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PubMed2005

[The cross-sectional study of dynamic refractive status in Xi'an middle school students].

PURPOSE: To obtain the basic data of refractive status, especially the myopia prevalence rate in Xi'an middle school students. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted in two Xi'an city middle schools. The object ophthlmic examinations such as non-cycloplegic objective refraction, visual acuity, oculr pressure and fundus evaluation were taken on all students by special trained ophthalmologists and nurses. The special designed inventory scale was filled in and input in a special computer program. Then the data were statistically analyzed with SPSS11.0. RESULTS: (1) In the 3711 middle school students (average age of 13-18 years), the prevalence rate of myopia was 91.2%, including 51.7% low myopia, 31.8% moderate myopia, 7.7% high myopia, 5.7% emmetropia and 3.1% hypermetropia. Among 6 grades, the constituents of moderate and high myopia groups were significantly increased with the age growing. (2) The average diopter of spherical equivalent refraction was (-2.76 +/- 2.24)D, that of low myopia was (-1.68 +/- 0.76)D, moderate myopia (-4.35 +/- 0.84)D and high myopia (-7.47 +/- 1.33)D. In the junior 1st grade the average diopter of spherical equivalent refraction was (-1.57 +/- 1.66)D, the junior 2nd, (-1.94 +/- 2.04)D,the junior 3rd, (-3.26 +/- 2.09)D, the senior 1st grade' (-3.29 +/- 2.49)D, the senior 2nd, (-3.09 +/- 2.31)D and the senior 3nd, (-3.57 +/- 2.25) D. There were significant differences (P=0.000) in the average diopter of spherical equivalent refraction in all the 6 grades. However, there was no significant difference among the junior 3rd, senior 1st and senior 2nd grade. (3) The degree of myopia in female students [(-2.88 +/- 2.25)D] and the right eyes [(-2.86 +/- 2.19)]D was significantly higher than that in male students [(-2.65 +/- 2.23)D] (P = 0.000) and the left eyes [(-2.67 +/- 2.29)D] (P = 0.009) respectively. CONCLUSION: The constituesnts of myopia were definitely changed in and above the junior 3rd grade; meanwhile the progression of myopia in female students and the right eyes is earlier than that in male students and the left eyes'. The result indicates that interventions of myopia progression performed at the stage may retard the myopia progression and reduce the prevalence of myopia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The grating acuity of children in preschool age].

OBJECTIVE: To study the developmental trend of the binocular grating acuity of preschool children. METHODS: Binocular grating acuities in 599 children from 2 months to 72 months old (18 groups) were measured using the closed-circuit operant preferential looking system (COPLs). The children included in the investigation were required to be a normal term birth, development and normal eyes, and cycloplegic refraction error within specific limits. The system's reliabilities and measurable rates were also evaluated. RESULTS: The difference of the vision acuities obtained by the same tester on different days has no statistic significance. The measurable rates reached 90% in most age groups. The grating acuity of the children included in the study developed rapidly during first year, and then it reached to a slower development period from 30 to 36-months, the grating acuity stabilized after 3 years old. CONCLUSION: The COPL system is a practical devise to assess the grating visual acuity of infants and preschool children and it can be used to investigate the vision developmental trend including speed, age of its maturation and the top-acuity of the development.

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1991

The amelioration of myopia using biofeedback of accommodation: a review.

The purpose of this review is to give an account of the issues raised by reports that myopia can be treated by operant conditioning or biological feedback. Devices are available that provide auditory feedback of accommodative state such that variation in tone frequency provides a means by which the patient can monitor his or her ability to induce changes in accommodation response, the task thus being to change the pitch of the tone in a direction corresponding to a more distant far point. The aim of a training programme is to reinforce and establish control over the accommodative response by a process akin to operant conditioning and subsequently to transfer the skill to normal visual environments such that a manifest reduction in myopia becomes apparent. Although there are reports that the technique can induce a reduction in myopia by up to 3 D the findings are of limited value owing to the lack of objective data, for example pre- and post-training cycloplegic refraction. The pre- and post-training measures of subjective letter acuity used by many studies are, with repeated trials, particularly vulnerable to individual differences in the ability to learn how to discriminate and interpret blurred images. The review concludes that more comprehensive clinical trials are needed before accommodation biofeedback can qualify as an established method of clinical treatment of myopia. The trials should be designed to encompass the following issues: the characteristics of a feasible physiological model linking accommodation and myopia development; the rationale with regard to patient selection; the technical performance of the optometer employed; the characteristics of the control group used; the criteria for assessment of myopic change; the transfer of training to performance in normal visual environments; the economic viability of the programme of training and equipment; and the skill, training and knowledge of the clinician implementing the training programme.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1991

Medical management of anterior uveitis.

Anterior uveitis is frequently caused by systemic disease, and it is appropriate not only to diagnose the iritis but also to determine, if possible, the underlying condition. Although diagnosis of an anterior uveitis is usually straightforward, medical management occasionally is not. Satisfactory treatment may be achieved in many cases with cycloplegics and topical corticosteroid therapy, but the management protocol must be tailored to suit the patient. Frequent assessment of the patient is required during the 2- to 3-week period usually required for resolution of an anterior uveitis.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1991

Allergic contact sensitivity to mydriatic agents on a nurse's fingers.

We report a case of contact sensitivity to a cycloplegic mydriatic agent (Mydrin-P) on the fingers of a nurse whose work included the instillation of eyedrops into patients undergoing routine funduscopic examination in a hospital ophthalmology department. The lesion showed well-demarcated brownish erythema with scaling on the second and third fingers of her left hand, which are used for opening the eyes of patients and are subjected routinely to contact with leaking mydriatic eyedrops. The results of a patch test to Mydrin-P and to its pharmacologic components tropicamide and phenylephrine hydrochloride were positive. These chemicals seem to be weak antigens since reports of allergic reactions to them are rare. This case exemplifies a unique occupational contact dermatitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Isolated anterior uveitis in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

A ten-year-old boy with a four-year history of symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection had granulomatous iridocyclitis that subsequently resolved with topical corticosteroid and cycloplegic therapy. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of isolated anterior uveitis in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Drug therapy of progressive myopia].

To stabilize weak and medium-severity progressive myopia, instillations of cycloplegics (homatropin or tropicamid) and of hypotensive agents (clofelin or thymolol) were administered into the conjunctival cavity once a day (at bedtime). The course of treatment lasted 30 days and was repeated every 2-3 months. Complete stabilization of myopia was achieved in 65-58% of cases, as evidenced by a follow-up of 3 years, on an average. Incomplete stabilization of the condition was observed in 35-42% of patients, the annual progress gradient being above 0.15 diopters. Simultaneously an accumulation of the relative accommodation reserves was observed, by 38.3% on an average, and a resolution of asthenopia. In a reference group of 50 subjects (100 eyes) spontaneous stabilization took place in 27% of cases, the relative accommodation reserve being unchanged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Bilateral macular holes in sporadic posterior microphthalmos.

The authors report an unusual sporadic case of bilateral posterior microphthalmos in an 8-year-old Chinese girl. Cycloplegic refraction showed hyperopia of 12.5 diopters in both eyes. Anterior segment examination showed normal corneal diameters, open angles, and normal lens thicknesses. Ultrasonography showed short vitreous compartments resulting in short axial lengths of 17.2 mm. Fundoscopy showed full-thickness macular holes associated with radiate retinal striae. This is the first report of bilateral macular hole formation in sporadic posterior microphthalmos. The literature is reviewed.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The surgical treatment of high myopia: comparison of epikeratoplasty, keratomileusis and minus power anterior chamber lenses.

Seventy high myopic eyes (-8.00 to -28.00 diopters) with epikeratoplasty (n = 29), myopic non-freeze keratomileusis (n = 26) or minus power anterior chamber intraocular lenses in phakic eyes (n = 15) were operated by two surgeons and were evaluated retrospectively. Results are reported at the 6-month postoperative interval. Eyes treated with epikeratoplasty had an average preoperative spherical equivalent of the cycloplegic refraction of -17.80 D (range -12.00 to -28.00 D). At 6 months, 66.6% of eyes were within 3 D of emmetropia and 7.4% of eyes had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or more. Average preoperative spectacle visual acuity was 20/50 (0.39); it was 20/50 (0.37) at both 6 and 24 months. Between 6 and 24 months, 32.2% of eyes had a change in refraction of 1.00 D or more. Two lenticules were removed. Eyes treated with non-freeze keratomileusis had an average preoperative refraction of -10.0 D (range -8 to -15 D). At 6 months, 61.5% of eyes were within 3.00 D of emmetropia and 30.7% of eyes had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Average preoperative spectacle visual acuity was 20/30 (0.67), and 6 and 12 months afterward it was 20/30-20/40 (0.57) and 20/30 (0.66) respectively. Between 6 and 12 months, 8.3% of eyes, had a change in refraction of 1.00 D or more. Eyes treated with minus power anterior chamber lenses had an average preoperative refraction of -17.30 D (range -12.50 to -20.00 D).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

External ophthalmomyiasis associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus.

Ophthalmomyiasis is a rare entity caused by infestation with certain dipterous larvae. We describe a 71-year-old farmer with herpes zoster ophthalmicus on the left side of the face in whom the blisters became secondarily infested with Chrysomyia bezziana maggots. The maggots were removed mechanically, and the corneal involvement secondary to zoster ophthalmicus responded to therapy with topical steroids and cycloplegics. To our knowledge this is the first report of external ophthalmomyiasis due to C. bezziana.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Pupillary irradiance distributions for light backscattered in the human eye.

An investigation of linear knife-edge photoscreening devices for detecting focusing errors, refractive defects and other optical artifacts in the human eye is described. Pupillary irradiance distributions calculated for a model eye are shown to agree qualitatively with distributions recorded experimentally using video frame grabbing equipment. The form of the pupillary irradiance distribution from a cyclopleged human eye supports a diffuse-like characterization for the reflection/scattering processes at the retina. The extreme sensitivity of the instruments enables real-time detection of refractive effects from tear films on the cornea and real-time tracking of floaters.

Eye Diseases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Symmetry of refractive and visual acuity outcome in the Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy (PERK) study.

In the Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy (PERK) study, the symmetry of refractive and visual acuity outcome was analyzed in 269 patients with bilateral radial keratotomy with a single operation in each eye. Patients were required to wait 1 year after surgery on the first eye before having surgery on the second eye. At 1 year after surgery on the second eye, 98% of patients had 3.00 diopters or less difference between their two eyes in the spherical equivalent of the cycloplegic refraction (100% before surgery), and 96% of patients had 3.00 D or less difference between their two eyes in the amount of refractive power in the vertical meridian (100% before surgery). Thus, surgically induced refractive anisometropia was not a major complication in the PERK study. However, 14% of patients had four to eight Snellen lines difference in the uncorrected visual acuity between their two eyes (1% before surgery), emphasizing that induced asymmetry of refraction is a potential clinical problem for some patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Acute bilateral glaucoma in an LAV-positive subject].

A bilateral angle-closure glaucoma is described in a homosexual man, with a positive HIV serology. This angle closure is secondary to an anterior rotation of the ciliary body at the scleral spur following development of an inflammatory cilio-choroidal detachment: which is itself connected with a massive uveal-retinal effusion. The cause of this uveal effusion appears to be cytomegalovirus. This unusual syndrome was the initial manifestation of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). A symptomatologic treatment with cycloplegics and prednisolone and a specific one with DHPG (9-1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl guanine), resulted in rapid regression of the local lesions; his overall clinical condition however deteriorated rapidly over two months following onset of syndrome.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1989

Dark-rearing interference with emmetropization in the rhesus monkey.

Dark rearing has been shown to protect against the development of lid-suture myopia in monkeys and tree shrews. Dark-reared monkeys and cats, with or without lid suture, are significantly hyperopic in comparison to light-reared controls. The time course of refractive change during dark rearing has only been systematically investigated in chicks, with hyperopia increasing from 14 to 42 days after hatching. Longitudinal refractions of dark-reared monkeys have not been reported previously. Five infant rhesus monkeys were dark reared with their mothers from the first day of life until 58 to 161 days of age. Cycloplegic retinoscopies were performed at 2-week intervals and were compared with cross-sectional data from 18 normal monkeys at ages 1 to 81 days. The normal monkeys typically had hyperopic refractions from +4 to +8 diopters at birth with an average refraction of +2.8 diopters between 30 and 81 days of age, compared with an average refraction of +5.3 diopters between 30 and 81 days of age for the monkeys raised in darkness (difference significant at P less than 0.05). Three of the dark-reared animals retained an average of 7.0 diopters of hyperopia. Darkness thus slowed or interrupted the normal loss of hyperopia in three of the five experimental subjects, and may be useful for creating model hyperopic animals on the order of +5 to +8 diopters.

Aging↗
PubMed1989

Posterior scleritis with secondary ciliochoroidal effusion.

Posterior scleritis is a granulomatous inflammation occurring either within the scleral tissue or in the vascular networks adjacent to it. This inflammatory process can cause leakage of fluid from the choroid into the suprachoroidal space leading to ciliochoroidal effusion and an exudative retinal detachment. The following is a case report of a 64 year old white male, who presented with an acute angle closure attack and myopic shift in one eye, and later developed an exudative choroidal and retinal detachment. Posterior scleritis was diagnosed based on ultrasonography and the orbital CT scan findings. The acute angle closure attack, myopic shift and exudative detachments completely resolved with the use of oral steroids and cycloplegics.

Choroid↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of the effect of atropine and cyclopentolate on myopia.

We evaluated the effectiveness of cycloplegics in the treatment of myopia. Patients were selected randomly and divided into three groups: Group 1 received atropine 1% eye drops every other night; Group 2 received cyclopentolate 1% eye drops every night; and Group 3 received normal saline eye drops every night. All the patients were rechecked every three months. The results were evaluated at the end of one year. Ninety-six patients were evaluated, 32 in each group. The mean myopic progression was -0.219 D in the atropine group, -0.578D in the cyclopentolate group, and -0.914D in the saline group. Analysis showed that atropine and cyclopentolate are effective in slowing the progression of myopia. The effect of atropine is better than that of cyclopentolate.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1989

Pupillographic evaluation of the mydriatic effect of ibopamine solution.

The mydriatic effects of ibopamine solution at the concentrations of 0.25%, 0.50%, 1% and tropicamide solution at the concentration of 1% were evaluated in 22 clinically healthy volunteers. The study was conducted at single dose, instilling 1 drop of each concentration of ibopamine and of tropicamide in one eye and 1 drop of placebo in the other. The pupillary diameter was measured by photographic pupillography immediately before and at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 min after each instillation. Immediately before and 45 min after each instillation, visual acuity was also measured for both near and distant objects. The ibopamine solution exerted a dose-related mydriatic effect in both magnitude and duration. The mean maximum pupillary diameters were 5.5, 8.0, 9.1 mm with ibopamine at 0.25%, 0.50%, 1% and 8.6 mm with tropicamide. The mean times to reach the maximum pupillary diameter were 60, 54, and 50 min with the three concentrations of ibopamine, and 47 min with tropicamide. The duration of the mydriatic effect was less than 4 h with ibopamine and very much more with tropicamide. No effect on accommodation was found with ibopamine, while a cycloplegic effect was constantly noted with tropicamide. On the basis of the results obtained, it is concluded that ibopamine is to be preferred when mydriasis is required with good absolute values and brief duration (examinations of the fundus, examinations with Goldmann's lens, etc.), without cycloplegia.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of 0.5% cyclopentolate plus 0.5% tropicamide and 1% cyclopentolate alone for mydriasis of dark irides.

We studied the mydriatic and cycloplegic effect of a single dose of a combination of 0.5% cyclopentolate hydrochloride and 0.5% tropicamide in 20 healthy subjects with dark brown irides. The mean change in dilatation with the combination drop was 3.5 mm, compared with 0.6 mm with 1% cyclopentolate alone (p less than 0.001). In 92% of 26 eyes studied the difference in refraction between the combination drop and 1% atropine was +1.00 dioptre or less. The combination drop safely provided satisfactory mydriasis and cycloplegia in 20 minutes, allowing for rapid and accurate examination of these patients.

Atropine↗