The age of neuroelectronics.
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Animal Experimentation↗
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[An initial investigation on the in vitro culture system of primordial germ cells in golden hamsters].
To establish the in vitro culture system of primordial germ cells (PGCs) of golden hamsters, PGCs of hamster were isolated from genital ridge of embryos at 10. 5th dpc (day post coitum), obtained by enzyme-mechanical method, and cultured on feeder cells. Then the PGCs were identified by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity staining. In order to induce the PGCs to differentiate in vitro, we removed the differential inhibition factors in the conditioned medium and observed the formation of embryoids and differentiated cells from three layers. The result showed that the pluripotent primordial germ cells could be successfully obtained from the golden hamsters at 10. 5th dpc by the enzyme-mechanical method and that PGCs were identified by both their strong positive reaction in ALP activity staining test and their differentiation into three-layer derived cells in vitro. The result suggests that the establishment of in vitro PGCs culture system of golden hamsters will provide new cell source for biomedical engineering.
Animals↗
Developing library bioinformatics services in context: the Purdue University Libraries bioinformationist program.
SETTING: Purdue University is a major agricultural, engineering, biomedical, and applied life science research institution with an increasing focus on bioinformatics research that spans multiple disciplines and campus academic units. The Purdue University Libraries (PUL) hired a molecular biosciences specialist to discover, engage, and support bioinformatics needs across the campus. PROGRAM COMPONENTS: After an extended period of information needs assessment and environmental scanning, the specialist developed a week of focused bioinformatics instruction (Bioinformatics Week) to launch system-wide, library-based bioinformatics services. EVALUATION MECHANISMS: The specialist employed a two-tiered approach to assess user information requirements and expectations. The first phase involved careful observation and collection of information needs in-context throughout the campus, attending laboratory meetings, interviewing department chairs and individual researchers, and engaging in strategic planning efforts. Based on the information gathered during the integration phase, several survey instruments were developed to facilitate more critical user assessment and the recovery of quantifiable data prior to planning. NEXT STEPS/FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Given information gathered while working with clients and through formal needs assessments, as well as the success of instructional approaches used in Bioinformatics Week, the specialist is developing bioinformatics support services for the Purdue community. The specialist is also engaged in training PUL faculty librarians in bioinformatics to provide a sustaining culture of library-based bioinformatics support and understanding of Purdue's bioinformatics-related decision and policy making.
Computational Biology↗
[Research progress in a wearable life signs monitoring system for a single soldier].
Wearable monitoring technology is a hot spot in biomedical engineering and military medical devices. This paper reviews the research progress about the wearable life-sign monitoring system for a single soldier.
Biosensing Techniques↗
Notable Australian contributions to the management of ventilatory failure of acute poliomyelitis: with special reference to the Both respirator and Dr. John A. Forbes.
When Australia's 1937 epidemic of poliomyelitis created an urgent need for extra ventilating machines to compensate for respiratory paralysis, Edward Both, an innovative Adelaide biomedical engineer, invented a wooden-cabinet respirator capable of being made relatively quickly in sufficient quantity. His device, here called "the Both", alleviated the problem at Adelaide's Northfield Infectious Diseases Hospital and others, and in late 1938 was introduced into England when Both was visiting there. Appreciating its merits, Lord Nuffield financed assembly-line production at the Morris motor works in Cowley, Oxford. Then, through the Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics in Oxford's Radcliffe Infirmary, he had the Both distributed Commonwealth-wide, as a gift for treating ventilatory failure in polio - especially in children. For the 1937 epidemic in Victoria, and to the design of Melbourne University's Professor of Engineering, Aubrey Burstall, nearly 200 of another wooden-cabinet respirator were ultimately built. Some were installed at the Acute Respiratory Unit of the Infectious Diseases Hospital at Fairfield, then others "all over Australia". However, by the early 1950s, the Both had replaced Fairfield Hospital's "Burstall", which had functioned as Victoria's favoured respirator since 1937. Dr John Forbes at Fairfield became the foremost Australian clinician for expertise with the Both. Before the advent of intermittent positive pressure ventilation, the Both's usefulness had seen it tried for ventilatory failure in some non-polio conditions, but uptake of that application was limited. Nonetheless, Nuffield's philanthropy with the (Nuffield-)Both ultimately furthered progress along the 20th century pathway to intensive care medicine.
Acute Disease↗
[Research in interventional imaging].
Interventional Imaging research has two objectives: developing new materials for atraumatic percutaneous and image-guided access to pathologies and organs, and their treatment tools. This represents a new field of research of Biomedical Engineering, which is at the cross-point of medical and engineering techniques. It requires a major input from industrial firms.
Radiology, Interventional↗
Prosthetic heart valve evaluation in vitro: critical aspects of data comparability.
The technology of heart valve substitution has considerably improved in the last few years, but its reliability after implantation is still not good enough, hence the need to study new valve design and improve quality testing. Different pulse duplicators are used for heart valve testing, but the results depend very much on the system adopted and the measurement protocol. Tests on two pulse duplicators currently used at the Biomedical Engineering Laboratory at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, are reported here. The most significant parameters for valve evaluation were measured following each system's own protocol. Attention was focused on vascular load tuning when setting up the system and on the relationship between drive unit flow waveform and valve regurgitation and energy loss measurements. Standardization criteria must be defined in order to ensure the reliable comparability of in vitro testing results.
Coronary Circulation↗
A little know-how can help reduce service costs.
Hospital executives may not always know exactly how much their institutions spend each year on clinical equipment maintenance, but they do know their costs are too high, according to a new survey sponsored by a Milwaukee-based biomedical engineering contractor. The survey's sponsor says a carefully administered cost-reduction program for equipment maintenance can reap about a 20 percent savings.
Contract Services↗
[Medical informatics systems exemplified by the diagnosis of equilibrium disorders].
An interdisciplinary field, namely the differential diagnosis of balance disorders and vertigo, is used to describe how a medical expert system can be developed using modern computer analysis, medical expertise, and human pattern recognition techniques. The advantages, results, and unresolved issues of close cooperation between biomedical engineers and physicians are described. The aim of this cooperation was to ensure that complicated data were presented in simple graphic form and that large amounts of diagnostic data were optimally linked together for the generation of a recommended diagnosis. Similar techniques may usefully be employed in other areas of medicine.
Caloric Tests↗
Real-time expert-system-based fuzzy control of mean arterial pressure in pigs with sodium nitroprusside infusion.
This paper deals with real-time fuzzy control of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in pigs by regulating the infusion rate of the vasodilator drug, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The fuzzy controller was based on the parallel firing mode of a general-purpose Fuzzy LOgic Production System shell, FLOPS [2,3,16,20]. One of the major advantages of this fuzzy control drug delivery system over other existing automatic drug delivery systems is that the fuzzy control system may be designed by using experts' knowledge and experience without any explicit mathematical models involved. Mean arterial pressure in pigs was controlled satisfactorily in real-time by the fuzzy control system. It comes to the conclusion that it may be feasible to employ this fuzzy controller in the management of mean arterial pressure of patients clinically. Also, various applications of the fuzzy controller may exist in industry and in biomedical engineering.
Animals↗
Design mediated thrombus reduction in the Utah-100 total artificial heart.
The Utah-100 total artificial heart was initially designed and tested in 1983. General design goals, including improved fit for human application, improved reliability, and elimination of thrombus formation, were identified as improvements over the clinically used Jarvik-7 artificial heart, previously developed at the Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah. Specific design goals included 1) elimination of connector and valve-associated thrombus formation and 2) elimination of gross mineralization, thrombus formation, and creases on the blood-pumping diaphragm of the device. Explant retrieval results from 29 calves and sheep implanted with the Jarvik-7 artificial heart were compared with results from 25 calves and sheep implanted with the Utah-100 artificial heart. Macroscopic thrombus formation was found in 44% of the connectors of the Jarvik-7 artificial-hearts, compared with 2% (p less than or equal to 0.01) in animals with the Utah-100 artificial heart. Subvalvular and supravalvular thrombi were observed in 33% of the valves in the Jarvik-7 artificial heart and 10% (p less than or equal to 0.01) of the valves in the Utah-100 artificial heart. Mineralization of the pumping diaphragm was observed in 12% of the animals implanted with the Jarvik-7 artificial heart and in 4% of the animals with the Utah-100 diaphragms. Thrombus formation in the diaphragm-housing interface occurred in 2% of Jarvik-7 ventricles and in 6% of the Utah-100 ventricles. There were no identifiable diaphragm creases in the Utah-100 diaphragms, but a 10% incidence was found in Jarvik-7 devices. These results validate substantial progress toward improved design and fabrication methods in the Utah-100 total artificial heart.
Animals↗
Cardiac mechanics and energetics--from Emax to PVA.
After these seven decades of cardiac mechanics, through the windows of Starling's cardiac output curve followed by Sonnenblick's myocardial force-velocity relation and Vmax, Frank's ventricular pressure-volume (P-V) relationship has revived as a window of cardiac mechanics over the past two decades following the proposal of the Emax concept by Suga and Sagawa. Emax is a physically sound measure of ventricular contractile compressibility or time-varying volume elastance at end systole. Although the original Emax concept has been slightly modified to improve its fitness to reality, the Emax concept has successfully survived over two decades as a basic conceptual framework of ventricular contraction in physiological, pathophysiological and clinical studies. An important expansion of the Emax concept was introduced by Suga a decade ago, and a new window for cardiac energetics was opened up by the concept of PVA as a measure of the total contractile energy generated by ventricular contraction. PVA correlates with ventricular oxygen consumption, with Emax as a decisive parameter. Moreover, Emax and PVA combined with effective arterial elastance Ea as a new afterload parameter proposed by Sunagawa and Sagawa have enabled us to predict cardiac energetics under a variety of loading and contractile conditions. The key advances of the Emax and PVA concepts are reviewed mainly in the biomedical engineering aspects by the proposer of these concepts himself.
Animals↗
[Cardiomyoplasty. Experimental bases, operative technic, indications].
Dynamic cardiomyoplasty aims at restoring ventricular contractility by means of a skeletal muscle sutured around the heart. It consists of transferring a latissimus dorsi muscle flap onto the heart through a window created in the thoracic wall by partial resection of the second rib. The skeletal muscle may be used to reinforce the ventricular systole in ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy, or to replace the myocardium after resection of a large aneurysm or an extensive tumour. The electronic pacing material includes an implantable cardiomyostimulator, muscle stimulating electrodes and R wave detecting electrodes. Muscular pacing begins 2 weeks after the operation, this being the time required for adhesions to be formed between the heart and the muscle. A progressive and sequential electrostimulation procedure results in the transformation of glycolytic muscle fibres that are fatigue-sensitive into fatigue-resistant oxidative fibres. The purpose of this biomechanical cardiac assistance system, where cardiac surgery is combined with plastic surgery and biomedical engineering, is to prolong life and improve its quality in patients with severe heart failure.
Assisted Circulation↗
[Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 by long-term infusion of insulin].
In the article the authors evaluate the portable insulin pump, a prototype designed at the Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and also Promedos E1 pump produced by Siemens in the therapy of patients with diabetes type 1 brittle. Two patients underwent therapy by means of continuous intravenous insulin infusions (CDWI) for two months, two other patients--(CPWI) for about five years. The authors made an evaluation of the two methods by counting mean blood glucose, value M according to Schlichtkrull and determining the level of glycosylated haemoglobin. By continuous infusions of insulin, the authors achieved better diabetes control than with the previous conventional therapy.
Adult↗
[Research fronts in medicine].
Citation mapping of communicating structures of science and derived indices of the most active research fronts make it possible to adopt and create factographic bases for operative management and prognosis of fundamental medical research. Information data bases and printed registers for systematic use of these materials can be processed according to published analyses of priority trends of science, using methods of aggregated quotations or using networks of descriptors. The referred investigations pertain to the problem of allergy, AIDS, biomedical engineering, hyperthermia, hypnosis, risk pregnancy, epidemiology, modelling, bacterial bioluminescence, prostaglandins, aberrant genes, theory of immune systems, monoclonal antibodies, cholesterol metabolism, immunogenetics and neurobiology, incl. association to the work of Nobel prize winners. The science atlases for biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology and molecular genetics, and in new series for pharmacology, biochemistry, immunology, clinical and neurological and psychological disciplines provides a new type of standardized prognostic surveys with identification of the foremost world science fronts.
Information Systems↗
Nursing considerations for the patient with a total artificial heart.
At our institution, the TAH has been identified as a valuable support to a select subgroup of individuals with end-stage heart disease as a bridge to transplantation. Length of implantation has varied from 1 to 48 days in the PUH series. Management of the care of the TAH-implanted patient requires a collaborative effort by nurses, physicians, and biomedical engineers. Nurses caring for the patient must have extensive knowledge of postoperative care of the high-risk cardiac surgical patient that is supplemented by the specialized knowledge of TAH function and monitoring. We have identified specialized components to the nursing care of the patient following TAH implantation. Monitoring for hemorrhage is important in the immediate postoperative period; anticoagulation and assessment of possible embolic events are later considerations. Knowledge of the relationship between TAH function and changing preload and afterload enhances the nurses' interpretation of COMDU and hemodynamic monitoring parameters, and is essential when applied to other nursing interventions, such as patient positioning and mobilization. Nursing-care measures to prevent atelectasis or consolidation are essential to prevention of pneumonia. Prevention of infection is crucial to facilitate transplantation. Practice of aseptic technique with particular care to drive-line insertion sites is necessary. Pain management, as well as nutritional and psychologic support, are important to promote patient well-being (a nursing-care plan is outlined in Table 1). The goals of all nursing-care measures are an improved perfusion state as offered by the TAH, prevention of possible complications associated with TAH implantation, and prevention of possible complications of critical illness and immobility. The desired outcome is a patient with a stabilized or improving condition prior to cardiac transplantation. It has been exciting to participate in the development of nursing-care guidelines for a patient population that has little precedent. The TAH creates a symbiotic relationship between man and machine, and nursing-care responsibilities have grown to encompass the mechanical aspects of this relationship. Satisfaction has increased as well, as the nurse is able to provide a specialized service in the provision of a life-saving therapy and be a vital element in the successful implementation of an artificial-heart program. As advances are made in the development of mechanical devices that assist or replace the human heart, ongoing evaluation and refinement of nursing care guidelines are essential.
Assisted Circulation↗
Application of expert systems to mammographic image analysis.
A prototype expert system was designed for differentiation of 16 circumscribed breast abnormalities utilizing findings identified by a human observer from X-ray mammograms, clinical data, and patient history. An off-the-shelf expert system shell served as the foundation for the rule base. The system runs on standard microcomputer hardware. Preliminary results suggest the expert system may be valuable in improving the ability of relatively unskilled observers to screen X-ray mammograms. Overall, radiology residents with limited experience in mammographic image analysis obtained a diagnostic accuracy level of 40% on their own, whereas they attained 73% accuracy level when using the expert system. A group of biomedical engineering students with no prior experience in mammographic image analysis obtained on the average an 80% diagnostic accuracy level utilizing the expert system in comparison with the 70% average accuracy level obtained by practicing radiologists without use of the system.
Expert Systems↗
Long-term preservation of a beating heart in an artificial environment.
The natural heart could be preserved in the beating state, with appropriate afterload, for more than 24 hrs if supported by blood compatible artificial organs and biomedical engineering techniques. An artificial environment was developed using this philosophy. The system was constructed from four subsystems: circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, and environmental. In the circulatory subsystem, diastolic pressure was held at 70 to 100 mmHg by computer aided peripheral resistance, and a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) could be added when cardiac function was weakened. The respiratory subsystem was composed of an artificial lung and computer aided gas mixer for O2, CO2, and air, which kept blood PO2 and PCO2 within physiologic levels. In the metabolic subsystem, glucose and insulin were injected by infusion pump so as to maintain blood sugar within 100 to 200 mg/dl, whereas the environmental system preserved the isolated heart at 37 degrees C in a sterile water bath. Goats' hearts were connected to this system, and continued to beat for a maximum of 24 hours.
Animals↗