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PubMed2025

Asymmetric cortical projections to striatal direct and indirect pathways distinctly control actions.

The striatal direct and indirect pathways constitute the core for basal ganglia function in action control. Although both striatal D1- and D2-spiny projection neurons (SPNs) receive excitatory inputs from the cerebral cortex, whether or not they share inputs from the same cortical neurons, and how pathway-specific corticostriatal projections control behavior remain largely unknown. Here using a G-deleted rabies system in mice, we found that more than two-thirds of excitatory inputs to D2-SPNs also target D1-SPNs, while only one-third do so vice versa. Optogenetic stimulation of striatal D1- vs. D2-SPN-projecting cortical neurons differently regulate locomotion, reinforcement learning and sequence behavior, implying the functional dichotomy of pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits. These results reveal the partially segregated yet asymmetrically overlapping cortical projections on striatal D1- vs. D2-SPNs, and that the pathway-specific corticostriatal subcircuits distinctly control behavior. It has important implications in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases affecting cortico-basal ganglia circuitry.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

An examination of ethnic differences in cigarette smoking intention among female teenagers.

PURPOSE: To describe and compare predictors of cigarette smoking intention, as defined by the theory of planned behavior, among African American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic white female teenagers. DATA SOURCES: A convenience sample of 430 English-speaking female teenagers (141 African American, 146 Puerto Rican, and 143 non-Hispanic white teenagers), aged 13-19 years, who were patients at family planning clinics in eastern Pennsylvania. The data were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Regression analyses demonstrated attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control predicted 70% of the variance in smoking intention in African American, 69% in Puerto Rican, and 88% in non-Hispanic white teenagers. In addition, ethnic group differences were identified. For African Americans, smoking intention was mediated principally by perceived behavioral control, whereas for Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic white teenagers, attitudes were the greatest predictor of intention to smoke. Moreover, non-Hispanic white smokers had a stronger intention to smoke than either the African American or Puerto Rican smokers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, with the majority of smokers initiating the habit in their teen years. Nurse practitioners are in key positions to counsel young women about the dangers of smoking. The identification of cultural-specific predictors of smoking will assist in the development of tailored antismoking messages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Swelling behavior and controlled release of theophylline and sulfamethoxazole drugs in beta-lactoglobulin protein gels obtained by phase separation in water/ethanol mixture.

Physically cross-linked beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) protein gels containing theophylline and sulfamethoxazole low molecular weight drugs were prepared in 50% ethanol solution at pH 8 and two protein concentrations (6 and 7% (w/v)). Swelling behavior of cylindrical gels showed that, irrespective of the hydrated or dehydrated state of the gel, the rate of swelling was the highest in water. When the gels were exposed to water, they first showed a swelling phase in which their weight increased 3 and 30 times for hydrated and dehydrated gels, respectively, due to absorption of water, followed by a dissolution phase. The absorption of solvent was however considerably reduced when the gels were exposed to aqueous buffer solutions. The release behavior of both theophylline and sulfamethoxazole drugs from BLG gels was achieved in a time window ranging from 6 to 24 h. The drug release depended mainly on the solubility of the drugs and the physical state of the gel (hydrated or dry form). Analysis of drug release profiles using the model of Peppas showed that diffusion through hydrated gels was governed by a Fickian process whereas diffusion through dehydrated gels was governed partly by the swelling capacities of the gel but also by the structural rearrangements inside the network occurring during dehydration step. By a judicious selection of protein concentration, hydrated or dehydrated gel state, drug release may be modulated to be engineered suitable for pharmaceutical as well as cosmetics and food applications.

Ethanol↗
PubMed1980

Visual attention in retarded adults: combining stimuli which control incompatible behavior.

Eight severely retarded young men learned color and line-tilt discrimination. After 95% accuracy was achieved for both dimensions, they were combined to form "conflict-compound" stimuli in which prior reinforcement history was reversed for one element of the compound and unchanged for the other. When responding to the compound was 95% accurate, control exerted by each element was measured. The unchanged element consistently exercised control in agreement with the reinforcement contingencies associated with the compound, regardless of whether it was color or line orientation. The reversed element, which had a conflicting prior history or reinforcement, most often exerted control associated wtih original training, or no control, suggesting that it had been "ignored" during the compound. Conflict compounds produced selective attention. When elements were combined to form "compatible-compound" stimuli, both exercised control in agreement with the compound in post-tests. Selective attention was not produced by compatible compounds.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Cytoplasmic factors that control nuclear behavior in mammalian oocytes: a re-evaluation of studies performed as a student of Yoshio Masui.

Studies performed by the author in the laboratory of Dr Yoshio Masui are reviewed and interpreted in the light of subsequent findings. The first series of studies indicated that that chromosome condensation during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes is controlled initially by a stable protein that decays during maturation and subsequently by an unstable protein synthesized after germinal vesicle breakdown. Cyclin B is present in immature oocytes, becomes partially degraded near metaphase I and then re-accumulates, suggesting that this may be protein whose activity was inferred from the original results. The second series of experiments indicated that factors which appear in the oocyte cytoplasm during maturation are able to remodel the sperm into metaphase-like chromosomes, and that the supply of these factors is limited. Recent work indicates that these factors are required for the assembly of histones onto the sperm DNA, and has identified two molecular species, mNAP-1 and NPM-3, known to promote replication-independent chromatin assembly in somatic cells, that are expressed in oocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Discriminated taste aversion and context: a progress report.

The research described here concerns the interaction between the environment (context), the organism, and the effects of opiates, focusing on how conditioning and contextual cues affect drug controlled behaviors. This analysis applies the powerful tool of drug discrimination to a respondent conditioning procedure (discriminated taste aversion, DTA). Data show that the use of DTA is feasible in that it is sensitive to morphine dose and saccharin concentration. Swifter control over DTA was achieved by increasing the LiCl dose (UCS magnitude). It is also clear that morphine alone can serve as a discriminative stimulus not requiring saccharin as a contextual element (which has been the case for most DTA studies to date), or saccharin being part of a compounded stimulus. Pharmacological specificity was demonstrated in substitution tests with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. This research continues a systematic experimental analysis of the interaction between drug-controlled behavior and context.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ca2+ spikes in the flagellum control chemotactic behavior of sperm.

The events that occur during chemotaxis of sperm are only partly known. As an essential step toward determining the underlying mechanism, we have recorded Ca2+ dynamics in swimming sperm of marine invertebrates. Stimulation of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata by the chemoattractant or by intracellular cGMP evokes Ca2+ spikes in the flagellum. A Ca2+ spike elicits a turn in the trajectory followed by a period of straight swimming ('turn-and-run'). The train of Ca2+ spikes gives rise to repetitive loop-like movements. When sperm swim in a concentration gradient of the attractant, the Ca2+ spikes and the stimulus function are synchronized, suggesting that precise timing of Ca2+ spikes controls navigation. We identified the peptide asterosap as a chemotactic factor of the starfish Asterias amurensis. The Ca2+ spikes and swimming behavior of sperm from starfish and sea urchin are similar, implying that the signaling pathway of chemotaxis has been conserved for almost 500 million years.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Courtship behavior and control of reproductive isolation in Drosophila mojavensis: genetic analysis of population hybrids.

Drosophila mojavensis from the Sonora region and Baja California show asymmetrical sexual isolation in the laboratory: males from Sonora mate equally frequently with Sonora and Baja females, while the mating success of Baja males with Sonora females is reduced. This failure has been localized to three separate behavioral landmarks occurring during courtship. Genetic analysis was conducted using reciprocal F1 hybrids of Sonora and Baja strains to examine inheritance patterns of the responsible courtship behaviors. Mating success and propensity of F1 males were similar to Sonora males. F1 females mated with males of Sonora and Baja races equally, although mating propensity of F1 females was intermediate between that of Sonora and Baja females. Males of Baja strains presented with F1 females showed a relatively high level of failure at attempted intromission. Genes for mating behaviors are located in the autosomes, but different loci responsible for the sexual isolation appear to act in males and females.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characteristics of vegetarian adolescents in a multiethnic urban population.

PURPOSE: To examine the prevalence of adolescents' vegetarianism in a multiethnic, urban population, and its correlates with demographic, personal, weight-related, and behavioral factors. METHODS: Self-report and anthropometric data were collected from a representative sample of 4746 adolescents from 31 public middle schools and high schools in the Twin Cities area of Minnesota. Students answered questions concerning vegetarianism, food and weight, and health behaviors. Height and weight were directly measured. Comparisons were made between self-reported vegetarians and nonvegetarians; these analyses also assessed gender and race/ethnicity interactions. In the second set of analyses, demographic and behavioral characteristics of more restricted and semi-vegetarians were examined. Analyses were done by logistic regression. RESULTS: Teenage vegetarians comprise about 6% of the sample. The vegetarians were more likely than nonvegetarians to be female, not black, weight- and body-conscious, dissatisfied with their bodies, and involved in a variety of healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors. Vegetarians more often reported having been told by a physician that they had an eating disorder and were more likely to have contemplated and attempted suicide. Vegetarian males were found to be an especially high risk group for unhealthy weight control practices. Few ethnic group differences among vegetarians were noted. Adolescents who did not eat chicken and fish were at lower risk than those who also ate chicken and fish. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent vegetarians are at greater risk than others for involvement in unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors. Vegetarian males are at particularly high risk. Vegetarianism among adolescents may therefore be a signal for preventive intervention. Adolescents who choose to become vegetarians may also need to learn how to healthfully do so.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Early developmental precursors of impulsive and inattentive behavior: from infancy to middle childhood.

BACKGROUND: We examined infancy and toddler-age precursors of impulsivity and inattention in school-age children. Children (50 boys, 39 girls) had been participants since infancy in the Bloomington Longitudinal Study. METHOD: Individual differences in children's self-regulatory competence were assessed at 8 years of age, using laboratory tests and observations of three central constructs: Inhibitory Control, Behavioral Control, and Attentional Disengagement. RESULTS: We found that measures of caregiver-child interaction, child temperament, and child cognitive competence during the toddler period significantly predicted variations in children's later impulsive functioning. However, the strength of these relationships, and the type and combination of significant risk factors, were differentially patterned in relation to specific subtypes of later child impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide further evidence for the multidimensional nature of child impulsivity, and they highlight the importance of examining toddler-age precursors of children's later self-regulatory competence.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Understanding physicians' intention to use a simple infection control measure: wearing gloves.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the factors that explain the intention of physicians to wear gloves when contact with blood or body fluids was possible. METHODS: A survey was given to a representative sample of physicians (general practitioners, medical specialist, and surgeons of the Canadian province of Québec). A total of 720 physicians completed the self-administered questionnaire. The respondents' intention to wear gloves, psychosocial variables (attitude, perceived social norm, perceived behavioral control, perceived risk of infection, and habit of wearing gloves), and sociodemographic variables were assessed. RESULTS: A substantial proportion of physicians (80%) had strong intentions to wear gloves when contact with blood and body fluids was possible. Logistic regression indicated that the 3 most important factors explaining intention were perceived behavioral norm, attitudes, and perceived behavioral control. Perceived risk of infections, habit of wearing gloves, and being in a younger age category were additional factors related to intention. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions should reinforce the perception that the use of gloves is the norm among medical professionals. These programs also should emphasize the advantages of wearing gloves, counteract the perceived disadvantages of wearing them, and enhance the ability of physicians to circumvent the difficulties of wearing gloves when required.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Examining social-cognitive determinants of intention and physical activity among black and white adolescent girls using structural equation modeling.

Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate components within the theories of reasoned action (TRA), planned behavior (TPB), and self-efficacy (SET) for understanding moderate and vigorous physical activity among 1,797 Black and White adolescent girls. Modest to strong support was provided for components of TPB and SET; weak support was provided for components of TRA. Perceived behavioral control was related to vigorous physical activity. Self-efficacy was related to moderate and vigorous physical activity, and it accounted for the effect of intention on physical activity. The observed relationships were similar between Black and White girls. Self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control are independent influences on physical activity among Black and White adolescent girls and warrant study as potential mediators in physical activity interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Antecedents and moderators of behavioral intention: differences between U.S. and Taiwanese students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative influence of attitude toward the act, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on consumers' purchase intention when consumers possess different levels of product knowledge (subjective and objective). The magnitude of the influence is compared across two different societies (U.S. and Taiwanese). U.S. (N = 295) and Taiwanese (N = 297) college students participated. The results showed that the relative importance of attitude toward the act, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in predicting purchase intention varied across consumers with different levels of product knowledge (subjective or objective) for the U.S. participants. However, the moderating effect of product knowledge was less profound for the Taiwanese participants.

Behavior↗
PubMed2004

Domains, amino acid residues, and new isoforms of Caenorhabditis elegans diacylglycerol kinase 1 (DGK-1) important for terminating diacylglycerol signaling in vivo.

Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) inhibit diacylglycerol (DAG) signaling by phosphorylating DAG. DGK-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of human neuronal DGK, inhibits neurotransmission to control behavior. DGK-1, like DGK, has three cysteine-rich domains (CRDs), a pleckstrin homology domain, and a kinase domain. To identify DGK domains and amino acid residues critical for terminating DAG signaling in vivo, we analyzed 20 dgk-1 mutants defective in DGK-1-controlled behaviors. We found by sequencing that the mutations included nine amino acid substitutions and seven premature stop codons that impair the physiological functions of DGK-1. All nine amino acid substitutions are in the second CRD, the third CRD, or the kinase domain. Thus, these domains are important for the termination of DAG signaling by DGK-1 in vivo. Seven of the substituted amino acid residues are present in all human DGKs and likely define key residues required for the function of all DGKs. An ATP-binding site mutation expected to inactivate the kinase domain retained very little physiological function, but we found two stop codon mutants predicted to truncate DGK-1 before its kinase domain that retained significantly more function. We detected novel splice forms of dgk-1 that can reconcile this apparent conflict, as they skip exons containing the stop codons to produce DGK-1 isoforms that contain the kinase domain. Two of these isoforms lack an intact pleckstrin homology domain and yet appear to have significant function. Additional novel isoform(s) account for all of the DGK-1 function necessary for one behavior, dopamine response.

Alleles↗
PubMed1998

Special feature: a multifacet circumplex model of personality as a basis for the description and therapy of personality disorders.

A new circumplex model of personality, based upon two higher order personality factors, mental health and behavior control, is presented. This eight-octant model, which also includes the two multifacet dimensions of "social adaptation vs. unrestraint" and "self-actualization vs. inhibition," should not be confused with two other well-known circumplex models: the interpersonal model and the Eysenck model. Mental health, a multifacet construct, is defined as the ability to cope with external and internal demands. Behavior control, also a multifacet construct, is characterized by self-control (norm-, future-, work-, and reason-orientation; orderliness) vs. spontaneity (hedonism, excitement seeking, feeling orientation, liveliness). The theoretical background and facets of these constructs are presented. The model is useful for the description of personality disorders, and etiological hypotheses are formulated from the combination of this model with a circumplex model of interpersonal behavior. Finally, some therapeutic implications of the model are discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1999

Pilot's perception in the control of aircraft motions.

For proper manual aircraft control, the pilot has to perceive the motion state of the aircraft. In this perception process both the visual and the vestibular systems play an important role. To understand this perception process and its impact on a pilot's control behavior a descriptive model was developed. The single-channel information-processor model was applied as the basic structure of the final model. Three groups of experiments were performed to refine the model structure and to define the majority of the model parameters. The model has been evaluated by measuring the control behavior in tracking tasks.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2001

Triazolam impairs inhibitory control of behavior in humans.

This study tested the effects of the sedative-hypnotic drug triazolam (Halcion) on the ability to inhibit behavior in humans. Thirty adults practiced a stop-signal task that measured their ability to inhibit and activate behavioral responses on a choice reaction time task. Equal numbers of participants (i.e., n = 10) then received either 0.25 mg, 0.125 mg, or 0 mg (placebo) of triazolam under double-blind conditions and performed the task intermittently over a 3-hr period. In accord with the hypothesis, triazolam reduced response inhibitions and increased the time required to inhibit a response. The drug also slowed the activation of responses. The findings contribute to the understanding of the basic behavioral mechanisms by which sedative-hypnotic drugs can produce states of behavioral disinhibition in some individuals.

Adult↗