thus, indicating that similar transneuronal changes after ECL occur in the primate dentate gyrus. This may be of importance, since the EC appears to be a very early target area of affection in human neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1992

Presence of calbindin and lack of parvalbumin in progesterone receptor-containing neurons of the monkey mediobasal hypothalamus.

All of the progesterone receptor-containing cells of the monkey hypothalamus are GABAergic. The aim of this study was to further characterize these GABAergic progesterone receptor-containing neurons based on their calbindin or parvalbumin content. These calcium-binding proteins are characteristic markers of different populations of GABAergic neurons in the central nervous system. Double-immunolabeling for progesterone receptor and either calbindin or parvalbumin was performed on hypothalamic Vibratome sections of estrogen primed African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Progesterone receptor-containing calbindin-immunoreactive neurons were observed in the ventromedial and periventricular areas of the hypothalamus. Forty-one per cent of the progesterone receptor-containing cells in this area were calbindin immunopositive. No double-immunolabeled neurons could be detected in the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus. In tissue double-immunolabeled for progesterone receptor and parvalbumin, none of the progesterone receptor-containing neurons exhibited immunoreactivity for parvalbumin. Electron microscopic double-immunostaining for progesterone receptor and calbindin confirmed the light microscopic results. Furthermore, a large number of asymmetric synaptic contacts were observed on the calbindin-immunoreactive neurons. These observations demonstrate that progesterone receptor-containing cells in the monkey mediobasal hypothalamus consist of at least two different types of GABA neurons, and indicate that progesterone receptor-containing calbindin cells may be postsynaptic targets of excitatory fibers.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Primate nucleus basalis of Meynert p75NGFR-containing cholinergic neurons are protected from retrograde degeneration by the ganglioside GM1.

The effects of unilateral devascularizing lesions of the neocortex in primates (Cercopithecus aethiops) on the immunoreactivity of choline acetyltransferase and the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR) were investigated in cell bodies of the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Choline acetyltransferase enzymatic activity was measured in the dissected ipsi- and contralateral nucleus basalis of Meynert as well as in the remaining cortex adjacent to the lesion. Cortically lesioned animals displayed a shrinkage of p75NGFR-immunoreactive cholinergic cell bodies in only the intermediate portion of the nucleus basalis of Meynert as well as a depletion of choline acetyltransferase activity in this cellular complex. In contrast, cortically lesioned monkeys treated with monosialoganglioside did not reveal a significant loss of choline acetyltransferase activity or shrinkage of nucleus basalis of Meynert cholinergic neurons, but rather a modest hypertrophy. These results are discussed in relation to a possible use of putative trophic agents in the repair of the damaged central nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Long-term protective effects of human recombinant nerve growth factor and monosialoganglioside GM1 treatment on primate nucleus basalis cholinergic neurons after neocortical infarction.

Neocortical infarction induces biochemical and morphological retrograde degenerative changes in cholinergic neurons of the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis [Sofroniew et al. (1983) Brain Res. 289, 370-374]. In the present study, this lesion model has been reproduced in the non-human primate (Cercopithecus aethiops) to investigate whether degenerative changes affecting the cortex surrounding the lesioned area and the ipsilateral basal forebrain are prevented by the early administration of recombinant human nerve growth factor alone or in combination with the monosialoganglioside GM1. Six months after surgery and treatment, the monkeys were processed either for biochemistry (choline acetyltransferase assay) or immunocytochemistry. In lesioned vehicle-treated animals, choline acetyltransferase activity significantly decreased by 28% in the cortex surrounding the injured area and by 31% in the ipsilateral nucleus basalis of Meynert when compared with values of sham-operated monkeys. These biochemical changes were fully prevented with the administration of nerve growth factor alone or in combination with the monosialoganglioside GM1. The morphometrical analysis revealed a significant shrinkage of cholinergic neurons (61 +/- 1.4% of sham-operated cell size) and loss of neuritic processes (59 +/- 10% of sham-operated values) within the intermediate nucleus basalis region of lesioned vehicle-treated animals. Although a protection of the cholinergic cell bodies within the nucleus basalis was found with both treatments, a significant recovery of the neuritic processes (84 +/- 7.2% of sham-operated values) was assessed only in the double-treated monkeys. These results indicate that the early administration of nerve growth factor alone or in combination with the monosialoganglioside GM1 induces a long-term protective effect on the nucleus basalis cholinergic neurons in cortical injured non-human primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Menstrual cycle and social behavior in vervet monkeys.

We assessed the relationship between social behavior and the menstrual cycle in 11 adult female vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) living in an established, stable social group. The findings indicated that fluctuations in ovarian steroids are accompanied by behavioral changes in vervet monkeys. A significant increase in aggressive action, avoidance of social overtures, and retreats from threat occurred during the late luteal phase. However, the social environment can greatly affect behavior independent of the phase of the menstrual cycle. The 10 nondominant (or subordinate) individuals not only exhibited behavioral changes across their own menstrual cycles, but also were responsive to the dominant female's cycle. During the dominant female's late luteal phase, subordinate females significantly increased aggression and decreased social activity. Some of behavioral patterns in female vervet monkeys are therefore relatively independent of direct hormonal modulation and support the contention of the dominant female as the driving force for behavioral changes related to aggression and social interaction. The differential effect of hormones and social status and other environmental factors on behavior has not been critically evaluated in human studies of the premenstrual syndrome. The present study suggests that it is important to assess which behavioral patterns in women are hormonally mediated and which are dependent on the environment.

Aggression↗
PubMed1990

African green monkeys have sexually dimorphic and estrogen-sensitive hypothalamic neuronal membranes.

Previous studies have shown sex differences in intramembrane particle content in the arcuate neurons of the rat hypothalamus. In this study, freeze-fracture replicas were prepared from the infundibular hypothalamus of adult African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in order to determine whether primates also have sexual dimorphism in neuronal membranes. Intramembrane particles (IMP) were quantitatively assessed in the perikaryal plasma membranes of infundibular neurons. Four groups of monkeys were studied: intact males, intact females, ovariectomized females injected with 20 mg of estradiol valerate over 10 days and ovariectomized females injected with vehicle (castor oil). Membranes from females showed an increased numerical density of IMPs when compared to males. Ovariectomy of females did not affect IMP content, while estrogen administration resulted in a significant decrease in IMP numerical density to reach male values. These findings indicate a sex difference in neuronal membranes in the hypothalamus of monkeys and suggest that as in rodents, neuronal plasma membrane organization in higher primates may be modulated by gonadal steroids.

Animals↗