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PubMed1987

Nutritional cancer risks derived from energy and fat.

Both animal and human studies indicate that increased caloric intake and increases in body weight and obesity are associated with increased risk of cancer of the breast, endometrium, ovaries, colon, rectum and prostate. Recent animal studies indicate that it is the total caloric intake, rather than the percent of fat in the diet, that is associated with tumorigenesis and carcinogenesis, and that tumor development depends on a complex interaction involving energy intake, energy expenditure, energy retention within the body (body fat vs lean body mass) and body size. Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit tumorigenesis and tumor growth in many cancer models in rodents. Exercise diminishes tumor formation in mice, rats and humans. Exercise delays mortality from all causes, and life-long exercise is associated with decreased cancers of the breast and reproductive system in women, and cancer of the colon in women and men.

Dietary Fats↗

PubMed1990

Age-related differences in body weight loss in response to altered thyroidal status.

To determine whether age-related differences in body weight loss in hyperthyroidism could be related to caloric intake, the body weight and food consumption of Fischer 344 male rats were monitored every other day for four weeks. Six-month-old (young) rats were compared to 16-month-old rats (intermediate age) and 25-month-old (aged) rats. Hypothyroidism was induced with 0.025% methimazole in the drinking water for four weeks. Hyperthyroidism was induced with triiodothyronine (T3) injections (15 micrograms/100 g body weight i.p.) for the last 10 days of observation. A group of young rats pair fed with aged rats was included as a control group. The body weight changes of aged rats were similar to hypothyroid young rats. An index of T3 catabolic effect was calculated based on the net weight loss and food intake. This index was not different in aged rats compared to young rats. The apparent hypersensitivity of aged rats to T3 as evidenced by excessive weight loss could totally be attributed to decreased caloric intake. It is concluded that aged rats compared to the young are not more sensitive to the overall catabolic effects of thyroid hormones.

Aging↗

PubMedDate not supplied

"Population" characteristics of birthweight in an animal model of alcohol-related developmental effects.

A retrospective analysis of a large database of maternal and litter variables in rats collected over several years evaluated the robustness of fetal alcohol effects on birthweight. Pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet in which 35% of the calories were derived from alcohol. Control dams were pairfed an isocaloric liquid diet or were fed lab chow ad lib. Alcohol exposure produced large, highly significant, and reliable decreases in birthweight of male and female pups. Multiple regression analyses indicated that alcohol exposure per se, much more than restricted caloric intake alone, caused these effects. Litters of pairfed dams weighed less than chowfed controls but the effects were less consistent, varying with season and requiring more litters to discriminate the effects of restricted caloric intake. Power analyses indicated that 7 to 12 litters per group are needed for detecting a statistically significant reduction in birthweight due to prenatal alcohol exposure, even with single pups selected at random from each litter. Alcohol-exposed pups also weighed consistently and significantly less than both the chowfed and pairfed pups, whereas differences between chowfed and pairfed groups were much smaller and inconsistent. The results imply that decreased birthweight is a consistent characteristic of prenatal alcohol exposure.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrient deficiencies in tube-fed children.

The charts of children with gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes followed in the Tube Feeding Clinic at the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin from January 1999 to June 2002 were reviewed. Prevalence of selected nutrient deficiencies were determined and their association with growth and caloric intake was measured. One hundred fifty patients (60% male) met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of children was 7 years 6 months (SD +/- 5 years 4 months). As a proportion of total caloric intake, the mean percentage of calories from formula was 92% (+/- 15). No deficiencies of vitamins D or E were found. Ferritin concentration below lower limits of the age-appropriate range of normal (LLN) was found in 30 of 122 (25%) and hemoglobin was below LLN in 12 of 139 (9%). One patient each had vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium serum concentrations below LLN. Below normal serum zinc was found in 43 of 142 (30%). Ninety-one of 134 patients (68%) had below normal selenium levels, and 29 of 126 (23%) had both zinc and selenium deficiency. A significant association was found between percentage of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calories received and selenium concentration below LLN. Patients with selenium deficiency received a mean of 75% (+/- 21) of the RDA of calories for age, whereas patients without deficiency received a mean of 91% (+/- 19) of the RDA of calories for age (p < 0.0001). There was a negative association between deficiency and weight for age: patients with selenium deficiency were 33% mean weight for age percentile (+/- 30), compared to 21% (+/- 27, p < 0.05) for those without selenium deficiency. There was a negative correlation between the percentage of RDA of calories and height for age, weight for age, and weight for height (p < 0.05).

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Television viewing and snacking.

With the rise in obesity in America, the search for potential causes for this epidemic has begun to include a focus on environmental factors. Television (TV) viewing is one such factor, partially due to its potential as a stimulus for eating. The current study investigated the relationship between food intake and self-reported TV viewing in an effort to identify the impact of TV viewing on specific eating behaviors. Seventy-four overweight women seeking obesity treatment completed questionnaires assessing dietary habits and TV viewing behaviors. Results suggest that snacking, but not necessarily eating meals, while watching TV is associated with increased overall caloric intake and calories from fat. Therefore, interventions targeting stimulus control techniques to reduce snacking behavior may have an impact on overall caloric intake.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Comorbidity, nutritional intake, social support, weight, and functional status over time in older cancer patients receiving radiotherapy.

It is essential that nurses gain insight about the responses of older adults to standard anticancer therapies because there is ongoing concern about whether the elderly are affected adversely by the prescribed therapy. The purpose of this longitudinal prospective study was to describe selected outcomes and their relationships in a sample of 45 elderly (mean age 69.8 years; range 61-86) patients receiving radiotherapy for either breast (42%) or lung (58%) cancer. The outcome variables were weight and multidimensional functional status; moderator variables were co-morbidity, nutritional intake, estimated adequacy of intake, radiation dose, side effects, and social support. Data were collected at the beginning of radiation (T1), the middle of therapy (T2), the conclusion of therapy (T3), and three months post radiation (T4). Although 81.4% had some concurrent condition, those with a comorbid condition did not respond significantly differently from those without a comorbid condition on any of the major variables at any of the four times. At none of the four times was the caloric intake adequate to meet the estimated energy requirements for usual activity (range 67.9-71.5%). However, caloric intake was not significantly related to weight at any of the four times. There was a significant weight decrease from beginning of therapy to the middle of therapy and from the beginning of therapy to conclusion of therapy. The percentage of calories contributed by protein was significantly correlated with weight during radiotherapy, and protein calories consumed at the previous time were correlated with weight at T2 and T3. In contrast, the percentage of calories contributed by carbohydrate intake was significantly negatively correlated with two of the four functional status measures at each time, but was not related to weight. In addition carbohydrate calories consumed at the previous time also were related to one or more functional status measures at succeeding time points. Almost no relationships were found between social support and the outcome measures of weight and functional status. Scores on three of the four functional status measures suggest improvement over time from initiation of radiation to 3 months after therapy. Scores on the fourth measure, Overall Health Rating, suggest a slight decline; however, the average score reflects good overall health. These findings provide evidence that this group of elderly, the great majority of whom had at least one comorbid condition, tolerated the course of radiation with less than adequate intake for usual activity, a slight decrease in mean weight, but without major disruptions in functional status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1996

Total and regional bone mineral content in Spanish professional ballet dancers.

Total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) and regional bone mineral content (BMC) was measured in the members of the Spanish National Dance Company (15 female, mean age 25.1 +/- 3.8 years, and 15 male, mean age 28.2 +/- 2.1 years) and in 30 controls (15 women, mean age 26.1 +/- 1.8 years, and 15 men, mean age 28.0 +/- 1.5 years). Ca, P, and Mg intake were greater in the group of ballet dancers than in controls analysis of variance (ANOVA, all P < 0.0001). BMC was similar in the group of ballet dancers and controls except in the trunk without pelvis (P < 0.001). Both male and female dancers weighed less than controls (P < 0.05). The BMC of the male dancers was less than that of male controls only in the trunk (P < 0.05) and in the trunk without pelvis (P < 0.005); BMC was lower in female dancers than in female controls only in the arms and in the trunk without pelvis (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively). TBBMC, adjusted for weight and age, was correlated partially with caloric intake (kcal/day) and with Ca, P, Mg, and Zn intake (g/day), and yielded significant differences between the dancers and controls only in P intake (P < 0.01), and between male dancers and male controls only in caloric intake and in Ca, P, and Zn intake (all P < 0.01, except for Ca, P < 0.05). The lower trunk bone mass observed in the female dancers is a risk factor for eventual osteoporosis.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1990

The effects of moderate exercise training on nutrient intake in mildly obese women.

The relationship between moderate exercise training (five 45-minute sessions per week, brisk walking at 62 +/- 2% VO2 max for 15 weeks) and changes in nutrient intake was investigated in a group of 36 sedentary, mildly obese women. The study was conducted using a 2 x 3 factorial design (two groups of subjects: exercise and nonexercise groups; three periods: baseline, 6-week, and 15-week testing sessions). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. The pattern of change in caloric intake over time tended to be different between groups (F[2, 68] = 2.50, p = .089); the exercise group experienced a significant decrease in caloric intake by 15 weeks. Significant group x time interactions were found for intakes of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and folate. Intake tended to decrease in the exercise group and to increase in the nonexercise group. Change in intake of each of these nutrients was significantly correlated with change in bread and cereal consumption. The pattern of change in bread and cereal intake over time was significantly different between groups (Pillais Trace = 0.266, F[2, 33] = 5.99, p = .006); the exercise group had significant decreases in intake at 6 and 15 weeks vs baseline values. These data suggest that mildly obese women reduce energy intake subsequent to initiating an exercise program; concomitantly there is a decrease in the quality of nutrient intake from their diets compared with those of sedentary controls.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Hyperphagia and weight loss during fluoxetine treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To report the unusual coincidence of weight loss with increased appetite and food intake in a patient treated for depression on two separate occasions with fluoxetine. CASE SUMMARY: A 27-year-old woman experienced a modest weight loss during treatment for depression with fluoxetine. The weight loss was associated with a reported increase in daily caloric intake and consumption of a greater proportion of dietary fat than usual for the patient. The same patient was treated again with fluoxetine more than a year later and again experienced weight loss associated with an increase in appetite, caloric intake, and dietary fat consumption. DISCUSSION: Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that often is associated with a modest weight loss when used for the treatment of depression, although it also has been reported to have the opposite effects of weight gain and hyperphagia in some patients. The effects on weight usually are assumed to be the result of primary effects on appetite, but the discrepancy between the appetite and weight changes in this case challenges the applicability of that assumption in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of fluoxetine on appetite and weight may be mediated by partially distinct mechanisms and might conceivably involve a direct metabolic effect in some patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Nutritional determinants of high-altitude growth in Nuñoa, Peru.

Data on nutritional intake and patterns of physical growth in the rural Andean community of Nuñoa, Peru (elevation 4,000 m), are described and compared to data previously collected from this location. Food consumption data and selected anthropometric measures were obtained from a sample of 33 households. Estimates of caloric intake from this study are very similar to those obtained in Nuñoa during the mid- and late 1960s. However, within the present sample, upper income (i.e., middle class) individuals have significantly higher caloric intakes than those of the lower income group and also appear to have an improved diet relative to individuals of 20 years ago. Anthropometric data show that children of the upper socioeconomic status (SES) group are significantly taller and heavier than the lower SES group children. Moreover, the children of the wealthier families are taller and heavier than the children measured 20 years ago at the same location, whereas the poorer children are not. These results indicate that nutritional factors have significantly contributed to the extreme pattern of slow growth previously reported for children of Nuñoa and, moreover, demonstrate how social and environmental forces interact to create differential levels of stress that contribute to variation in biological well-being.

Altitude↗

PubMed2004

Ciliary neurotrophic factor upregulates ubiquitin-proteasome components in a rat model of neuronal injury.

Neuronal injury triggers the release of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), promoting local neuronal repair but producing systemic effects of anorexia and lean body weight loss. Due to the rapid rate of systemic protein loss stimulated by CNTF, we hypothesized involvement of the hepatic ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic (UPP) pathway in CNTF-induced proteolysis. To assess the role of central CNTF in systemic UPP regulation, we measured hepatic UPP mRNA and proteasome activity in a rat model of neuronal injury and determined alterations induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CNTF-neutralizing antibody or additional exogenous CNTF. We also assessed proteolytic parameters and nutritional status by measuring caloric intake, body weight, and protein levels. We produced neuronal injury by implanting a lateral ventricle cannula and giving daily ICV saline bolus injections, which increased hepatic 20S proteasome mRNA and enzymatic activity while reducing caloric intake, body weight, and protein levels compared to controls. Administration of ICV anti-CNTF antibodies (but not control antibodies) prevented these effects. Addition of exogenous CNTF augmented the weight loss along with the increases in 20S proteasome mRNA and proteolytic activity induced by neuronal injury. We conclude that CNTF decreases lean body weight through a combination of appetite inhibition and UPP pathway activation.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The effects of exercise intensity on body composition, weight loss, and dietary composition in women.

OBJECTIVE: There is controversy over whether exercise and/or exercise intensity has an effect on total caloric intake or diet composition. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of exercise intensity without dietary manipulation on body composition and/or weight loss and to determine whether exercise intensity affected total caloric intake or diet composition in normal weight young women. METHODS: Fifteen women aged 18 to 34 years with a maximal oxygen consumption average or below on the Palo Alto norms served as subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned to: 1) low heart rate intensity exercise group (LI, N = 7) which exercised 40 to 45 minutes approximately four times weekly at a mean heart rate of 132 beats per minute (bpm); 2) high heart rate intensity group (HI, N = 8) which exercised 40 to 45 minutes approximately four times weekly at a mean HR of 163 bpm. All subjects were given a maximal exercise test prior to and during weeks eight, 12 and 16. The first 4 weeks served as a control period, followed by approximately 11 weeks of exercise. Each subject recorded her dietary intake for 1 complete week, including a weekend, during weeks 2, 6, 10 and 14 of the study. RESULTS: VO2 max increased (p < .05) in HI (29 +/- 6 ml/kg/minute to 38 +/- 7) but did not change in LI (36 +/- 5 to 38 +/- 7). Percent fat decreased in HI (p < .05) (27 +/- 7 to 22 +/- 4) but was unchanged in LI (22 +/- 6 to 21 +/- 6). The weekly intake of total kcal, carbohydrate, protein and fat did change significantly for either group. The weekly intake of saturated fat declined significantly (p < .05) in HI (21.2 +/- 5.8 g to 14.9 +/- 5.5 g); their weekly intake of cholesterol also decreased (p < .05) between months 2 to 3 (249 +/- 109 mg to 159 +/- 58 mg). No other differences in dietary intake between groups were found. CONCLUSION: High heart rate intensity exercise training without dietary manipulation resulted in a decrease in body fat, but not weight change, as well as a decrease in the intake of saturated fat and cholesterol in normal weight young women. These changes were not observed after low heart rate intensity training.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Evolution of energy expenditure and nitrogen excretion in severe head-injured patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of therapeutic changes on the level of energy expenditure (EE) and N excretion in a homogeneous group of patients usually considered hypermetabolic. DESIGN: EE and N excretion of head-injured patients were measured simultaneously at phases 1 and 2 (patients treated 4 +/- 3 and 18 +/- 8 days after injury, respectively). SETTING: Acute care hospital. PATIENTS: Eight severe head-injured patients, mean weight 63.1 +/- 6.1 (SD) kg, mean age 21 +/- 3.8 (SD) yr. INTERVENTIONS: At phase 1, all patients were sedated with fentanyl (6.7 +/- 1.9 micrograms/kg.hr) plus flunitrazepam (9.1 +/- 4.8 micrograms/kg.hr) and were mechanically ventilated. All patients received continuous total parenteral nutrition. The nonprotein caloric intake averaged 1092 +/- 200 kcal/day, including 77% glucose and 23% fat (Intralipid 20%). The total N intake averaged 7 +/- 5 g/day, consisting of crystalline amino acids. At phase 2, no patient received any sedative and all were breathing spontaneously via tracheostomy. All patients received parenteral and/or enteral nutrition. The nonprotein caloric intake averaged 1929 +/- 200 kcal/day consisting of 65% carbohydrates and 35% fat. The total N intake averaged 13 +/- 2 g/day. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The EE was significantly higher at phase 2 than at phase 1 (2121 vs. 1737 kcal), but the interindividual variability was low at both phases. N excretion was high at the two periods of the study and not correlated to the level of EE. The RQ was 0.75 at both periods, indicating predominant fat oxidation. CONCLUSIONS: We could not demonstrate any parallelism in the evolution of EE and protein catabolism in head-injured patients. The therapeutics (mechanical ventilation, sedation, and nutrition) have a major effect on EE but little on N excretion.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Caloric restriction and toxicity.

The modulatory effects of caloric intake on the rate and extent of both spontaneous and induced disease incidence is well known, but the significance of these effects in the interpretation of testing data has only recently become appreciated. This is especially true relative to the impact of caloric intake on both survival and background incidence for common tumors. In order to enhance the health and survival of animals ongoing chronic toxicity testing it has been suggested that such tests should restrict food consumption. Although this restriction will result in increasing survival of the test animals, it may also effect the expression of toxicity by altering agent metabolism and disease progression. Focus in this symposium is on the necessity to control dietary consumption in toxicity tests (dietary control), and if such a need does exist to what level of consumption should be diet be focused (caloric restriction).

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Marijuana use, diet, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk factors (from the CARDIA study).

Marijuana use has been associated with increased appetite, high caloric diet, acute increase in blood pressure, and decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, but its long-term effects on body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors are unknown. Using 15 years of longitudinal data from 3,617 black and white young adults participating in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, we assessed whether marijuana use was associated with caloric intake, BMI, and cardiovascular risk factors. Of the 3,617 participants, 1,365 (38%) reported ever using marijuana. Marijuana use was associated with male gender, tobacco smoking, and other illicit drug use. More extensive marijuana use was associated with a higher caloric intake (2,746 kcal/day in never users to 3,365 kcal/day in those who used marijuana for > or = 1,800 days over 15 years) and alcohol intake (3.6 to 10.8 drinks/week), systolic blood pressure (112.7 to 116.5 mm Hg), and triglyceride levels (84 to 100 mg/dl or 0.95 to 1.13 mmol/L, all p values for trend < 0.001), but not with higher BMI and lipid and glucose levels. In multivariate analysis, the associations between marijuana use and systolic blood pressure and triglycerides disappeared, having been mainly confounded by greater alcohol use in marijuana users. In conclusion, although marijuana use was not independently associated with cardiovascular risk factors, it was associated with other unhealthy behaviors, such as high caloric diet, tobacco smoking, and other illicit drug use, which all have long-term detrimental effects on health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Exaggerated feeding response to central galanin-like peptide administration in diet-induced obese rats.

Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a newly identified neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of metabolism and reproduction. GALP gene expression is decreased in the hypothalamus of genetically obese rodents, such as fa/fa rats and ob/ob mice, and central administration of GALP increases feeding in satiated rats. The effect of dietary obesity on GALP-induced feeding is unknown, so this study characterized the effects of central administration of GALP on feeding in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 21) were randomly assigned to receive standard laboratory chow (12% fat as kcal) or high-fat cafeteria diet (35% fat) for 12 weeks before intracerebroventricular (icv) cannulae were implanted. Seven days later, rats received 0,0.2 or 0.3 nmol doses of GALP in randomized order at least 48 h apart. Food intake was measured at 0.5,1,2, 4 and 24 h post administration and body weight was measured at 24 h. Rats were maintained on their respective diets throughout the entire feeding experiment. Implementation of the high-fat diet led to significantly greater caloric intake (230%) and body weight (28%) compared to chow-fed control rats. GALP-induced feeding was rapid and maximal in both dietary groups at 30 min post injection. The 0.3 nmol dose of GALP led to significantly larger increases in caloric intake in high-fat fed rats than in chow-fed controls (35.4 +/- 3.7 and 22.1 +/- 1.3 kcal, respectively, at 30 min). It is not known if diet-induced obesity alters endogenous GALP levels, but our data suggest that adaptive responses in GALP signaling might occur during chronic overfeeding. One possible explanation is an increased sensitivity and/or number of specific GALP receptors, although actions of exogenous GALP may also represent pharmacological actions at galanin receptors.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1986

Effect of experimental and pathological weight loss upon the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Five healthy female subjects participated in a starvation experiment. After an initial baseline phase (A) they lost about 8 kg in a 3-week phase of complete food abstinence (B); thereafter they recovered to their original body weight (C) and kept this weight stable over more than 4 weeks (D). While all dexamethasone suppression tests (DST's) during the initial baseline were normal, half of the DST's (7/14) in the fasting phase showed insufficient suppression. In the following weight gain phase, all DST's were sufficiently suppressed. Twenty-four hour plasma cortisol patterns during fasting (B) showed a significant increase, as well as increased cortisol half-life, increased time in secretory activity, and increased number of secretory episodes. Administration of the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine during fasting did not induce a further decrease in plasma cortisol level, whereas it did during baseline. The results demonstrate that weight loss, reduced caloric intake, and catabolic state have a very powerful influence on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other endocrine systems. The results shed new light on endocrine dysfunctions in mental disorders associated with reduced caloric intake, such as anorexia nervosa and depression, and question the specificity of certain endocrine dysfunctions for depression.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Dietary calcium restriction enhances cadmium-induced metallothionein synthesis in rats.

Experiments were conducted with adult male rats to investigate the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) restriction upon intake and tissue distribution of cadmium (Cd), and Cd-metallothionein (Mt) synthesis. Four groups of animals were fed either a low-Ca, semisynthetic diet (0.1% Ca) or the same diet supplemented with 0.8% Ca (normal diet). The caloric intake was similar in all groups. Two groups (low-Ca and normal diet) were used as controls, and two groups (low-Ca and normal diet) received 100 mg/l Cd (as CdCl2) in drinking water. Cd levels in liver, kidney, spleen and red cells were measured in all animals after 8 weeks of treatment. Concomitantly, Mt levels in plasma, liver and kidney were evaluated by radioimmunoassay. Ca deficiency entailed marked and significant increases in accumulation of Cd and synthesis of Mt in all assayed tissues. It is concluded that dietary Ca restriction, independent of caloric intake, enhances Cd intestinal absorption and tissue accumulation, which is followed by increased tissue Mt synthesis.

Administration, Oral↗