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PubMedDate not supplied

Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using electrosurgical instrumentation in standing horses.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses using electrosurgical instrumentation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Ten horses, 1 to 7 years of age, with unilaterally or bilaterally retained testes. METHODS: Food was withheld for a minimum of 12 to 24 hours. Horses were sedated using xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg) or detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) and restrained in standing stocks. Three portal sites in the paralumbar fossae were locally desensitized using 2% mepivacaine. After trocar and laparoscope insertion, the ipsilateral testicle, mesorchium, and ductus deferens were identified. The cranial mesorchium was coagulated with either monopolar (one horse) or bipolar (nine horses) electrosurgical forceps, and then the mesorchium, ductus deferens, and ligament of the tail of the epididymis were transected from cranial to caudal using laparoscopic scissors. Once the testis was freed, the transected mesorchium was inspected for hemorrhage and the testis was removed by connecting the two instrument portals (eight horses). In two horses, the testis was placed within a laparoscopic retrieval bag and then removed without enlarging the portal incision. If the testes were retained bilaterally, the retained contralateral testis was removed similarly through the opposite paralumbar fossa. If the contralateral testis was descended, it was removed by a standard, standing castration technique. RESULTS: Vessels of the mesorchium were adequately coagulated using bipolar and monopolar electrosurgical forceps. No immediate or short-term complications occurred in 10 horses at 3 to 11 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy can be performed easily and safely using electrosurgical instrumentation as the sole means of providing hemostasis of the equine mesorchium. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using electrosurgical instrumentation provides a safe, reliable, and efficient alternative to achieve hemostasis of the equine mesorchium.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Neuromuscular blocking activity of tubocurarine in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Previous clinical reports have suggested that deep tendon reflexes of diabetic patients are delayed and experimental studies have reported differential sensitivity of motor endplates to neuromuscular blocking drugs. These observations prompted us to study the neuromuscular effect of tubocurarine in 25 diabetic and 15 non-diabetic patients during urological surgery. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone followed by suxamethonium and maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen and increments of butorphanol. Muscle relaxation was provided with tubocurarine in an initial dose of 0.25 mg kg-1 and increments of 20% of the initial dose. At the end of surgery, residual neuromuscular block was antagonized with increments of neostigmine 0.5 mg and atropine 0.2 mg. There was a delay in the onset of action of tubocurarine in diabetic patients. A no-response state was obtained in some patients, and its duration correlated with post-tetanic count (PTC) in diabetic patients, and with post-tetanic twitch height percent (PTTH%) in the control group. We concluded that, in diabetic patients, the onset of action of tubocurarine was delayed compared with control patients, and the reliable predictor of the duration of the no-response time was PTC in diabetic patients and PTTH% in non-diabetic subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Postmortem tissue samples: an alternative to urine and blood for drug analysis in racehorses.

Although urine is the sample of choice for drug tests in racehorses, it is rarely obtained following the sudden death of a racehorse on the track while racing. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the significance of postmortem tissue samples as an alternative to urine and blood samples in equine drug analysis following the sudden death of a racehorse on the track while participating in a competitive race. Postmortem tissue samples were frozen (-80 degrees C) until analyzed. A 30-40-g portion of each organ was homogenized in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), deproteinized, hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase, extracted, and screened by thin-layer chromatography and immunoassay. Samples that initially tested positive for drug(s) were then extracted using high-flow, solid-phase extraction cartridges. The eluates were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The presence of butorphanol in horses HB355 and CD387, pentobarbital in horse HO940, and ergotamine in horses HO940 and CD387 was detected and confirmed. Thus, in the absence of urine and blood samples following sudden death, postmortem tissue samples are equally useful for forensic toxicological investigations of racehorses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Purified fumonisin B(1) decreases cardiovascular function but does not alter pulmonary capillary permeability in swine.

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides, which induce acute pulmonary edema in swine. We previously reported that ingestion of fumonisin-containing culture material decreases cardiovascular function in swine (1996,a,b; Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 31, 169-172; 33, 140-148; 1999, Am. J Vet. Res. 60, 1291-1300). The main purpose of this study was to confirm that fumonisin B(1) was responsible for the observed cardiovascular changes. Treated pigs (n = 6) were given daily intravenous injections of purified fumonisin B(1) at 1 mg/kg for 4 days, while controls (n = 6) were injected with equal volumes of saline. On day 5, pigs were anesthetized with butorphanol-chloralose and instrumented for hemodynamic studies. Terminally, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on each pig to determine the relative permeability index of the pulmonary endothelium. Fumonisin B(1)-treated pigs had marked decreases in the maximal rate of change of left ventricular pressure (dP/dt(max)), mean aortic pressure, cardiac output, and arterial pO(2), accompanied by increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure, oxygen extraction ratio, and blood hemoglobin concentration. Plasma and left ventricular sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations were markedly increased in treated pigs at day 5; however, there was no difference in the relative permeability index between groups. Serum cholesterol concentrations and activities of hepatic-derived enzymes were increased, and hepatocyte apoptosis and mitoses were present in the livers of fumonisin-treated pigs. In the lungs of treated pigs, there was proteinaceous edema and membranous accumulations in capillary endothelial cells. These results indicate that cardiovascular function is altered by fumonisin B(1), and that fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema is caused by left-sided heart failure and not by altered endothelial permeability. Because of the potential for contamination of human foodstuffs by fumonisins, the cardiovascular toxicity of these compounds must be taken into consideration.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Naloxone, meperidine, and shivering.

BACKGROUND: Meperidine, which binds both mu and kappa opioid receptors, is reportedly more effective in treating shivering than are equianalgesic doses of morphine (a nearly pure mu-receptor agonist). Furthermore, butorphanol, a kappa-receptor agonist/antagonist, treats shivering better than does fentanyl, which mostly binds mu receptors. These data indicate that much of meperidine's special antishivering activity may be mediated by its kappa activity. Accordingly, the authors tested the hypothesis that the antishivering activity of meperidine will be minimally impaired by low-dose naloxone (blocking most mu-receptors), but largely prevented by high-dose naloxone (blocking all mu and most kappa receptors). METHODS: Twelve volunteers each participated on 2 days. On both days, shivering was induced by central venous infusion of cold fluid. Twenty minutes later, six volunteers were given a placebo infusion of saline on one day, or an infusion of 0.5 microgram.kg-1.min-1 naloxone hydrochloride ("low-dose," designed to block mu receptors) on the other. The second group of six volunteers was given a saline bolus and infusion on one day, or a bolus of 11.5 micrograms/kg naloxone hydrochloride followed by an infusion of naloxone at 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 ("high-dose," designed to block both mu and kappa receptors) on the other day. The infusions were continued for the duration of the study. The order of the treatment days (saline vs. naloxone) was randomly assigned, and the study was double blinded. Fifteen minutes after the test infusion was started, all 12 volunteers were given an intravenous bolus of 1 mg/kg meperidine hydrochloride. Pupillary diameter and light reflex amplitude were used to quantify opioid-receptor agonist activity; shivering intensity was evaluated using oxygen consumption. RESULTS: Administration of naloxone alone did not alter oxygen consumption, pupil size, or the pupillary light reflex. No pupillary constriction was detected in either group when naloxone and meperidine were combined; in contrast, meperidine alone decreased pupil size and amplitude of the light reflex 30%. The meperidine bolus decreased oxygen consumption nearly to control values when the volunteers were given saline placebo. Combined administration of meperidine and low-dose naloxone also significantly reduced oxygen consumption, but the reduction and the duration of the reduction was less than during saline. When the volunteers were given high-dose naloxone, meperidine only slightly reduced oxygen consumption, and the values rapidly returned to premeperidine levels. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the antishivering property of meperidine is not fully mediated by mu-receptors. Although meperidine has well-known nonopioid actions, stimulation of kappa receptors seems a likely alternative explanation for much of the drug's antishivering action.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Experimental pain models reveal no sex differences in pentazocine analgesia in humans.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that there are sex differences in analgesic responses to opioid agonists. Several studies using an oral surgery pain model have reported more robust analgesia to kappa-agonist-antagonists (e.g., pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol) among women than among men. However, evidence of sex differences in kappa-agonist-antagonist effects from studies of experimentally induced pain in humans is lacking. METHODS: Therefore, the analgesic effects of intravenous pentazocine (0.5 mg/kg) were determined in healthy women (n = 41) and men (n = 38) using three experimental pain models: heat pain, pressure pain, and ischemic pain. Each pain procedure was conducted before and after double-blind administration of both pentazocine and saline, which occurred on separate days in counterbalanced order. RESULTS: Compared with saline, pentazocine produced significant analgesic responses for all pain stimuli. However, no sex differences in pentazocine analgesia emerged. Effect sizes for the sex differences were computed; the magnitude of effects was small, and an equal number of measures showed greater analgesia in men than in women. Also, analgesic responses were not highly correlated across pain modalities, suggesting that different mechanisms may underlie analgesia for disparate types of pain. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate significant analgesic responses to pentazocine in both men and women across multiple experimental pain assays, and the absence of sex differences contrasts with previous data from the oral surgery model. The most likely explanation for the discrepancy in results is that of differences in the pain assays. These findings are important because they suggest that sex differences in opioid analgesia may be specific to certain types of pain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects and [3H]dopamine uptake inhibition produced by selected partial opioid agonists.

Partial opioid agonists can produce their actions at opioid as well as some non-opioid sites. Although the receptor systems underlying these non-opioid effects are not completely clear, recent studies indicate the possible involvement of activity at the dopamine uptake site. One purpose of the present investigation was to examine the ability of selected partial opioid agonists (dezocine, meperidine and [+]-propoxyphene) with non-opioid actions to produce cocaine-like stimulus effects. Because non-opioid effects can be apparent under conditions in which opioid-mediated effects are blocked or at doses that markedly decrease responding, these opioids were also examined in combination with the opioid antagonist naltrexone. A second purpose was to determine the ability of these opioids to inhibit [3H]dopamine uptake in rat caudate putamen. Cocaine and the direct-acting dopamine agonist (-)-quinpirole, but not (+)-propoxyphene, butorphanol, morphine, U50,488 and pentobarbital, substituted completely for the cocaine stimulus. Dezocine substituted for the cocaine stimulus in the majority of the rats tested only when administered in combination with naltrexone. Meperidine also substituted for the cocaine stimulus in the majority of the rats tested, although this pattern of substitution was not consistently altered by naltrexone. Dezocine and meperidine inhibited [3H]dopamine uptake in a manner consistent with that produced by cocaine. The results suggest that dezocine and meperidine can produce cocaine-like stimulus effects and that these effects are likely mediated by activity at the dopamine uptake site.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1994

Treatment of the migraine attack.

Migraine is an episodic headache disorder that occurs with or without aura and is often accompanied by other symptoms. Treatment must address these associated symptoms as well as the headache, and it can involve either acute or preventive therapy alone or a combination of both. Acute therapy treats the individual attack; preventive therapy aims to reduce the frequency and severity of attacks. Drug choice requires careful consideration and depends on the character of the migraine attack. Acute drug therapy using sumatriptan, MK-462, 311C90, dihydroergotamine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, butorphanol, metoclopramide, and domperidone is discussed. Prophylactic drug therapy using valproate and fluoxetine is also discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Drug treatment of migraine: acute treatment and migraine prophylaxis.

Most current randomised controlled trials concern the acute treatment of migraine. Sumatriptan, a serotonin receptor agonist, was evaluated in 8 randomised controlled trials. Using a novel cartridge self-injector system subcutaneous sumatriptan was found superior to placebo, and oral sumatriptan in doses from 25 mg to 100 mg was found superior to placebo with no difference among doses. An oral dose of 100 mg sumatriptan was not superior to a combination of lysine acetylsalicylate plus metoclopramide, and 100 mg sumatriptan given 4 hrs after subcutaneous sumatriptan could not prevent recurrence of headache. Nasal dihydroergotamine was found to have some efficacy in acute migraine treatment, whereas nasal butorphanol, although effective in repeated doses, was hampered by many side effects. The prophylactic effect of valproate was confirmed in one randomised controlled trial.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis and management of migraine headaches.

Migraine headaches afflict approximately 6% of men and 18% of women in the United States, and cost billions of dollars each year in lost productivity, absenteeism, and direct medical expendi tures. Despite its prevalence and the availability of therapeutic op tions, many patients do not seek treatment, and among those who do, a significant portion are misdiagnosed. Correct diagnosis can be made by identifying the historic and physical examination finding that distinguish primary headache disorders from secondary head ache disorders, as well as the key clinical features that distinguis migraine headaches from other types. Once diagnosis is made, im proper or inadequate management of headache pain, related symp toms such as nausea, and the possible aggravating side-effects of pharmacologic therapies represent further obstacles to effective ther apy. Dissatisfaction with migraine therapy on the basis of these factors is common. Among abortive therapy options there are de livery methods available which may avoid aggravating symptom such as nausea. Recommended pharmacologic agents include non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intranasal butorphanol, ergota mine and its derivatives, and the triptans. Indications for prophylac tic in addition to abortive therapy include the occurrence o headaches that require abortive therapy more than twice a week, tha do not respond well to abortive therapy, and which are particularly severe. Research is ongoing in the pathophysiology of migraines evaluation of nonpharmacologic treatment modalities, assessment of new drug therapies, and validation of headache guidelines.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Human pharmacology of narcotic antagonists.

1 Human studies at the Addiction Research Center enable narcotic antagonists to be classified into three subgroups: (1) nalorphine-like agents; (2) pure antagonists; and (3) morphine-like agents. 2 Six narcotic antagonists (pentazocine, nalbuphine, cyclazocine, butorphanol, propiram and buprenorphine) developed in recent years seem to have a lesser abuse potential than codeine or propoxyphene. 3 When adjusted for relative availability of the agents, epidemiological data shows that pentazocine is abused less than codeine or propoxyphene in the US. 4 Recent studies with buprenorphine indicate that this agent would find application both as an analgesic of low abuse potential and as a new type of drug for the treatment of addiction.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Mixed agonist-antagonist opiates and physical dependence.

1 General methods (chronic, subacute and acute) for assessing physical dependence potential, abstinence precipitating capacity and abstinence preventing activity are briefly presented. 2 Direct dependence experiments indicate that, in general, mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics have relatively lower physical dependence potentials than pure agonist analgesics. That of buprenorphine seems to be particularly low in various animal species. 3 When substitution techniques are used, the dependence potential of buprenorphine seems to be somewhat more developed than with direct dependence techniques. 4 Among various agonists (morphine, methadone and etorphine), antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone and diprenorphine) and mixed agonist-antagonists (pentazocine, butorphanol and buprenorphine), buprenorphine is the most potent and the longest acting drug in preventing precipitated abstinence in mice, rats and dogs. 5 The low physical dependence potential of buprenorphine may result in part from the very slow dissociation of the complex it forms with opiate receptors. This potential might be underestimated when precipitated abstinence methods are used, as naloxone would displace buprenorphine from its receptors only to a very limited extent. New means of evaluating dependence by more direct means need to be developed. 6 Overall, the properties of mixed agonists in general justify their use as analgesics with lower physical dependence potential than the pure opiates and further, those of buprenorphine seem to indicate its possible utility for the treatment of opiate addiction.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Isoflurane or halothane for cesarean section: comparative maternal and neonatal effects.

The maternal and neonatal effects of isoflurane and halothane combined with 50% N2O - 50% O2 were compared in 60 healthy parturients undergoing primary or repeat cesarean section. All patients had rapid sequence induction of anesthesia with sodium thiamylal 4 mg/kg followed by succinylcholine for tracheal intubation. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups of 20 each (inspired 0.5% isoflurane, 1% isoflurane or 0.5% halothane), combined with 50% N2O and O2. After delivery, 67% N2O in O2 was used, supplemented by butorphanol. Maternal blood loss did not differ significantly among the three groups and none of the patients developed intraoperative awareness. At the time of delivery, maternal plasma epinephrine levels were significantly above preinduction levels in the 0.5% isoflurane group but unchanged in the other two groups. Neonatal status as ascertained by Apgar scores, cord acid base status and the Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Scores (NACS) was equally good in the three groups of patients. Serum inorganic fluoride concentrations in the mother after anesthesia were not significantly above preanesthetic levels in any of the groups and there was no biochemical evidence of renal toxicity. In all neonates fluoride ion concentrations in the first voided urine sample were less than 7 mumol/l, a value well below that associated with nephrotoxicity. It is concluded that isoflurane is a safe supplement to N2O - O2 mixture for cesarean section and is a safer alternative to halothane in situations when patients receiving beta-adrenergic therapy require cesarean section since halothane might potentiate arrhythmias caused by beta adrenergic agonists.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Intravenous propofol vs thiamylal-isoflurane for caesarean section, comparative maternal and neonatal effects.

Several studies on propofol (Diprivan) for induction of anaesthesia during caesarean section have demonstrated its safety, however, it safety during maintenance of anaesthesia is not yet fully evaluated. The present study was undertaken to compare the maternal and neonatal effects of propofol or isoflurane in 74 term parturients undergoing primary or repeat caesarean section. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups, propofol group (n = 37) received propofol 1.5-2.5 mg.kg-1 for induction followed by a continuous infusion of propofol of 0.05-0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1. The isoflurane group (n = 37) received thiamylal 3-4mg.kg-1 for induction followed by isoflurane 0.25-0.75% for maintenance. All patients had rapid sequence induction using succinylcholine and endotracheal intubation, 50% N2O and O2 were used in all patients until delivery. After delivery N2O concentration was increased to 67% and intravenous butorphanol (Stadol) was given as needed. Patients in the propofol group had less hypertension after intubation (P < 0.05) and this was also of shorter duration compared to patients in the isoflurane group (5 min vs 10 min respectively). Maternal blood loss as well as intraoperative awareness and recovery time did not differ significantly between the two groups. Neonatal status as ascertained by Apgar scores, cord acid base status and the neurological and adaptive capacity scores (NACS) was equally good in both groups. It is concluded that propofol used for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia is a safe alternative to thiamylal/isoflurane for patients undergoing caesarean section and is associated with less hypertensive response during laryngoscopy and intubation.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1995

Desflurane: a new volatile anesthetic for cesarean section. Maternal and neonatal effects.

Desflurane, a new volatile anesthetic agent with low blood/gas solubility, has recently been studied in clinical and animal trials but its use in obstetrics has not been adequately evaluated. This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the maternal and neonatal effects of desflurane in obstetrical patients. Seventy-five healthy parturients undergoing primary or repeat cesarean section were randomly assigned to one of three groups of 25 each, end-tidal 3% desflurane, 6% desflurane or 0.6% enflurane, combined with 50% N2O and O2. All patients had rapid sequence induction of anesthesia with thiopentone sodium followed by succinylcholine for tracheal intubation. After delivery, anesthesia was maintained with reduced concentration of desflurane or enflurane with 67% N2O in O2, supplemented by butorphanol tartrate. Maternal hemodynamic parameters, blood loss and maternal awareness during surgery were monitored. Neonatal outcome was evaluated by Apgar scores, neurological and adaptive capacity scores (NACS), cord blood gas and acid-base status, and time to sustained respiration (TSR). Maternal blood loss did not differ significantly between the three groups and none of the patients developed intraoperative awareness. All three groups responded to psychomotor performance equally fast. Patients in all three groups developed transient hypertension and tachycardia during induction of anesthesia which returned to baseline values in approximately 5 min. Neonatal outcome was equally good in the three groups. More neonates in the 6% desflurane group had TSR > 90 s compared to the 3% desflurane group (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Anesthesia, Obstetrical↗
PubMed1998

In vitro study on antioxidant potential of various drugs used in the perioperative period.

BACKGROUND: Since surgical trauma not only intensifies the oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), but also weakens the biological defense system against ROS attack, the antioxidant activity of drugs used during the perioperative period, which possibly normalizes the impaired redox state in the patient, is of fundamental importance and great clinical interest. METHODS: We have applied the phycoerythrin fluorescence-based assay, in which 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-generated peroxyl radical attacks B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) to lead to a sensitive decrease in its fluorescence intensity linearly, to evaluate the antioxidant activity of major drugs in anesthetic practice. RESULTS: By the protective effect on B-PE fluorescence decay, the antioxidant activities of the drugs were classified into three groups: Group I drugs, which only slowed B-PE fluorescence decay (nicardipine, verapamil, diltiazem, ephedrine, aminophylline, vecuronium, lidocaine, mepivacaine, midazolam, thiamylal, droperidol, ketamine, hydroxyzine, butorphanol, prednisolone, hydrocortisone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and furosemide); Group II drugs, which protected B-PE oxidation completely and stopped fluorescence decay in a certain duration (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dobutamine, isoproterenol, and buprenorphine); and Group III drugs, which had no protective effect on B-PE oxidation (nitroglycerin, prostaglandin E1, neostigmine, pancuronium, suxamethonium, atropine, bupivacaine, pentazocine, and heparin). CONCLUSION: These results indicate that Group I and II drugs exert some antioxidant activity in vitro, as measured by their protection of fluorescence decay of B-PE. Careful consideration of these properties might, then, serve to facilitate more efficient drug application.

Adjuvants, Anesthesia↗
PubMed2004

Effects of doxapram HCl on laryngeal function of normal dogs and dogs with naturally occurring laryngeal paralysis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of IV doxapram on glottic size and arytenoid motion in normal dogs and in dogs with laryngeal paralysis. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental and clinical trials. ANIMALS: Six healthy dogs weighing 24.5 +/- 3.9 kg and six dogs weighing 27.4 +/- 11.5 kg suspected of having laryngeal paralysis. METHODS: Dogs were pre-medicated with acepromazine and butorphanol, and a light plane of anesthesia was induced with isoflurane by mask. Videoendoscopic examination of laryngeal function was recorded before (baseline) and after IV doxapram administration. Normalized glottal gap area (NGGA) at maximal inspiration and expiration, and percentage change in height, width, area, and NGGA were calculated with measurements from digitized images of the glottal gap. RESULTS: Active arytenoid motion was present in all normal dogs at baseline. After doxapram administration, depth of respiration appeared greater, but arytenoid motion, as measured by percentage change in NGGA, and in area and width, did not significantly increase in normal dogs. No arytenoid motion was detected in dogs with laryngeal paralysis at baseline; however, rima glottidis NGGA of dogs with laryngeal paralysis was greater at inspiration and expiration than normal dogs. After doxapram administration, dogs with laryngeal paralysis developed paradoxical arytenoid motion and significant, negative percentage change in area (-61%) and NGGA (-145%) because of inward collapse of the arytenoids during inspiration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of doxapram during laryngeal examination is useful for differentiating normal dogs from dogs with laryngeal paralysis. Dogs with laryngeal paralysis may suffer extreme glottic constriction with vigorous respirations, and may require intubation during examination.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Electroencephalographic and cardiovascular variables as nociceptive indicators in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Fourier-transformed electroencephalographic (EEG) variables, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and pulse rate as nociceptive indicators in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses. ANIMALS: Five standardbred and three Norwegian cold-blooded trotter stallions undergoing castration, aged 2-4 years, mass 378-538 kg. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All horses received intravenous (IV) detomidine (10 microg kg(-1) IV) and butorphanol (0.01 mg kg(-1) IV). Additional detomidine (4 microg kg(-1) IV) was administered in the induction area. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.5 mg kg(-1) IV) and diazepam (40 microg kg(-1) IV), and maintained for 30 minutes with isoflurane (end-tidal concentration of 1.4%) vaporized in oxygen. The electroencephalogram, MAP and pulse rate were recorded for 15 minutes, beginning 5 minutes before skin incision. Differences between the mean values of recordings taken before, and during surgery were calculated and tested for significant differences using a two-sided Student's t-test. RESULTS: A significant rise in MAP and a fall in pulse rate were found. No significant change was found in any EEG variable. CONCLUSION/CLINICAL relevance Of the variables evaluated, MAP seems to be the most sensitive and reliable indicator of nociception in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses.

Anesthesia↗