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At least 775 records · Page 43Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

The effect of antioxidant supplementation on hepatitis C viral load, transaminases and oxidative status: a randomized trial among chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of antioxidant supplementation on hepatitis C viral load, transaminases and oxidative status. METHODS: We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to assess the effect of antioxidant supplementation on serum alanine aminotransferase, plasma hepatitis C viral load as well as oxidative and antioxidant markers in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. The participants received a daily dose of ascorbic acid (500 mg), D-alpha-tocopherol (945 IU) and selenium (200 microg) or placebo tablets for 6 months. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were included. During supplementation, the antioxidant group had significantly higher levels of plasma ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol than the placebo group and the activity of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase had significantly increased from baseline to month 6. No differences were observed in serum alanine aminotransferase and log10-transformed plasma hepatitis C virus-RNA between the groups or changes from the baseline at any time. No consistent differences between groups or changes from the baseline with respect to erythrocyte activities of antioxidative enzymes (glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) or plasma levels of oxidative markers (malondialdehyde and 2-amino-adipic semialdehyde) were found. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with vitamin C, E and selenium increased the antioxidant status, but had no effects on alanine aminotransferase, viral load or oxidative markers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Herbaspirillum frisingense sp. nov., a new nitrogen-fixing bacterial species that occurs in C4-fibre plants.

The enrichment of nitrogen-fixing bacteria from the C4-fibre plants, Spartina pectinata, Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Pennisetum purpureum, with nitrogen-free semi-solid media led to the isolation of Herbaspirillum-like strains among other diazotrophic bacteria. On the basis of physiological properties, phylogenetic analysis comparing 16S rDNA sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments of chromosomal DNA the new isolates could be grouped together in a new species with the proposed name Herbaspirillum frisingense sp. nov. Morphological characteristics, such as cell size and shape, colony appearance, motility and flagellation are largely identical to the known species Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans and Herbaspirillum seropedicae. On the basis of utilization of adipate (-), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (+), meso-erythritol (-), L-rhamnose (-) and meso-inositol (-) Herbaspirillum frisingense sp. nov. can be distinguished from other known Herbaspirillum spp. Nitrogen-fixing capability was examined by PCR amplification of the nifD gene and an acetylene reduction assay, and was found with all isolates tested. 16S rDNA sequence similarity to the other Herbaspirillum spp. is 98.5-99.1%. In genomic DNA-DNA hybridization experiments Herbaspirillum frisingense sp. nov. forms a homogeneous group with 70-100+/-10% similarity, clearly distinct from Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans with 1-34% similarity. 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes, specific for the whole genus Herbaspirillum and for three Herbaspirillum species were designed and are suitable for fluorescence in situ hybridization. The DNA G+C content of Herbaspirillum frisingense sp. nov. is 63+/-2 mol%, in agreement with the values of 61-65% for the genus. PCR fingerprinting exhibits a consistent pattern for groups of strains isolated from the same plant, suggesting a low genomic diversity among bacteria inhabiting C4-gramineous plant tissues. Low genetic DNA diversity seems to be common between probable endophytic bacterial isolates of the same taxon. The type strain of Herbaspirillum frisingense sp. nov. is GSF30T (= DSM 13128T).

Base Composition↗
PubMed2001

Burkholderia fungorum sp. nov. and Burkholderia caledonica sp. nov., two new species isolated from the environment, animals and human clinical samples.

A polyphasic taxonomic study that included DNA-DNA hybridizations, DNA base ratio determinations, 16S rDNA sequence analyses, whole-cell protein and fatty acid analyses and an extensive biochemical characterization was performed on 16 strains isolated from the environment, animals and human clinical samples. The isolates belonged to the genus Burkholderia, were phylogenetically closely related to Burkholderia graminis, Burkholderia caribensis and Burkholderia phenazinium and had G+C contents between 61.9 and 62.2 mol%. Seven strains isolated from the rhizosphere were assigned to Burkholderia caledonica sp. nov. [type strain LMG 19076T (= CCUG 42236T)]. Nine strains isolated from the environment, animals and human clinical samples were assigned to Burkholderia fungorum sp. nov. [type strain LMG 16225T (= CCUG 31961T)]. Differential tests for B. graminis, B. caribensis, B. phenazinium, B. caledonica and B. fungorum include the following: assimilation of trehalose, citrate, DL-norleucine, adipate and sucrose; nitrate reduction; growth in the presence of 0.5% NaCl; and beta-galactosidase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Alicycliphilus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a cyclohexanol-degrading, nitrate-reducing beta-proteobacterium.

A facultatively denitrifying bacterium, strain K601T, was isolated at 30 degrees C from a municipal sewage plant on cyclohexanol as sole carbon source and nitrate as electron acceptor. Under aerobic conditions this strain used acetate, fumarate, lactate, pyruvate, crotonate, indole, glucose, vanillate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, m-cresol, o-cresol and p-cresol. Under denitrifying conditions the strain used cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 2-cyclohexenone, 1,3-cyclohexanediol (cis and trans), monocarboxylic acids (C2-C7), adipate, pimelate, 5-oxocaproate, citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, malate, crotonate, lactate, pyruvate and fumarate. Cells were short rods, 0.6 microm wide and 1-2 microm long, motile, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Strain K601T used nitrate, nitrite and oxygen as electron acceptors, but not sulfate, sulfite or fumarate. The DNA G+C content of strain K601T was 66 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rDNA sequencing, showed that strain K601T represents a separate lineage of the family Comamonadaceae in the beta-subclass of Proteobacteria. Based on the high 16S rDNA sequence divergence and phenotypic characteristics, the name Alicycliphilus denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed for this strain. The type strain is K60IT (=DSM 14773T =CIP 107495T).

Base Composition↗
PubMed2003

Herbaspirillum lusitanum sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris.

Several bacterial strains were isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris plants grown in a soil from Portugal. The strains were Gram-negative, aerobic, curved rod-shaped and motile. The isolates were catalase- and oxidase-positive. The TP-RAPD (two-primer randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) patterns of all strains were identical, suggesting that they belong to the same species. The complete 16S rDNA sequence of a representative strain was obtained and phylogenetic analysis based on the neighbour-joining method indicated that this bacterium belongs to the beta-Proteobacteria and that the closest related genus is Herbaspirillum. The DNA G+C content ranged from 57.9 to 61.9 mol%. Growth was observed with many different carbohydrates and organic acids including caprate, malate, citrate and phenylacetate. No growth was observed with maltose, meso-inositol, meso-erythritol or adipate as sole carbon source. According to the phenotypic and genotypic data obtained in this work, the bacterium represents a novel species of the genus Herbaspirillum, and the name Herbaspirillum lusitanum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P6-12(T) (=LMG 21710(T)=CECT 5661(T)).

Geography↗
PubMed2004

Propionispora hippei sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobe that produces propionic acid.

A Gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobe, KS(T), was isolated from an enrichment culture that was set up for anaerobic degradation of the aliphatic polyester poly(propylene adipate). The strain had the cellular organization of Sporomusa, vibrio-shaped cells and terminal round spores, and fermented sugars and sugar alcohols to propionic and acetic acid. Based on the morphological and physiological features as well as on a 16S rRNA gene similarity of 98 %, it was grouped with Propionispora vibrioides. A relatively low DNA-DNA hybridization value with the type strain of this species (47 %), and differences in substrate utilization and spore morphology, suggested that the strain should be classified in a separate species, Propionispora hippei sp. nov., with KS(T) as the type strain (=DSM 15287(T)=ATCC BAA-665(T)).

Carbon↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate-tetanus toxoid conjugate.

Chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main proven perpetrator of lung function decline and ultimate mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Mucoid strains of this bacterium elaborate mucoid exopolysaccharide, also referred to as alginate. Alginate-based immunization of naïve animals elicits opsonic antibodies and leads to clearance of mucoid P. aeruginosa from the lungs. Alginate was isolated from mucoid P. aeruginosa strain 8821M by repeated ethanol precipitation, dialysis, proteinase and nuclease digestion, and chromatography. To improve immunogenicity, the purified antigen was coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) as a spacer and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDAC) as a linker. The reaction mixture was passed through a Sepharose CL-4B column. The resulting conjugate was composed of TT and large-size alginate polymer at a ratio of about 3 : 1; it was non-toxic and non-pyrogenic, and elicited high titres of alginate-specific IgG. Antisera raised against the conjugate had high opsonic activity against the vaccine strain. The alginate conjugate was also able to protect mice against a lethal dose of mucoid P. aeruginosa. These data indicate that an alginate-based vaccine has significant potential to protect against chronic infection with mucoid P. aeruginosa in the CF host.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sulfoacetaldehyde is excreted quantitatively by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SW1 during growth with taurine as sole source of nitrogen.

Eighteen enrichment cultures with taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonate) as the sole source of combined nitrogen under aerobic conditions were all successful, and 24 pure cultures were obtained. Only three of the cultures yielded an inorganic product, sulfate, from the sulfonate moiety of taurine, and the others were presumed to yield organosulfonates. Sulfoacetate, known from Rhodopseudomonas palustris CGA009 under these conditions, was not detected in any culture, but sulfoacetaldehyde (as a hydrazone derivative) was tentatively detected in the outgrown medium of nine isolates. The compound was stable under these conditions and the identification was confirmed by MALDI-TOF-MS. Most sulfoacetaldehyde-releasing isolates were determined to be strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and a representative organism, strain SW1, was chosen for further work. A quantitative enzymic determination of sulfoacetaldehyde and its bisulfite addition complex was developed: it involved the NAD-coupled sulfoacetaldehyde dehydrogenase from R. palustris. A. calcoaceticus SW1 utilized taurine quantitatively and concomitantly with growth in, for example, an adipate-salts medium, and the release of sulfoacetaldehyde was stoichiometric. The deamination reaction involved a taurine dehydrogenase. Enrichment cultures to explore the possible release of organophosphonates from the analogous substrate, 2-aminoethanephosphonate, led to 33 isolates, all of which released inorganic phosphate quantitatively.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2000

Purification and characterization of bifunctional lysine-ketoglutarate reductase/saccharopine dehydrogenase from developing soybean seeds.

Both in mammals and plants, excess lysine (Lys) is catabolized via saccharopine into alpha-amino adipic semialdehyde and glutamate by two consecutive enzymes, Lys-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR) and saccharopine dehydrogenase (SDH), which are linked on a single bifunctional polypeptide. To study the control of metabolite flux via this bifunctional enzyme, we have purified it from developing soybean (Glycine max) seeds. LKR activity of the bifunctional LKR/SDH possessed relatively high K(m) for its substrates, Lys and alpha-ketoglutarate, suggesting that this activity may serve as a rate-limiting step in Lys catabolism. Despite their linkage, the LKR and SDH enzymes possessed significantly different pH optima, suggesting that SDH activity of the bifunctional enzyme may also be rate-limiting in vivo. We have previously shown that Arabidopsis plants contain both a bifunctional LKR/SDH and a monofunctional SDH enzymes (G. Tang, D. Miron, J.X. Zhu-Shimoni, G. Galili [1997] Plant Cell 9: 1-13). In the present study, we found no evidence for the presence of such a monofunctional SDH enzyme in soybean seeds. These results may provide a plausible regulatory explanation as to why various plant species accumulate different catabolic products of Lys.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

Purification and identification of the fusicoccin binding protein from oat root plasma membrane.

Fusicoccin (FC), a fungal phytotoxin, stimulates the H(+) -ATPase located in the plasma membrane (PM) of higher plants. The first event in the reaction chain leading to enhanced H(+) -efflux seems to be the binding of FC to a FC-binding protein (FCBP) in the PM. We solubilized 90% of the FCBP from oat (Avena sativa L. cv Victory) root PM in an active form with 1% octyl-glucoside. The FCBP was stabilized by the presence of protease inhibitors. The FCBP was purified by affinity chromatography using FC-linked adipic acid dihydrazide agarose (FC-AADA). Upon elution with 8 molar urea, two major protein bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyaerylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weights of 29,700 and 31,000 were obtained. Successive chromatography on BBAB Bio-Gel A, hexyl agarose, and FC-AADA resulted in the same two bands when the FC-AADA was eluted with sodium dodecyl sulfate. A direct correlation was made between 3H-FC-binding activity and the presence of the two protein bands. The stoichiometry of the 29,700 and 31,000 molecular weight bands was 1:2. This suggests that the FCBP occurs in the native form as a heterotrimer with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 92,000.

Avena↗
PubMed1985

Inhibition of DNA synthesis of melanoma cells by azelaic acid.

Azelaic acid was successfully used in the clinical treatment of 7 cases of lentigo maligna in that remission of the lesions was observed in all our patients. In order to elucidate mechanism(s) of the beneficial clinical effects, we studied the effect of azelaic acid on cultured melanoma cells. Cell numbers recovered from melanoma cell cultures grown for several days in the presence of 10 mM azelaic acid were 50-70% less than those recovered from control cultures or from cultures containing 10 mM adipic acid. This reduction of cell numbers was not due to a simple cytotoxic or cytolytic effect of azelaic acid but rather due to a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis. Interestingly, nontoxic concentrations of azelaic acid, which significantly reduced DNA synthesis of cultured melanoma cells, had no overt effect on the protein synthesis of these cells. It is conceivable that inhibition of DNA synthesis is one of the mechanisms by which azelaic acid prevents growth and proliferation of abnormal melanocytes.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1988

Percutaneous absorption of retinoids: influence of vehicle, light exposure, and dose.

The percutaneous absorption characteristics of isotretinoin, etretinate, tretinoin, and acitretin were investigated in vitro to assess the feasibility of their topical application for dermatological disorders. The influence of vehicle, photodegradation, and dose was examined. Retinoid absorption through monkey skin was highly vehicle dependent and followed the order: propylene glycol = isopropyl alcohol greater than mineral oil greater than diisopropyl adipate greater than polyethylene glycol 400. Peak flux of etretinate (an ester) was less than 50% that of the acid retinoids in both human and monkey skin. Exposure to light caused a 60% degradation of isotretinoin on the surface of the skin, but did not change the amount of drug which penetrated the epidermis. In accord with this result, the amount of isotretinoin and acitretin which penetrated epidermis did not increase in proportion to dose over a 25-fold range of dose in human skin. Dermal concentration at doses of 10 micrograms/cm2 of isotretinoin and acitretin were greater than that reported for shave biopsies of human skin following treatment for several months with clinically effective doses of isotretinoin and etretinate (the parent ester of the acid acitretin).

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

Ultrastructural observations on the effect of azelaic acid on normal human melanocytes and a human melanoma cell line in tissue culture.

Azelaic acid has been shown clinically to have a cytotoxic effect on the abnormally active and malignant human melanocyte, but it has no apparent effect upon normal melanocytes. This difference in reactivity between normal and abnormal cells in vivo is further examined here in vitro. The disodium salt of azelaic acid (C(9)2Na) was added to pure and mixed cultures of normal human melanocytes and to cultured human melanoma cells, at 10(-3) M, 10(-2) M, 5 X 10(-2) M, and 10(-1) M for 1 and 6 h. Control cultures and cultures exposed to the same concentrations of the disodium salt of adipic acid (C(6)2Na) were also examined. No damage to cells of any line was observed with diacids at 10(-3) M or 10(-2) M up to 6 h. At 5 X 10(-2) M some mitochondria of melanoma cells appeared swollen. With C(6)2Na at 10(-1) M for I and 6 h, minimal swelling of mitochondria was observed in some cells of all lines. Pure normal melanocytes and melanocytes of mixed cultures exhibited greater swelling of mitochondria with 10(-1) M C(9)2Na at 1 and 6 h, but the mitochondria of the malignant melanocytes were massively swollen with destruction of cristae. Plasma and nuclear membranes and membranes of rough endoplasmic reticulum were intact, but Golgi membranes exhibited vesiculation. These results provide further evidence that azelaic acid damages the human malignant melanocyte and that one of its targets is the mitochondrion. Damage to normal melanocytes, found here, may be due to the fact that, in culture, they are more active than in intact epidermis.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1988

The effect of the vehicle formulation on the stratum corneum penetration characteristics of clobetasol 17-propionate in vivo.

The multiple skin surface biopsy technique to measure stratum corneum (SC) penetration characteristics in vivo has been more accurately quantified and used to provide information on the kinetics of transfer of a topical steroid through the SC. Radiolabelled clobetasol 17-propionate formulated in two different vehicles, consisting primarily of dibutyl adipate or of propylene glycol, was applied and the penetration characteristics compared. Using exponential expressions for radioactivity in skin surface biopsies as a function of SC depth, and total SC radioactivity as a function of time, a mathematical model was developed to calculate the rate of loss of steroid through superficial shedding and the rate of transfer of steroid from the SC into the epidermis. When a topical steroid was applied for 8 h under gauze occlusion, over 80% was recovered from the gauze.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Requirement of the actin cytoskeleton for the association of nectins with other cell adhesion molecules at adherens and tight junctions in MDCK cells.

Nectins, Ca(2+)-independent immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), first form cell-cell adhesion where cadherins are recruited, forming adherens junctions (AJs) in epithelial cells and fibroblasts. In addition, nectins recruit claudins, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) to the apical side of AJs, forming tight junctions (TJs) in epithelial cells. Nectins are associated with these CAMs through peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs), many of which are actin filament-binding proteins. We examined here the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in the association of nectins with other CAMs in MDCK cells stably expressing exogenous nectin-1. The nectin-1-based cell-cell adhesion was formed and maintained irrespective of the presence and absence of the actin filament-disrupting agents, such as cytochalasin D and latrunculin A. In the presence of these agents, only afadin remained at the nectin-1-based cell-cell adhesion sites, whereas E-cadherin and other PMPs at AJs, alpha-catenin, beta-catenin, vinculin, alpha-actinin, ADIP, and LMO7, were not concentrated there. The CAMs at TJs, claudin-1, occludin and JAM-1, or the PMPs at TJs, ZO-1 and MAGI-1, were not concentrated there, either. These results indicate that the actin cytoskeleton is required for the association of the nectin-afadin unit with other CAMs and PMPs at AJs and TJs.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed1996

Immunogenicity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype b-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate.

To enhance the immunogenicity of capsular-like serotype b-specific polysaccharide antigen (SPA) of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, the purified antigen was coupled with bovine serum albumin via an adipic acid hydrazide functional group. The conjugate (SPA-bovine serum albumin) or the native SPA was administered subcutaneously or intranasally to BALB/c mice. Neither subcutaneous immunization with SPA emulsified in Freund adjuvant nor intranasal immunization with SPA and cholera toxin B subunit elicited any antibody responses to the polysaccharide antigen. High serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG responses to SPA were induced by subcutaneous immunization with SPA-bovine serum albumin in Freund adjuvant. Serum and salivary IgA responses to SPA in addition to IgM and IgG responses were induced by intranasal immunization with the conjugate and cholera toxin B subunit. To investigate the functional activity of SPA-specific antibodies, the opsonic activity of sera from BALB/c mice immunized with the conjugate was assessed by chemiluminescence assay using human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Murine antisera efficiently opsonized A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b in the assay, suggesting that antibodies to SPA of the organism might serve as a protective role.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of the metabolism of dodecanedioic acid in vivo in control, riboflavin-deficient and clofibrate-treated rats.

Intravenous administration of dodecanedioate (or hexadecanedioate) to anaesthetized rats resulted in the urinary excretion of medium-chain dicarboxylic acids (adipic, suberic and sebacic acids). In control animals, the recovery of infused dodecanedioate in the form of urinary medium-chain dicarboxylic acids corresponded to 30% of the infused dose (22 mumol/100 g body mass). This excretion was markedly increased in riboflavin-deficient rats (75% of the infused dose) while it was severely decreased in clofibrate-treated animals (less than 5%). The initial velocity of this process was similar in both control and riboflavin-deficient rats. In control animals, halving the infused dose of dodecanedioate to 11 mumol/100 g body mass resulted in a halving of the initial rate of the urinary appearance of medium-chain dicarboxylates, while doubling the amount of dicarboxylate administered to 44 mumol/100 g body mass did not further modify this velocity, but rather prolonged the duration of the excretion of the resulting products. In riboflavin-deficient and clofibrate-treated rats, the hepatic peroxisomal dicarboxylyl-CoA beta-oxidation activity measured as dicarboxylyl-CoA H2O2-generating oxidase and cyanide-insensitive dicarboxylyl-CoA-dependent NAD+ reduction was increased about threefold and tenfold, respectively. Dicarboxylyl-CoA synthetase activity was normal in the clofibrate-treated rat livers but was increased more than tenfold in the livers from the riboflavin-deficient animals. This work provides evidence that in the rat both mitochondria and peroxisomes are involved in the catabolism of dicarboxylates.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Urinary dicarboxylic acids in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy.

The urinary excretion of dicarboxylic acids in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) was studied. The dicarboxylic acid profile in X-ALD did not show any specific pattern, unlike Zellweger syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy. Medium-chain dicarboxylic acids with an even number of carbon atoms (adipic, suberic, sebacic) and an odd number of carbon atoms (pimelic, azelaic) were excreted within the normal ranges. Dicarboxylic acids with more than 10 carbon atoms were not found. These findings may be due to the normal beta-oxidation system of dicarboxylic acids in X-ALD.

Adolescent↗