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PubMedDate not supplied

[Consciousness of the patient in hospital psychiatry].

In this paper the author outlines the development of ideas in the field of psychiatry related to the way a patient can face his illness. He relates how the concept of craziness was progressively replaced by this of mental illness and how this last concept was no more synonymous of déraison. As a matter of fact the patient has become able to talk about the morbid process which is overwhelming him. The author lists some factors that are supposed to influence the way a patient situates himself toward his illness. Finally, a not sophisticated clinical scale is presented in order to assess the hospitalized psychiatric patient's attitude toward his illness.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1998

Object individuation in infancy: the use of featural information in reasoning about occlusion events.

Recent findings by Xu and Carey (1996) indicate that, after seeing two distinct objects (e.g., a duck and a ball) emerge on the opposite sides of a screen, 10-month-olds show no surprise when the screen is removed to reveal one (e.g., a duck) as opposed to two objects (e.g., a duck and a ball). The authors took their results to mean that 10-month-olds are unable to use featural information to individuate objects. The present research examined a different interpretation of the results. This interpretation was based on a distinction between event mapping, in which infants see a sequence of two distinct events and judge whether the two are consistent, and event monitoring, in which infants see a single event and judge whether successive portions of the event are consistent. The present research contrasted infants' performances in event-mapping tasks in which they saw first an occlusion and then a no-occlusion situation (as in Xu & Carey) and in event-monitoring tasks in which they saw only an occlusion situation. It was hypothesized that infants would be more likely to give evidence of correct individuation when tested with the event-monitoring as opposed to the event-mapping tasks. Eight experiments were conducted with infants ages 7.5 to 11.5 months. These experiments yielded two main findings. First, when tested with an event-monitoring task, even 7.5-month-olds give evidence that they can use featural information to individuate the objects involved in an occlusion event. Second, when tested with an event-mapping task, even 9.5-month-olds give evidence that they can use featural information to interpret an occlusion event as long as the event is made extremely simple. These findings give weight to the distinction between event mapping and monitoring and more generally begin to shed light on the fundamental processes involved in infants' formation and use of event representations.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1986

[Psychological mechanisms of thought disorders in psychopathies].

The author studied patho-psychological cognitive disturbances in psychopathic patients. It is hypothesized that psychological mechanisms of cognitive deficit in psychopathic patients include insufficient orderliness and hierarchic instability of semantic formations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Elementary swelling and gelling theories.

It has been experimentally illustrated that it is possible to form an n-phase thermodynamic system where n> or =2 and has a value which is limited by the properties of the system. For example, to attain limited chemical reversibility of a mineral matrix such as vermiculite using specific butyl ammonium vermiculite, it is necessary to reform chemical bonds using an additive and a particular ion. In other words, to obtain a similar thin film using exfoliated vermiculite as that obtained with natural vermiculite, hydrophobic or binding electrostatic bonds must be formed or reformed. It has also been observed that complementary structural compounds can be formed from other silicates, such as glycerine/sodium silicate. These compounds can also encase the vermiculite matrices. (Film Formation) is proportional to (A/Temp). (Pressure).(Ionic Content). Hence F=L(A/T)PE, where F=film formation, L=functional constant for the matrix compound, T=temperature, A=temperature constant, P=pressure, E=electrostatic force and P=force/area. Thus, F=LTE2 for unit area. SigmaF=pfL. TE2/SigmaPefl=F1, where P=the probability for film formation and SigmaPef(L) is the partition function for the film formation. This concept can be extended to a response geometric algorithm. This means that for every mineral matrix there is an algorithm to describe its formation or its response to an applied field. Thus deltasec2(E)tan(E1) is the response for (F1). V---, V1...Vn, F1...Fn1, ..., Fp, ...Fnp.

Aluminum Silicates↗
PubMed1975

[Suprasegmentary inhibition and facilitation following administration of tetanus toxin to nuclei of the medulla oblongata (concerning the "starting point" phenomenon)].

Changes in the descending inhibition and facilitation produced by stimulation of the fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum after injection of tetanus toxin into the relay-nuclei of the medulla oblongata were studied in experiments on cats under light nembutal-chloralose anesthesia. The toxin was used as an agent distributing the inhibitory processes. Injection of tetanus toxin into the indicated nuclei was followed by increase in the functional dispatch formed in these nuclei. This was manifested in a repeated increase in the descending inhibition (in case of injection of tetanus toxin into the giganto-cellular nucleus) and the descending facilitation (in case of injection of the toxin into the Deiter's nucleus and the ambigus nucleus), a sharp increase in their intensity to the maximum and their marked lengthening. The data obtained are explained on the basis of the concepts of formation of powerful generators of excitation in the complex relay switching connected with disturbance of the inhibitory mechanisms. The results of these investigations extend the "dispatch station" concept as applied to the supraspinal structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Children's affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies in response to the negative affect of parents and peers.

Although research has linked difficulties in parent mood functioning to developmental problems in children, little work has examined why such a link occurs. Following current social-cognitive perspectives on children's cognitive appraisals to negative parent affect, it was hypothesized that children would show more intense affective responses, less confidence, and less active coping strategies in response to parent, as opposed to peer, negative affect. In the current study, young children (N = 39) were read experimental vignettes portraying peers and parents in either happy, sad, or angry emotional states. Children were then interviewed about their affective responses, cognitive appraisals, and coping strategies to each vignette. Beyond experiencing more negative affective responses to parent, compared to peer negative affect, children felt they could do little to help themselves when faced with paternal distress and frequently indicated they would engage in avoidant coping strategies (e.g., hiding) to make themselves feel better when confronted with parent sadness. This study has implications for more industrious future research, as well as intervention projects that involve assisting children who live in households marked by high levels of negative adult affect.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

Processing of ambiguous and unambiguous feedback by depressed and nondepressed college students: schematic biases and their implications for depressive realism.

Explored schematic processing as a mechanism for predicting (a) when depressed Ss would be negative relative to nondepressed Ss and (b) when depressed and nondepressed Ss would show biased or unbiased (i.e., "realistic") processing. Depressed and nondepressed Ss performed multiple trials of a task under conditions in which the two groups held either equivalent or different schemas regarding this task. Ss received either an unambiguous or objectively normed ambiguous feedback cue on each trial. In full support of schematic processing, depressed Ss showed negative encoding relative to nondepressed Ss only when their schemas were more negative, and both depressed and nondepressed Ss showed positively biased, negatively biased, and unbiased encoding depending on the relative feedback cue-to-schema match. Depressed and nondepressed Ss' response latencies to unambiguous feedback also supported the occurrence of schematic processing. We discuss the methodological, treatment, and "realism" implications of these findings and suggest a more precise formulation of Beck's schema theory of depression.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Conceptualizing time and behavior in environmental gerontology: a pair of old issues deserving new thought.

Architects, environmental designers, occupational therapists, and human service professionals are variously engaged in efforts to create settings for older persons that better fit their changing lifestyles and abilities. This theoretical article argues that to explain and predict more effectively the appropriateness of the settings occupied and used by their older occupants requires models and empirical inquiries that better conceptualize two areas of inquiry: (a) the temporal properties of environments and individuals and (b) the conceptualization of environmental behaviors or activities describing how individuals use, manipulate, or perform tasks in their settings. The types of constructs and relationships necessary for this inquiry are reviewed and their practical applications considered.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Minds, modules, and meta-analysis.

Wellman and colleagues' meta-analysis of performance on the false-belief task is methodologically useful, but it does not lead to any theoretical progress concerning the nature of the mechanisms that underlie the existence and development of "theory of mind." In particular, the results of this meta-analysis are perfectly compatible with "early competence" accounts that posit a specific, innate, and possibly modular basis for theory of mind. The arguments presented by Wellman and colleagues against such views stem not from their meta-analytic data, but from mistaken assumptions regarding the requirements of such theories (e.g., that there exist manipulations that improve performance only, or to a greater degree, in young children). Contrary to what Wellman and colleagues claim, their meta-analysis, while consistent with conceptual change, does not lend any new support for such theories.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Concept clarification in professional practice--dignity.

Dignity is recognized as being important to maintain, but what is it, and is it the same for each person? The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of dignity, to clarify the concept in order to benefit clients, and to forward knowledge in nursing. The concept analysis was carried out by examining personal definitions of dignity contributed by students of DipHE Nursing courses, a literature review, and discussion with other professionals. The concept analysis contains a review of definitions, postulates critical attributes, offers case examples, and suggests related cases and antecedents. It is not intended to be conclusive, but to provide a catalyst for further thought and exploration.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Symptom formation as an expression of disordered information processing in schizophrenic children.

The possible mechanisms that underlie symptom formation in childhood schizophrenia are discussed. A body of research evidence has been reviewed in which dissociation in relation to information processing was examined for its possible consequence in the formation and expression of symptomatology. Schizophrenic children have been found to exhibit dissociation of integrative processes among the sense systems at a level which is several years below normal expectation, and they usually fail to improve as age increases. The clinical manifestations of schizophrenia are considered to be the consequence of the conflict, distortion, and deprivation that derive from failure in information processing. These consequences can best be understood within a developmental framework which encompasses the different age-stages of function. This approach to the understanding of symptom formation is discussed in relationship to other evidence which suggests that primary neurological abnormality is present in schizophrenic children. Thus the identification of abnormality of intersensory integrative function may increase our understanding of etiology as well as of the mechanisms of symptom formation in schizophrenic children.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Belief revision in children: serial judgment in social cognition and decision-making domains.

Belief revision in 5- to 9-year-olds was studied with an information integration approach. In the social task, children judged niceness of story children, having heard about their good and bad deeds. In the decision task, of parallel structure, they judged what proportion of a group of turtles' catch of starfish was red or gold. In both tasks, 4-5 samples were presented successively, with children adjusting their judgment after each. All ages took sample composition into account, and judgments could be described by a serial integration model previously supported for adults. Recency effects were found as well and were stronger for younger children and in the social task. Further model analysis showed, however, that much of this recency was short-lived and that a stable opinion, to which early and later informers contributed more evenly, developed underneath. Overall, similar processes may underlie serial belief formation across the age range and across domains.

Attention↗